List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees
Since 1949, there have been 30 Japanese laureates of the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize is a Sweden-based international monetary prize. The award was established by the 1895 will and estate of Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel. It was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. An associated prize, thus far, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, also sometimes known as the Nobel Prize in Economics, has yet to be awarded to a Japanese national.
The Nobel Prizes in the above specific sciences disciplines and the Prize in Economics, which is commonly identified with them, are widely regarded as the most prestigious award one can receive in those fields.[1][2] Of Japanese winners, twelve have been physicists, eight chemists, three for literature, five for physiology or medicine, and two for efforts towards peace.[2]
In the 21st century, in the field of natural science, the number of Japanese winners of the Nobel Prize has been second behind the U.S.
Summary
[edit]Category | Japanese citizens | Others born as Japanese citizens | Total | Others born in Japanese colonies | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physics | 9 | 3 | 12 | - | Yoichiro Nambu, Shuji Nakamura, and Syukuro Manabe became American citizens. |
Chemistry | 8 | - | 8 | 2 | Charles J. Pedersen has half Japanese ancestry, and thus he is listed under the Diaspora. |
Physiology or Medicine | 5 | - | 5 | - | |
Literature | 2 | 1 | 3 | - | Kazuo Ishiguro became a British citizen in 1983.[3][4] |
Peace | 2 | - | 2 | - | |
Total | 26 | 4 | 30 | 2 | Japanese media usually count 29 laureates (excluding Kazuo Ishiguro). |
Laureates
[edit]Aside from the 30 Japanese Nobel laureates, a number of Japanese individuals and Japan-based organizations were affiliated with laureate organizations to which they contributed largely and were active members at the time they were awarded:
- Japanese Red Cross Society being part of the 1963 Nobel laureate League of Red Cross Societies;
- Japan Committee for UNICEF[a] being part of the 1965 Nobel laureate UNICEF;
- Japan Campaign to Ban Landmines[b] being of the 1997 Nobel laureate International Campaign to Ban Landmines;
- Yukiya Amano[c] being a member of the 2005 Nobel laureate International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA);
- Akira Kawasaki[d] and Setsuko Thurlow[e] being members of the 2017 Nobel laureate International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN).
Year | Portrait | Laureate (birth/death) |
Field | Rational | Undergraduate alma mater | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Citizens | |||||||
1949 | Hideki Yukawa (1907 – 1981) |
Physics | "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces."[12] | KyotoU | |||
1965 | Shin-ichiro Tomonaga (1906 – 1979) |
Physics | "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles."[13] (jointly with American theoretical physicists Julian Schwinger and Richard Feynman) | KyotoU | |||
1968 | Yasunari Kawabata (1899 – 1972) |
Literature | "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind."[14] | UTokyo | |||
1973 | Leo Esaki (1925 – ) |
Physics | "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively."[15] (jointly with Norwegian-American physicist Ivar Giaever and shared with Welsh theoretical physicist Brian David Josephson) | UTokyo | |||
1974 | Eisaku Satō (1901 – 1975) |
Peace | "for his contribution to stabilize conditions in the Pacific rim area and for signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty."[16] (shared with Irish politician Seán MacBride) | UTokyo | |||
1981 | Kenichi Fukui (1918 – 1998) |
Chemistry | "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions."[17] (jointly with Polish-American theoretical chemist Roald Hoffmann) | KyotoU | |||
1987 | Susumu Tonegawa (1939 – ) |
Physiology or Medicine | "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity."[18] | KyotoU | |||
1994 | Kenzaburō Ōe (1935 – 2023) |
Literature | "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today."[19] | UTokyo | |||
2000 | Hideki Shirakawa (1936 – ) |
Chemistry | "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers."[20] (jointly with American chemist Alan MacDiarmid and physicist Alan J. Heeger) | Tokyo Tech | |||
2001 | Ryōji Noyori (1938 – ) |
Chemistry | "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions."[21] (jointly with American chemist William S. Knowles and shared with American chemist K. Barry Sharpless) | KyotoU | |||
2002 | Masatoshi Koshiba (1926 – 2020) |
Physics | "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos."[22] (jointly with American chemist Raymond Davis Jr. and shared with Italian-American Riccardo Giacconi) | UTokyo | |||
Koichi Tanaka (1959 – ) |
Chemistry | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules... [and] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules."[23] (jointly with American analytical chemist John B. Fenn and Swiss chemist Kurt Wüthrich) | Tohokudai | ||||
2008 | Makoto Kobayashi (1944 – ) |
Physics | "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."[24] (shared with Japanese-American physicist Yoichiro Nambu) | NagoyaU | |||
Toshihide Maskawa (1940 – 2021) |
NagoyaU | ||||||
Osamu Shimomura (1928 – 2018) |
Chemistry | "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP."[25] (jointly with American neurobiologist Martin Chalfie and biochemist Roger Y. Tsien) | Nagasaki | ||||
2010 | Ei-ichi Negishi (1935 – 2021) |
Chemistry | "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis."[26] (jointly with American chemist Richard F. Heck) | UTokyo | |||
Akira Suzuki (1930 – ) |
Hokudai | ||||||
2012 | Shinya Yamanaka (1962 – ) |
Physiology or Medicine | "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent."[27] (jointly with British developmental biologist John B. Gurdon) | KobeU | |||
2014 | Isamu Akasaki (1929 – 2021) |
Physics | "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources."[28] (jointly with Japanese-born American Shuji Nakamura) | KyotoU | |||
Hiroshi Amano (1960 – ) |
NagoyaU | ||||||
2015 | Satoshi Ōmura (1935 – ) |
Physiology or Medicine | "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites."[29] (jointly with Irish-American parasitologist William C. Campbell and shared with Chinese pharmaceutical chemist Tu Youyou) | Nashidai | |||
Takaaki Kajita (1959 – ) |
Physics | "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass."[30] (jointly with Canadian astrophysicist Arthur B. McDonald) | SaitamaU | ||||
2016 | Yoshinori Ohsumi (1945 – ) |
Physiology or Medicine | "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy."[31] | UTokyo | |||
2018 | Tasuku Honjo (1942 – ) |
Physiology or Medicine | "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation."[32] (jointly with American immunologist James P. Allison) | KyotoU | |||
2019 | Akira Yoshino (1948 – ) |
Chemistry | "for the development of lithium ion batteries."[33] (jointly with American materials scientist John B. Goodenough and British-American chemist M. Stanley Whittingham) | KyotoU | |||
2024 | Nihon Hidankyo | Peace | "for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again."[34] | ||||
Diaspora[f] | |||||||
1987 | Charles J. Pedersen[g] (1904 – 1989) |
Chemistry | "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity."[35] (jointly with American chemist Donald J. Cram and French chemist Jean-Marie Lehn) | UDayton | |||
2008 | Yoichiro Nambu (1921 – 2015) |
Physics | "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics."[24] (jointly with Japanese physicists Toshihide Maskawa and Makoto Kobayashi) | UTokyo | |||
2014 | Shuji Nakamura (1954 – ) |
Physics | "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources."[28] (jointly with Japanese physicists Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano) | TokushimaU | |||
2017 | Kazuo Ishiguro (1954 – ) |
Literature | "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world."[36] | Kent | |||
2021 | Syukuro Manabe (1931 – ) |
Physics | "for the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming."[37] (jointly with German climate modeller Klaus Hasselmann and shared with Italian theoretical physicist Giorgio Parisi) | UTokyo |
List by Undergraduate alma mater
[edit]As of 2021, the list of Nobel Prize winners of Japanese nationality and Japanese ancestry by undergraduate alma mater.
Nominees
[edit]Image | Nominee[38] | Born | Died | Years Nominated |
Citation | Nominator(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physics | ||||||
Kotaro Honda | 24 March 1870 Okazaki, Aichi, Japan |
12 February 1954 Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan |
1932 | "for his invention of KS steel which had 250 oersteds magnetic resistance and developed through rigorous basic research on steel and alloys."[39] | Seiji Nakamura (1869–1960) Japan | |
Junzo Okubo (?) Japan | ||||||
Hikoo Saegusa (1890–1948) Japan | ||||||
Hideki Yukawa | 23 January 1907 Tokyo, Japan |
8 September 1981 Kyoto, Japan |
1940 | "for his research on elementary particles, particularly for the prediction of a new particle called mesons based on a proposed theory on strong and weak nuclear forces."[40] | Hantaro Nagaoka (1865–1950) Japan | |
Dirk Coster (1889–1950) Netherlands | ||||||
1941 | Toshizo Matsumoto (?) Japan | |||||
1943, 1944 | Louis de Broglie (1892–1987) France | |||||
1945 | Maurice de Broglie (1875–1960) France | |||||
1946 | Jean Thibaud (1901–1960) France | |||||
1946, 1948 | Gregor Wentzel (1898–1978) Germany | |||||
1948 | Marcel Schein (1902–1960) United States | |||||
1949 | Theodor Svedberg et al.[h] (1884–1971) Sweden | |||||
Otto Stern (1888–1969) et al. Germany | ||||||
1950 | Harold Urey (1893–1981) United States | |||||
Harald Wergeland (1912–1987) Norway | ||||||
Shin'ichirō Tomonaga | 31 March 1906 Tokyo, Japan |
8 July 1979 Tokyo, Japan |
1951 | "for his fundamental contributions in the development of quantum electrodynamics and for discovering the renormalization method."[41] | Takahiko Yamanouchi (1902–1986) Japan | |
Samuel Devons (1914–2006) United Kingdom | ||||||
1952 | Hideki Yukawa (1907–1981) Japan | |||||
1955 | Isao Imai (1914–2004) | |||||
1956 | Carl D. Anderson (1905–1991) United States | |||||
Robert Bacher (1905–2004) United States | ||||||
Robert F. Christy (1916–2012) United States | ||||||
1957 | Helmut Hönl (1903–1981) Germany | |||||
Leonard I. Schiff (1915–1971) United States | ||||||
1960 | Norman F. Ramsey Jr. (1915–2011) United States | |||||
1962 | A. K. Dutta (?) India | |||||
1963 | Sidney Drell (1926–016) United States | |||||
1964 | Hans-Arwed Weidenmüller (born 1933) Germany | |||||
W. Wessel (?) Germany | ||||||
1965 | Alfred K. Mann (1920–2013) United States | |||||
Kazuhiko Nishijima | 4 October 1926 Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan |
15 February 2009 Tokyo, Japan |
1960 | "for his contributions to particle physics, particularly on his work on the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula, and the concept of strangeness, which he called the "eta-charge" or "η-charge", after the eta meson."[42] | Marian Günther (1928–?) Poland | |
1961 | Frederick Seitz (1911–2008) United States | |||||
1964 | G. Höhler (?) Germany | |||||
1966 | W. Theis (?) Germany | |||||
1967 | Sergio DeBenedetti (?) United States | |||||
F. Cap (?) Austria | ||||||
1968 | Yoichiro Nambu (1921–2015) Japan | |||||
Jun John Sakurai (1933–1982) United States | ||||||
1969 | H. Pierre Noyes (born 1923) France | |||||
Bunji Sakita (1930–2002) Japan | ||||||
Haakon A. Olsen (1923–2010) Norway | ||||||
1970 | Hideki Yukawa (1907–1981) Japan | |||||
Tadao Nakano | 1926 Tokyo, Japan |
15 August 2004 |
1961 | "his collaborative work with Nishijima on the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula and quark model."[43] | Frederick Seitz (1911–2008) United States | |
1970 | Hideki Yukawa (1907–1981) Japan | |||||
Susumu Okubo | 20 February 1930 Tokyo, Japan |
17 July 2015 Rochester, New York, United States |
1965 | "for the Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula for mesons and baryons in the quark model whichpredicts the relations of masses of the members of SU(3) multiplets in terms of hypercharge and isotopic spin."[44] | Robert Marshak (1916–1992) United States | |
Yoshio Ōnuki | 7 November 1928 Tochigi, Japan |
— | 1965, 1966 | "for his research on the Sakata model based on the Yamaguchi-Ogawa-Ohnuki symmetry determining that hidden particles are equivalent to each other."[45] | Gordon Sutherland (1907–1980) United Kingdom | |
Sigenori Miyamoto | 20 October 1931 Akashi, Hyōgo, Japan |
31 December 2017 Japan |
1966 | [46] | Y. Nogami (?) Japan | |
Shuji Fukui | 19 August 1923 Osaka, Japan |
4 May 2018 Japan |
1966 | "for developing a "discharge chamber" (later called "spark chamber") that observes the tracks of high-energy charged particles."[47] | ||
Leo Esaki | 12 March 1925 Takaida, Higashiōsaka, Osaka, Japan |
— | 1968 | "for his work in electron tunneling in semiconductor materials which finally led to his invention of the Esaki diode, which exploited that phenomenon."[48] | John Bardeen (1908–1991) United States | |
Hiroomi Umezawa | 20 September 1924 Kuki, Saitama, Japan |
24 March 1995 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |
1968 | "for his fundamental contributions to quantum field theory and for his work on quantum phenomena in relation to the mind."[49] | Eduardo R. Caianiello (1921–1993) Italy | |
Jun Kondō | 6 February 1930 Tokyo, Japan |
11 March 2022 Suginami, Tokyo, Japan |
1969 | "for his research on the Kondo effect, a scattering of conduction electrons in a metal due to magnetic impurities, resulting in a characteristic change."[50] | Osmund Dorenfeldt Jenssen (1923–2009) Norway | |
Ryogo Kubo | 15 February 1920 Tokyo, Japan |
31 March 1995 Tokyo, Japan |
1970 | "for his works in statistical physics, particularly on non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and the theory of fluctuation phenomena."[51] | Yoshio Yamaguchi (1926–2016) Japan | |
Shoichi Sakata | 18 January 1911 Tokyo, Japan |
16 December 1970 Nagoya, Aichi, Japan |
1970 | "for his research on subatomic particles and the two meson theory: the Sakata model and the Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata neutrino mixing matrix."[52] | Hideki Yukawa (1907–1981) Japan | |
Physiology or Medicine | ||||||
Kitasato Shibasaburō | 29 January 1853 Oguni, Kumamoto, Japan |
13 June 1931 Tokyo, Japan |
1901 | "for his discovery the plague bacillus, independently of Alexandre Yersin."[53] | A. de Bokay (?) Austria-Hungary | |
Oscar Loew* | 2 April 1844 Marktredwitz, Bavaria, Germany |
26 January 1941 Berlin, Germany |
1912 | "for his discovery of the antibacterial effect of formaldehyde."[54] | Rudolph Emmerich (1856–1914) Germany | |
Sahachiro Hata | 23 March 1873 Masuda, Shimane, Japan |
22 November 1938 Tokyo, Japan |
1912 | "for his work on chemotherapy."[55] | Hayazō Itō (1864–1929) Japan | |
1913 | "for the development of a drug against spirillosis."[55] | Gakutaro Osawa (1863–1920) Japan | ||||
Umetaro Suzuki | 7 April 1874 Makinohara, Shizuoka, Japan |
20 September 1943 Tokyo, Japan |
1914 | "for his work on essential substances in rice and their importance in beri-beri."[56] | Wolfgang Heubner (1877–1957) Germany | |
Ryukichi Inada | 18 March 1874 Nagoya, Aichi, Japan |
27 February 1950 Tokyo, Japan |
1919 | "for their discovery of the spirochaete of hemorrhagic icterus."[57][58] | Louis Martin (1864–1946) France | |
Ido | — | — | 1919 | |||
Yamagiwa Katsusaburō | 23 February 1863 Ueda, Nagano, Japan |
2 March 1930 Tokyo, Japan |
1925 | "for his work on epithelial tumors."[59] | Harno Hayashi (?) Japan | |
Matarō Nagayo (1878–1941) Japan | ||||||
C. Yokote (?) Japan | ||||||
Shūzō Kure (1865–1932) Japan | ||||||
1926 | "for his research on experimentally induced tumors."[59] | Ludwig Aschoff (1866–1942) Germany | ||||
1928 | "for being the first to show that malignant tumors, carcinoma and sarcoma, could be produced by application of tar to the tissues of certain mammals."[59] | Alexander A. Maximow (1874–1928) United States | ||||
1936 | "for his work on the production of tumors with chemical substances."[59] | R. Kimura (?) Japan | ||||
Genichi Kato | 11 February 1890 Niimi, Okayama, Japan |
1 May 1979 Niimi, Okayama, Japan |
1928 | "for his investigations in the field of nerve-muscle physiology and establishing a new theory of decrementless conduction of nerve impulses."[60] | Sahachiro Hata (1873–1938) Japan | |
13 Japanese physicians | ||||||
1935 | "for his work on the isolation of single nerve fibers and muscle fibers and demonstration of the existence of reflex excitatory fibers and reflex inhibitory fibers."[60] | 23 Japanese physicians[i] | ||||
Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) Soviet Union | ||||||
1937 | "for his work on the microphysiology of nerve muscle."[60] | Mariano Rafael Castex (1886–1968) Argentina | ||||
Ken Kuré | 27 October 1883 Tokyo, Japan |
27 June 1940 Tokyo, Japan |
1931, 1937 | "for his work on the tonic and trophic innervation of voluntary muscles and spinal parasympathicus, and progressive muscular dystrophy."[61] | M. Itagaki (?) Japan | |
1933 | Seizaburo Nasu (?) Japan | |||||
O. Kimura (?) Japan | ||||||
1935 | Tomosaburō Ogata (1883–1973) Japan | |||||
19 Japanese physicians | ||||||
Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) Soviet Union | ||||||
1936 | "for his work on the autonomous innervation of skeletal muscle, progressive muscular dystrophy and spinal parasympaticus."[61] | H. Okabayashi (?) Japan | ||||
1937 | N. Onodera (?) Japan | |||||
1939 | "for his work on the autonomous innervation of skeleton muscle and progressive muscular dystrophy."[61] | Naomi Kageura (?) Japan | ||||
Takaoki Sasaki | 5 May 1878 Tokyo, Japan |
31 October 1966 Tokyo, Japan |
1935 | "for his work on the production of tumors with chemical substances."[62] | Kenzo Tamura (?) Japan | |
Kunihiko Hashida (1882–1945) Japan | ||||||
1936 | R. Kimura (?) Japan | |||||
C. Ogawa (?) Japan | ||||||
1939 | "for his work on experimentally induced liver tumors using chemical means (o-amidoazotoluol)."[62] | S. Tsunoo (?) Japan | ||||
K. Hirai (?) Japan | ||||||
T. Naito (?) Japan | ||||||
Literature | ||||||
Toyohiko Kagawa | 10 July 1888 Kobe, Hyōgo, Japan |
23 April 1960 Tokyo, Japan |
1947 | A Shooter at the Sun (1925) Love - The Law of Life (1930) Meditations on the Cross (1935) Songs from the Slums (1935) Brotherhood Economics (1936)[63] |
Knut B. Westman (1881–1967) Sweden | |
1948 | Sven Hedin (1865–1952) Sweden | |||||
Jun'ichirō Tanizaki | 24 July 1886 Tokyo, Japan |
30 July 1965 Yugawara, Kanagawa, Japan |
1958 | Naomi (1925) Some Prefer Nettles (1929) Quicksand (1928–1930) Arrowroot (1931) In Praise of Shadows (1933) The Makioka Sisters (1943–48) The Key (1956) Childhood Years: A Memoir (1957) Diary of a Mad Old Man (1961)[64] |
Pearl S. Buck (1892–1973) United States | |
1960 | Sigfrid Siwertz (1882–1970) Sweden | |||||
1961 | The Japanese Authors' Union | |||||
1962 | Howard Hibbett (1920–2019) United States | |||||
1963 | Donald Keene (1922–2019) United States | |||||
1964, 1965 | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) Sweden | |||||
Junzaburō Nishiwaki | 20 January 1894 Ojiya, Niigata, Japan |
5 June 1982 Ojiya, Niigata, Japan |
1958, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 | Spectrum (1925) Ambarvalia (1933) No Traveler Returns (1947) Modern Fables (1953)[65][66] |
Naoshirō Tsuji (1899–1979) Japan | |
1961 | The Japanese Authors' Union | |||||
1963 | Japan Academy | |||||
1968 | ||||||
Yasunari Kawabata | 11 June 1899 Osaka, Japan |
16 April 1972 Zushi, Kanagawa, Japan |
1961, 1963 | Snow Country (1948) Thousand Cranes (1952) The Master of Go (1954) The Sound of the Mountain (1954) The House of the Sleeping Beauties (1961) The Old Capital (1962) Dandelions (1972)[67] |
Henry Olsson (1896–1985) Sweden | |
1962 | The Japanese P.E.N. Club | |||||
1964, 1965 | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) Sweden | |||||
1966 | Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) Sweden | |||||
1967 | Howard Hibbett (1920–2019) United States | |||||
1968 | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) Sweden | |||||
Yukio Mishima | 14 January 1925 Tokyo, Japan |
25 November 1970 Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan |
1963 | Confessions of a Mask (1949) The Sound of Waves (1954) The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (1956) The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea (1963) Sun and Steel (1968) The Sea of Fertility (1969–1971)[68] |
Johannes Rahder (1898–1988) Netherlands | |
1964, 1965, 1967 | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) Sweden | |||||
1968 | Henry Olsson (1896–1985) Sweden | |||||
Yasushi Inoue | 6 May 1907 Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan |
29 January 1991 Tokyo, Japan |
1969 | The Bullfight (1949) Hyōheki (1956) The Roof Tile of Tempyō (1957) Tun-huang (1959)[69] |
Erich Ruprecht (1906–1997) Germany | |
Sei Itō (posthumously nominated) |
16 January 1905 Matsumae, Hokkaido, Japan |
15 November 1969 Tokyo, Japan |
1970 | Snow-lit Road (1926) Streets of Fiendish Ghosts (1937) Senkichi Narumi (1948) History of Japanese Literary Circles (1955–1969)[70] |
Kōjirō Serizawa (1897–1993) Japan | |
Tatsuzō Ishikawa | 2 July 1905 Yokote, Akita, Japan |
31 January 1985 Tokyo, Japan |
1970 | Sōbō (1935) Soldiers Alive (1945) Kinkanshoku (1966)[71] | ||
Peace | ||||||
Nagao Ariga | 13 November 1860 Osaka, Japan |
17 May 1921 Tokyo, Japan |
1909 | No motivation given.[72] | V. H. Hilty (?) Switzerland | |
Shibusawa Eiichi | 16 March 1840 Fukaya, Saitama, Japan |
11 November 1931 Tokyo, Japan |
1926 | "for his involvement in almost every enterprise associated with Japanese industrial development and worked to improve the relations between the United States and Japan concerning the legal status of Japanese workers in California."[73] | Tasuku Harada (1863–1940) Japan | |
Katō Takaaki (1860–1926) Japan | ||||||
1927 |
| |||||
Toyohiko Kagawa | 10 July 1888 Kobe, Hyōgo, Japan |
23 April 1960 Tokyo, Japan |
1954 | "for his work for reconciliation among nations."[63] | Tetsu Katayama (1887–1978) | |
Emily Greene Balch (1867–1961) United States | ||||||
1955 | 5 members of the Norwegian Storting | |||||
1956 | 7 members of the Norwegian Storting | |||||
1960 | No motivation given.[63] | Jōtarō Kawakami (1889–1965) Japan | ||||
Motojirō Sugiyama (1885–1964) Japan | ||||||
Tokutarō Kitamura (1886–1968) Japan | ||||||
Nobusuke Kishi | 13 November 1896 Tabuse, Yamaguchi, Japan |
7 August 1987 Tokyo, Japan |
1960 | "for his work for disarmament and banning of nuclear weapons."[74] | Spessard Holland (1892–1971) United States | |
Daisetsu Teitaro Suzuki | 18 October 1870 Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan |
12 July 1966 Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan |
1963 | "for his high cultural achievements."[75] | Hideo Kishimoti (1903–1964) Japan | |
Shigeru Yoshida | 22 September 1878 Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan |
20 October 1967 Tokyo, Japan |
1965 | "for his efforts to prevent the Pacific War although it was in vain, and his devotion to the restoration of peace."[76] | Eisaku Satō (1901–1975) Japan | |
3 Finnish nominators | ||||||
1966 | "for his efforts to prevent the Pacific War, and for his efforts to bring restoration of peace."[76] | Kisaburo Yokota (1896–1993) Japan | ||||
1967 | No motivation given.[76] | Shigeru Kuriyama (1886–1971) Japan | ||||
3 members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration | ||||||
Hideki Yukawa | 23 January 1907 Tokyo, Japan |
8 September 1981 Kyoto, Japan |
1966 | No motivation given[40] | Hideo Kaneko (1934–2013) Japan | |
Selhataro Salsadia (?) Japan | ||||||
Yoshio Koya | 1890 Japan |
1974 Japan |
1968 | "for his many outstanding services to humanity and for his pioneering efforts as a world-renowned gynecologist that the birth rate and rate of induced abortions in Japan have declined."[77] | Martin Allwood (1916–1999) Sweden | |
Kaoru Hatoyama | 21 November 1888 Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan |
15 August 1982 Tokyo, Japan |
1969 | "for her contribution to the reopening of diplomatic relations between Japan and the U.S.S.R., and Japan's entry into the United Nations, and for her contribution to the Yuai ("Fraternity") Movement and for her achievements as an educator."[78] | members of the Japanese Government and Parliament |
Notes
[edit]- Physics
- Shoichi Sakata reported the "Sakata model" - a model of hadrons in 1956, that inspired Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig's quark model. Moreover, Kazuhiko Nishijima and Tadao Nakano originally given the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula in 1953.[79] However, 1969 physics prize was only awarded to Murray Gell-Mann. Afterward, Ivar Waller, the member of Nobel Committee for Physics was sorry that Sakata had not received a physics prize.[80]
- Yoji Totsuka was leading the experiment that the first definitive evidence for neutrino oscillations was measured, via a high-statistics, high-precision measurement of the atmospheric neutrino flux. His Super-K group also confirmed, along with the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), the solution to the solar neutrino problem. The Nobel Prize winning physicist Masatoshi Koshiba was told that if Totsuka could extend his lifespan by eighteen months, he would receive the physics prize.[81]
- Chemistry
- Eiji Osawa prediction of the C60 molecule at Hokkaido University in 1970.[82][83] He noticed that the structure of a corannulene molecule was a subset of an Association football shape, and he hypothesised that a full ball shape could also exist. Japanese scientific journals reported his idea, but it did not reach Europe or the Americas.[84][85] Because of this, he was not awarded the 1996 chemistry prize.
- Seiji Shinkai invented the first molecular machine in 1979,[86] but he was not awarded the 2016 chemistry prize. On the contrary, Ben Feringa, one of the 2016 Nobel laureates, made a special trip to Japan in the 1980s to ask Shinkai for advice in the research.[87]
- Physiology or Medicine
- Kitasato Shibasaburō and Emil von Behring working together in Berlin in 1890 announced the discovery of diphtheria antitoxin serum; Von Behring was awarded the 1901 prize because of this work, but Kitasato was not. Meanwhile, Hideyo Noguchi[88] and Sahachiro Hata,[89] those who missed out on the early Nobel Prize for many times.
- Katsusaburō Yamagiwa and his student Kōichi Ichikawa successfully induced squamous cell carcinoma by painting crude coal tar on the inner surface of rabbits' ears. Yamagiwa's work has become the primary basis for research of cause of cancer.[90] However, Johannes Fibiger was awarded the 1926 medicine prize because of his incorrect Spiroptera carcinoma theory, while the Yamagiwa group was snubbed by Nobel Committee. In 1966, the former committee member Folke Henschen claimed "I was strongly advocate Dr. Yamagiwa deserve the Nobel Prize, but unfortunate it did not realize".[91] In 2010, the Encyclopædia Britannica 's guide to Nobel Prizes in cancer research mentions Yamagiwa's work as a milestone without mentioning Fibiger.[92]
- Umetaro Suzuki completed the first vitamin complex was isolated in 1910.[93] When the article was translated into German, the translation failed to state that it was a newly discovered nutrient, a claim made in the original Japanese article, and hence his discovery failed to gain publicity. Because of this, he was not awarded the 1929 medicine prize.
- Satoshi Mizutani[94] and Howard Martin Temin jointly discovered that the Rous sarcoma virus particle contained the enzyme reverse transcriptase, and Mizutani was solely responsible for the original conception and design of the novel experiment that confirmed Temin's provirus hypothesis.[95] However, Mizutani was not awarded the 1975 medicine prize along with Temin.
- As of 2015, there have been seven Japanese who have received the Lasker Award and twelve Japanese who have received the Canada Gairdner International Award, but only three Japanese who have received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- Others
- A number of important Japanese native scientists were not nominated for early Nobel Prizes, such as Yasuhiko Kojima and Yasuichi Nagano (jointly discovered Interferon), Jōkichi Takamine (first isolated epinephrine),[96] Kiyoshi Shiga (discovered Shigella dysenteriae), Tomisaku Kawasaki (Kawasaki disease is named after him), and Hakaru Hashimoto. After World War II, Reiji Okazaki and his wife Tsuneko were known for describing the role of Okazaki fragments, but he died of leukemia (sequelae of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima) in 1975 at the age of 44.
- Masahiko Aoki, seen as the most likely candidate to become the first Japanese to win the Nobel Prize for economics, for developing the Institutional Comparative Analysis, he taught at Kyoto University and Stanford University. He died in Palo Alto, California, in July, 2015. He was 77.
See also
[edit]- List of Japanese people
- List of Nobel laureates
- List of Asian Nobel laureates
- List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Tokyo
- List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Kyoto University
- List of Nobel laureates by country
Notes
[edit]- ^ Japan Committee for UNICEF was founded on 1 February 1950 in Tokyo, Japan.
- ^ JCBL was founded in July 1997 in Tokyo, Japan.[5]
- ^ From September 2005 to September 2006, Amano served as the Chairman of the IAEA Board of Governors.[6] During this time, the IAEA and its Director General Mohamed ElBaradei received the Nobel Peace Prize. Amano represented the IAEA as the chairman at the Nobel Prize award ceremony held in December 2005.
- ^ Kawasaki (born on 1968 in Tokyo, Japan) joined the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) for Peace Boat in 2010 and served as Co-chair (2012-2014), leading the campaign to be awarded the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize.[7] When the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced the prize on October 6, Kawasaki was flying to Iceland via the United States to be present at an event to share stories of atomic bomb survivors.[8]
- ^ Mrs Thurlow (born on 3 January 1932 in Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan) was a founding member and gave the keynote speech at the international launch of International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) in Canada in 2007. When the organization received the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize, she attended the Nobel Prize award ceremony, received the Nobel Medal, Nobel Diploma and delivered speeches (Nobel Lecture) in December 2017.[9][10][11]
- ^ Nobel laureates of Japanese birth and origin but subsequently acquired foreign citizenship. Excluding Yuan T. Lee, who was born in Japanese Taiwan, has no Japanese ancestry, and did not have Japanese nationality when he won the Nobel Prize in 1986.
- ^ The 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Charles J. Pedersen has a Japanese mother and his Japanese first name was Yoshio (良男). Born in Busan, Korea, Japanese protectorate, he moved to Japan with his family at the age of 8 years to attend a convent school in Nagasaki. When he was 10 years old, he moved to Yokohama and entered an international school, called Saint Joseph College in Yamate, Naka-ku.
- ^ Other nominators include: Bruno Rossi (1905–1993), John C. Slater (1900–1976), Victor Weisskopf (1908–2002), Jerrold R. Zacharias (1905–1986), Philip M. Morse (1903–1985), Albert G. Hill (1910–1996), Jacques Hadamard (1865–1963) and Peter Kruger (?).
- ^ The group includes Sahachiro Hata (1873–1938) who nominated G. Kato in 1928.
References
[edit]- ^ "Nobel Prize". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
- ^ a b "All Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
- ^ Wroe, Nicholas (19 February 2005). "Living memories". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
When Ishiguro was included as the youngest member of the 1983 best of young British writers, he wasn't a British citizen. He took citizenship later that year as a very practical decision.
- ^ "Kazuo Ishiguro wins 2017 Nobel Prize for literature". The Financial Times. 5 October 2017. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
He became a British citizen in 1983.
- ^ "The International Campaign ICBL". Jesuit Social Center Tokyo. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Ambassador Yukiya Amano" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "KAWASAKI Akira". Asia-Pacific Leadership Network. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Japanese ICAN member congratulates hibakusha for Nobel Peace Prize". nichibei.org. 12 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize speech by ICAN campaigner, Hiroshima survivor Setsuko Thurlow". Mainichi Daily News. 11 December 2017. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Hiroshima survivor to jointly receive Nobel Peace Prize with ICAN". Reuters. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Toronto woman who survived Hiroshima nuclear bombing to accept Nobel Peace Prize". Toronto Star. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Literature 1968 Archived 1 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 Archived 25 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Peace Prize 1974 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987 Archived 23 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Literature 1994 Archived 25 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 Archived 21 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002 Archived 21 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 Archived 25 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010 Archived 21 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 Archived 23 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 Archived 23 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 Archived 23 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 Archived 14 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Archived 23 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018 Archived 1 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019 Archived 29 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Press release - Nobel Peace Prize 2024 - NobelPrize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987 Archived 21 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Literature 2017 Archived 19 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 Archived 20 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ The (*) asterisks on the name denote the nominees were expatriates who resided or died in Japan.
- ^ Nomination archive – Kotaro Honda Archived 1 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b Nomination archive – Hideki Yukawa Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Kazuhiko Nishijima Archived 24 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Tadao Nakano Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Susumu Okubo Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Y Onuki Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – S Miyamoto Archived 3 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – S Fukui Archived 5 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Leo Esaki Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Hiromi Umezawa Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – K Kondo Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Ryogo Kubo Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Shoichi Sakata Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Shibasaburo Kitasako Archived 20 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Oskar Loew Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b Nomination archive – Sachachiro Hata Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – U Suzuki Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Inada Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Ido Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b c d Nomination archive – Katsusaburo Yamagiwa Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b c Nomination archive – Genichi M Kato Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b c Nomination archive – Ken Kuré Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b Nomination archive – Takaoki Sasaki Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b c Nomination archive – Toyohiko Kagawa Archived 31 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Junichiro Tanizaki Archived 7 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Janzaburo Nihiwaki Archived 29 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Junzaburo Nishiwaki Archived 29 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Yasunari Kawabata Archived 29 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Yukio Mishima Archived 1 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Yasushi Inoue Archived 29 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Sei Itō Archived 7 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Tatsuzō Ishikawa Archived 6 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Nagao Ariga Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Viscount Shishaku Shibusawa Eiichi Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Nobusuke Kishi Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Daisetz T Suzuki Archived 4 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b c Nomination archive – Shigeru Yoshida Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Yoshio Koya Archived 9 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Kaoru Hatoyama Archived 6 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nakano, T; Nishijima, N (1953). "Charge Independence for V-particles". Progress of Theoretical Physics. 10 (5): 581. Bibcode:1953PThPh..10..581N. doi:10.1143/PTP.10.581.
- ^ Robert Marc Friedman, The Politics of Excellence: Behind the Nobel Prize in Science. New York: Henry Holt & Company (October 2001)
- ^ 文藝春秋2008年9月号.
- ^ Osawa, E. (1970). "Superaromaticity". Kagaku. 25: 854–863.
- ^ Halford, B. (9 October 2006). "The World According to Rick". Chemical & Engineering News. 84 (41): 13–19. doi:10.1021/cen-v084n041.p013. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
- ^ Kagaku 25: 854–863. 1970.
- ^ Yoshida, Z.; Osawa, E. (1971). Aromaticity. Chemical Monograph Series 22. Kyoto: Kagaku-dojin. pp. 174–8.
- ^ Shinkai S, Ogawa T, Nakajima T, Kusano Y, Manabe 0 (1979) Tetrahedron Lett 20: 4569
- ^ "九州に分子機械の先駆者 新海征治・九大特別主幹教授 今年のノーベル化学賞テーマ:ニュース:九州経済:qBiz 西日本新聞経済電子版 | 九州の経済情報サイト". Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
- ^ Japanese Government Internet TV "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize," streaming video 2007/04/26
- ^ "Sachachiro Hata - Nomination Database". Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
- ^ "Katsusaburo Yamagiwa (1863–1930)". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 27 (3): 172–173. 1977. doi:10.3322/canjclin.27.3.172. PMID 406017. S2CID 36283426.
Yamagiwa, then Director of the Department of Pathology at Tokyo Imperial University Medical School, had theorized that repetition or continuation of chronic irritation caused precancerous alterations in previously normal epithelium. If the irritant continued its action, carcinoma could result. These data, publicly presented at a special meeting of the Tokyo Medical Society and reprinted below, focused attention on chemical carcinogenesis. Further more, his experimental method provided researchers with a means of producing cancer in the laboratory and anticipated investigation of specific carcinogenic agents and the precise way in which they acted. Within a decade, Keller and associates extracted a highly potent carcinogenic hydrocarbon from coal tar. Dr. Yamagiwa had begun a new era in cancer research.
- ^ 「『ガンの山極博士』たたえる」読売新聞1966年10月25日15頁。
- ^ Guide to Nobel Prize. Britannica.com. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ Suzuki, U., Shimamura, T. (1911). "Active constituent of rice grits preventing bird polyneuritis". Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi 32: 4–7; 144–146; 335–358.
- ^ H. M. Temin and S. Mizutani (1970). "Viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous sarcoma virus" (PDF). Nature. 226 (5252): 1211–3. Bibcode:1970Natur.226.1211T. doi:10.1038/2261211a0. PMID 4316301. S2CID 4187764. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
- ^ Horace Freeland Judson, The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science, 1st. Ed., 2004.
- ^ Camille Georges Wermuth (2008). The practice of medicinal chemistry (3 ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780080568775. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
External links
[edit]- All Nobel Laureates from the Nobel Foundation
- Japanese Nobel Laureates — Kyoto University(in English)
- 日本人のノーベル賞受賞者一覧 — 京都大学(in Japanese)
- Nominees from JAPAN - Nomination Database(in English)