Emilian–Romagnol: Difference between revisions
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The name Emiliano-Romagnolo is misleading when referring to regional culture which includes aspects such as language, customs, and cuisine. <br/> |
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{{Infobox language |
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There is an [[Emilian language]] and a [[Romagnol language]]. There has never been such a thing as an «Emiliano-Romagnolo» language. |
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|name=Emiliano-Romagnolo |
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|nativename=Emiliàn e rumagnòl |
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|states={{flag|Italy}}<br>{{flag|San Marino}} |
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|speakers=2 million |
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|familycolor=Indo-European |
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|fam4=[[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] |
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|fam5=[[Gallo-Italic]] |
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|iso2=roa |
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|lc1=egl|ld1=Emilian|ll1=Emilian language |
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|lc2=rgn|ld2=Romagnol|ll2=Romagnol language |
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}} |
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[[Image:Emiliano-Romagnolo area.jpg|thumb|right|400px||Areas where Emiliano-Romagnolo is spoken]] |
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'''Emiliano-Romagnolo''' (also known as ''Emilian-Romagnolo'') is a [[Romance language]] mostly spoken in [[Emilia-Romagna]], [[Italy]]. It belongs to the [[Northern Italian]] group within [[Romance languages]] (like [[Piedmontese]], [[Lombard language|Lombard]], [[Ligurian language|Ligurian]] and [[Venetian language|Venetian]]), which is included in the wider group of western Romance languages (like [[French language|French]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[Catalan language|Catalan]]). It is considered as a minority language, structurally separated from [[Italian language|Italian]] by the [[Ethnologue]] and by the ''[[Red Book of Endangered Languages]]'' of [[UNESCO]]. Although commonly referred to as an Italian dialect (even by its speakers), it does not descend from the Italian language. It lacks a [[Koiné language|koiné]]. |
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The sole reason why [[ISO 639-3]] code «eml» was once created was because, with the inception of the [[Constitution of Italy|Italian Constitution]], in 1948 the Region of [[Emilia-Romagna]] was born. This name never previously existed in [[History of Italy|Italian history]]. [[Emilia]] and [[Romagna]] had been two different regions of Italy for centuries in the past.<br/> |
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From 1815 to 1860 Lombardia and Veneto were merged to create the [[Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia]]. Nevertheless, nobody referred to Milan nor Venice as Lombardian-Venetian cities, Milan still remained a Lombardian city , and Venice remained a Venetian city. The same holds true for Emilia-Romagna. Bologna is an Emilian city while Ravenna is a Romagnol city. |
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There is Emilian cuisine and Romagnol cuisine. There isn't an Emiliano-Romagnolo cuisine in Italy. |
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Nowadays, Italy is seeing a revival of dialects, after a period over the last 40 years when regional dialects couldn't be spoken on national TV or radio. Many cultural institutes were established to keep dialects alive in both Emilia and Romagna. |
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==History== |
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Here is a brief history of the [[Emilia]] and [[Romagna]] names. Before 1948 there weren't geopolitical regions in Italy. There were about 90 provinces, and Emilia and Romagna were two clearly distinctive regions. Before the unification of Italy in 1861, one could find on a map only the name Romagna, or "Romagne", the Italian plural of Romagna. The name Emilia did not appear. <br/> |
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Instead of Emilia one could find the [[Duchy of Parma]], the [[Duchy of Ferrara]], the [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio]], and other dukedoms. Historically and culturally, Emilia and Romagna were formed many centuries before the creation of this geopolitical region. People from these regions have the feeling of being "Romagnol" or "Emilian". It is very evident to anyone who is from either of these two regions. An inhabitant of [[Ravenna]] knows clearly that he/she is Romagnol, the same for people from Bologna: they know they are Emilian. |
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Finally, Emilian language and Romagnol language do not share a common literature. Romagnol literature begins in the late XVI century with Pvlon matt <ref>There is critical edition of the poem in English, translated by British linguist Douglas Bartlett Gregor. This is the card of the book: |
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Mad Nap ("Pvlon Matt"): An anonymous Romagnol poem of the sixteenth century translated into English verse and Italian prose, and annotated / D. B. Gregor. - Cambridge : The Oleander Press, c1976. - 237 p.</ref> |
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Emilian language too has its own history, with many [[writer]]s, [[poets]] and [[playwright]]s. |
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==Notes== |
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<references/> |
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[[Category:Languages of Italy]] |
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==Geographic extent== |
==Geographic extent== |
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It is spoken in the Northern [[Italy|Italian]] regions of [[Emilia-Romagna]] and [[Lombardy]] (provinces of [[Pavia]] and [[Mantua]]), the Central Italian regions of [[Tuscany]] (province of [[Massa-Carrara]]) and [[Marche]] (province of [[Pesaro e Urbino]]) and in the Republic of [[San Marino]]. |
It is spoken in the Northern [[Italy|Italian]] regions of [[Emilia-Romagna]] and [[Lombardy]] (provinces of [[Pavia]] and [[Mantua]]), the Central Italian regions of [[Tuscany]] (province of [[Massa-Carrara]]) and [[Marche]] (province of [[Pesaro e Urbino]]) and in the Republic of [[San Marino]]. |
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* Vogherese-Pavese |
* Vogherese-Pavese |
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==Features== |
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The variants of both dialects have common features with all the other languages of the [[Gallo-Italic]] group. The most important are: |
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*With respect to Italian, the loss of all final unstressed vowel except for ''a'' and the subsequent vowel stretching of the tonic syllable, that may generate a diphthong. In Bolognese we have: ''mèder'' (mother), ''dutåur'' (doctor), ''âlber'' (tree). |
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*Rounded vowels which are typical of the [[Gallo-Iberian]] area. In Carrarese and Western Emiliano there are four of them: ''ä'', ''ü'', ''ö'', and ''å'' (in Western Emiliano there is also ''ë'', a sort of [[schwa]] similar to the ''third vowel'' of [[Piedmontese]]). In Bolognese there are two: (''ä'' and ''å''), in Central Emilian only ''ä''. The phonetic of the same word may vary across the diffusion area of this idiom, as in the case of the word ''snail'', written as ''lümäga'' in Western Emiliano and as ''lumèga'' in Bolognese. Another typical feature of Emilian dialects is extreme syncope, i.e. loss of atonic vowels within a word. As an example we can have the Bolognese words: ''śbdèl'' (hospital), ''bdòć'' (louse), and ''dscårrer'' (speak). |
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*The nasal alveolar '''ŋ''' (transcribed in Bolognese orthography with the grapheme ''ń'') as in ''cuséń'' [ku'zeŋ] '''cousin''''). |
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*The plural forms are made up either with a consonant alternation, similarly to some [[Germanic languages]], or vowel distinctions: ''źnòć'' (knee) and ''źnûć'' (knees); ''dutåur'' (doctor) and ''dutûr'' (doctors); ''calzaider'' (bucket) and ''calzîder'' (buckets), with special suffix changes: ''martèl'' (hammer) and ''martî'' (hammers); ''fiôl'' (son) and ''fiû'' (sons), ''cuséna'' (female cousin) and ''cuséni'' (female cousins) [but: ''cuséna'' (kitchen) and ''cusén'' (kitchens)] or with no modifications: ''lèg'' (lake) and ''lèg'' (lakes). |
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*Various verb classes |
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*The presence of a verbal system with an affirmative conjugation and an interrogative conjugation (Example: the present tense form of the verb ''fèr'' '''to do'''): ''mé a fag'' (I do) - ''faghia'' (do I do?); ''té t fè'' (You do) - ''fèt'' (Do you do?); ''lò/lì al/la fà'' (he/she does) - ''fèl/fèla'' (does he/she do?); ''nuèter [''or'' nuièter] a fän'' (We do) - ''faggna'' (Do we do?); ''vuèter [''or'' vuièter] a fèv'' (You (pl.) do) - ''fèdi'' (do you do?); ''låur i/al fàn'' (they [m/f] do); ''fèni'' (do they do?) |
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*The presence of two kinds of personal pronouns, tonic and clitic (atonic and inseparable verb host) that are used in the verbal conjugation: |
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:''me a sun [''or'' so'] andèe'' - I went (not to be compared with e.g. ''moi, Je suis allé'' in [[French language|French]], where ''moi'' and je are functionally quite different from the Bolognese forms). |
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Emiliano-Romagnolo is not mutually intelligible with Italian and the two languages belong to different branches of the Romance language family tree (respectively Western Romance and Italo-Dalmatian). An uncommon feature for a Romance language is the extensive use of idiomatic phrasal verbs (verb-particle constructions) much in the same way as in English and other Germanic languages, above all in Western Emiliano, Vogherese-Pavese and Mantovano. |
Emiliano-Romagnolo is not mutually intelligible with Italian and the two languages belong to different branches of the Romance language family tree (respectively Western Romance and Italo-Dalmatian). An uncommon feature for a Romance language is the extensive use of idiomatic phrasal verbs (verb-particle constructions) much in the same way as in English and other Germanic languages, above all in Western Emiliano, Vogherese-Pavese and Mantovano. |
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[[stq:Emilianisk]] |
[[stq:Emilianisk]] |
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[[sv:Emiliano-romagnolo]] |
[[sv:Emiliano-romagnolo]] |
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Revision as of 14:21, 13 April 2009
The name Emiliano-Romagnolo is misleading when referring to regional culture which includes aspects such as language, customs, and cuisine.
There is an Emilian language and a Romagnol language. There has never been such a thing as an «Emiliano-Romagnolo» language.
The sole reason why ISO 639-3 code «eml» was once created was because, with the inception of the Italian Constitution, in 1948 the Region of Emilia-Romagna was born. This name never previously existed in Italian history. Emilia and Romagna had been two different regions of Italy for centuries in the past.
From 1815 to 1860 Lombardia and Veneto were merged to create the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. Nevertheless, nobody referred to Milan nor Venice as Lombardian-Venetian cities, Milan still remained a Lombardian city , and Venice remained a Venetian city. The same holds true for Emilia-Romagna. Bologna is an Emilian city while Ravenna is a Romagnol city. There is Emilian cuisine and Romagnol cuisine. There isn't an Emiliano-Romagnolo cuisine in Italy.
Nowadays, Italy is seeing a revival of dialects, after a period over the last 40 years when regional dialects couldn't be spoken on national TV or radio. Many cultural institutes were established to keep dialects alive in both Emilia and Romagna.
History
Here is a brief history of the Emilia and Romagna names. Before 1948 there weren't geopolitical regions in Italy. There were about 90 provinces, and Emilia and Romagna were two clearly distinctive regions. Before the unification of Italy in 1861, one could find on a map only the name Romagna, or "Romagne", the Italian plural of Romagna. The name Emilia did not appear.
Instead of Emilia one could find the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Ferrara, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, and other dukedoms. Historically and culturally, Emilia and Romagna were formed many centuries before the creation of this geopolitical region. People from these regions have the feeling of being "Romagnol" or "Emilian". It is very evident to anyone who is from either of these two regions. An inhabitant of Ravenna knows clearly that he/she is Romagnol, the same for people from Bologna: they know they are Emilian.
Finally, Emilian language and Romagnol language do not share a common literature. Romagnol literature begins in the late XVI century with Pvlon matt [1]
Emilian language too has its own history, with many writers, poets and playwrights.
Notes
- ^ There is critical edition of the poem in English, translated by British linguist Douglas Bartlett Gregor. This is the card of the book: Mad Nap ("Pvlon Matt"): An anonymous Romagnol poem of the sixteenth century translated into English verse and Italian prose, and annotated / D. B. Gregor. - Cambridge : The Oleander Press, c1976. - 237 p.