Italo-Dalmatian languages

Italo-Dalmatian
Italo-Dalmatian
Geographic; distribution	Italy, Corsica, Croatia
Linguistic classification	Indo-European Italic Romance (varies) Italo-Dalmatian; ; ; ;
Glottolog	ital1286

The Italo-Dalmatian languages, or Central Romance languages, are a group of Romance languages of Italy, Corsica, and, formerly, the Dalmatian Coast of Croatia.

Italo-Dalmatian can be split into:^[1]

Italo-Romance, which includes most central and southern Italian languages.
Dalmatian Romance, which includes Dalmatian and Istriot.

The generally accepted four branches of the Romance languages are Western Romance, Italo-Dalmatian, Sardinian and Eastern Romance. But there are other ways that the languages of Italo-Dalmatian can be classified in these branches:

Italo-Dalmatian is sometimes included in Eastern Romance (which includes Romanian), leading to: Western, Sardinian, and Eastern branches.
Italo-Dalmatian is sometimes included in Western Romance (which includes the Gallic and Iberian languages) as Italo-Western, leading to: Italo-Western, Sardinian, and Eastern branches.
Italo-Romance is sometimes included in Italo-Western, with Dalmatian Romance included in Eastern Romance, leading to: Italo-Western, Sardinian, and Eastern branches.
Corsican (from Italo-Dalmatian) and Sardinian are sometimes included together as Southern Romance, or Island Romance, leading to: Western, Italo-Dalmatian, Southern, and Eastern branches.

Languages

Based on mutual intelligibility, Dalby lists four languages: Corsican, Italian (Tuscan–Central), Neapolitan–Sicilian, and Dalmatian.^[2]^{[not specific enough to verify]} A more detailed account of the languages and dialects includes:

Dalmatian Romance

Dalmatian language, spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia. Became extinct in the 19th century
- Regional varieties of Dalmatian: Ragusan, Vegliot, Zara
Istriot, spoken on the Istrian peninsula of Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy. Istriot is sometimes considered not to belong to Italo-Dalmatian.

Italo-Romance

Tuscan: this includes Standard Italian and various forms of Regional Italian, including the Tuscan dialect
- Corsican is related to Tuscan, with dialects of Gallurese and arguably of Sassarese
Central Italian, or Latin–Umbrian–Marchegian, includes the varieties of Romanesco and Marchigiano
Neapolitan, spoken in central–southern Italy
- Neapolitan proper, spoken in and around Naples and in Campania
- Abbruzzese
- Apulian
- Basilicatine–Lucanian
- Molisano
Sicilian: spoken in Sicily; a small portion of southern Campania; central and southern Calabria; and Salento in southern Apulia.
Some Italian linguists group the Gallo-Italic languages with Italo-Romance.^[3]

Judeo-Italian

The Judeo-Italian languages are varieties of Italian used by Jewish communities between the 10th and the 20th centuries in Italy and in Corfu and Zakynthos in the Ionian Islands.

Italo-Romance languages and dialects

There are four main groups of Central-Southern (Centro-Meridionale) Italian dialects or languages:

Tuscan–Corsican: group of dialects spoken in the Italian region of Tuscany, and the French island of Corsica.
- Northern Tuscan dialects:
  - Florentine is spoken in the city of Florence, and was the basis for Standard Italian.
  - Other dialects: Pistoiese; Pesciatino or Valdinievolese; Lucchese; Versiliese; Viareggino; Pisano-Livornese.
- Southern Tuscan dialects:
  - Dialects of Aretino-Chianaiolo, Senese, Grossetano.
- Corsican, spoken on Corsica, is thought to be descended mainly from Tuscan.^[4]
  - Gallurese and Sassarese, spoken on the northern tip of Sardinia, can be considered as dialects of Corsican.
Central Italian, or Latin-Umbrian-Marchegian dialects: mainly spoken in the regions of: Lazio (which includes Rome); Umbria; central Marche; a small part of Abruzzo and Tuscany.
- Romanesco, spoken in Rome and Lazio.
- Castelli Romani: spoken in the Castelli Romani, in the Provence of Rome, Lazio.
- Tuscia or Viterbo: spoken in the Province of Viterbo, Lazio.
- Ciociaro: spoken in Ciociaria, in the Province of Frosinone, Lazio.
- Umbrian: spoken in Umbria.
- Central Marchigiano: spoken in central Marche.
- Sabino: spoken in the city of L'Aquila (Abruzzo) and the Province of Rieti (Lazio).

Southern Italian, or the Neapolitan language, is spoken in: southern Marche; southern Lazio; Abruzzo; Molise; Campania (including Naples); Basilicata; and the north of both Apulia and Calabria.
- Campano dialects of Neapolitan, Irpino, Southern Laziale: spoken in Naples and Campania; and southern Lazio.
- Abruzzese-Southern Marchigiano: spoken in the Abruzzo region and southern Marche region.
- Molisan: spoken in the Molise region.
- Basilicatine (Lucanian): spoken in the region of Basilicata, also known as Lucania.
- Pugliese, or Apulian: spoken in the northern region of Apulia.
- Cosentino, also known as or Northern Calabrian:^[5] spoken in the Province of Cosenza, in northern Calabria.
Extreme Southern Italian, or the Sicilian language, is spoken on the island of Sicily; and in the south of both Calabria and Apulia; and some of Campania.
- Sicilian, spoken on the island of Sicily: Western Sicilian; Central Metafonetica; Southeast Metafonetica; Ennese; Eastern Nonmetafonetica; Messinese.
- Sicilian dialects on other islands: Isole Eolie, on the Aeolian Islands; Pantesco, on the island of Pantelleria.
- Calabro,^[5] or Central-Southern Calabrian:^[5] dialects are spoken in the central and southern areas of the region of Calabria.
- Salentino, spoken in the Salento region of southern Apulia.
- Southern Cilentan (sometimes classified as a Campano dialect): spoken in southern tip of Cilento, which is southern Province of Salerno, in the Campania region.

In addition, some Gallo-Italic languages are spoken in Central-Southern Italy.

References

^ Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Nordhoff, Sebastian. 2014. "Italo-Dalmatian" Glottolog 2.3. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
^ David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere register of the world's languages and speech communities. Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press. Volume 2. Oxford.[1]
^ For example, Giovan Battista Pellegrini, Tullio De Mauro, Maurizio Dardano, Tullio Telmon (see Enrico Allasino et al. Le lingue del Piemonte, IRES – Istituto di Ricerche Economico Sociali del Piemonte, Torino, 2007, p. 9) and Vincenzo Orioles (see Classificazione dei dialetti parlati in Italia).
^ Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1997). Romance Languages. London: Routlegde. ISBN 0-415-16417-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Calabrian in Italian: Calabrese (pl. Calebresi). Synonyms: Calabro, Calabra, Calabri, calabre (m., f., m.pl., f.pl.). Sicilian: calabbrìsi, calavrìsi. See: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calabrese https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calabro

[Glottolog2.3-1] Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Nordhoff, Sebastian. 2014. "Italo-Dalmatian" Glottolog 2.3. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

[Dalby-2] David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere register of the world's languages and speech communities. Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press. Volume 2. Oxford.[1]

[3] For example, Giovan Battista Pellegrini, Tullio De Mauro, Maurizio Dardano, Tullio Telmon (see Enrico Allasino et al. Le lingue del Piemonte, IRES – Istituto di Ricerche Economico Sociali del Piemonte, Torino, 2007, p. 9) and Vincenzo Orioles (see Classificazione dei dialetti parlati in Italia).

[Harris-4] Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1997). Romance Languages. London: Routlegde. ISBN 0-415-16417-6.

[calabrian-5] Calabrian in Italian: Calabrese (pl. Calebresi). Synonyms: Calabro, Calabra, Calabri, calabre (m., f., m.pl., f.pl.). Sicilian: calabbrìsi, calavrìsi. See: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calabrese https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calabro

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