TotalEnergies

Total S.A. ntm
	File:Total.svg
	Tour Total, the Paris headquarters
Company type	Société Anonyme
Traded as	Euronext: FP ; NYSE: TOT
ISIN	FR0000120271
Industry	Oil and gas
Predecessor	Omnium Français des Petroles; Elf Aquitaine; Petrofina
Founded	1924; 100 years ago
Founder	Ernest Mercier
Successor	Arkema
Headquarters	Tour Total, Courbevoie, France
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Patrick Pouyanné; (Chairman & CEO)
Products	Oil and gas exploration and production, natural gas and LNG trading and transportation, oil refining and chemicals
Services	Fuel stations
Revenue	US$143.42 billion (2015)
Operating income	US$4.723 billion (2015)
Net income	US$5.087 billion (2015)
Total assets	US$224.48 billion (2015)
Total equity	US$92.49 billion (2015)
Number of employees	100,307 (2014)
Website	www.total.com

Total S.A. (French pronunciation: [tɔtal]; English: /toʊˈtæl/ or /toʊˈtɑːl/) is a French multinational integrated oil and gas company and one of the six "Supermajor" oil companies in the world. Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading. Total is also a large-scale chemicals manufacturer. The company has its head office in the Tour Total in La Défense district in Courbevoie, west of Paris. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.^[2]

History

Total Plaza, the headquarters of the subsidiary Total Petrochemicals USA, in Downtown Houston

Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP): 1924–1985

The company was founded after World War I, when the then French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré rejected the idea of forming a partnership with Royal Dutch Shell in favour of creating an entirely French oil company. At Poincaré's behest, Col. Ernest Mercier with the support of ninety banks and companies founded Total on 28 March 1924, as the Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP), literally the "French Petroleum Company". Petroleum was seen as vital in the case of a new war with Germany. As per the agreement reached during the San Remo conference of 1920, the French state received the 25% share held by Deutsche Bank in the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC) as part of the compensation for war damages caused by Germany during World War I. The French government's stake in TPC was transferred to CFP,^[3] and the Red Line agreement in 1928 rearranged the shareholding of CPF in TPC (later renamed the Iraq Petroleum Company in 1929) to 23.75%.^[4] The company from the start was regarded as a private sector company in view of its listing on the Paris Stock Exchange in 1929.

The company during the 1930s was engaged in exploration and production, primarily from the Middle East. Its first refinery began operating in Normandy in 1933. After World War II, CFP engaged in oil exploration in Venezuela, Canada, and Africa while pursuing energy sources within France. Exploration in Algeria, then a French colony, began in 1946, with Algeria becoming a leading source of oil in the 1950s.^[5] In 1954, CFP introduced its downstream product – Total brand of gasoline in the African continent and Europe.^[5]^[6]

In 1980, Total Petroleum (North America) Ltd., a company controlled 50% by CFP, bought the American refining and marketing assets of Vickers Petroleum as part of a sell-off by Esmark of its energy holdings. This purchase gave Total refining capacity, transportation, and a network of 350 service stations in 20 states.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Total CFP and re branding to Total: 1985–2003

The company renamed itself Total CFP in 1985, to build on the popularity of its gasoline brand.^[6] Later in 1991, the name was changed to Total, when it became a public company listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The French government, who used to control more than 30 percent of the company's stock in 1991, reduced its stake in the firm to less than 1 percent by 1996^[6]^[10] In the time period between 1990 and 1994, foreign ownership of the firm increased from 23 per cent to 44 per cent.

Meanwhile, Total continued to expand its retail presence in North America under several brand names. In 1989, Denver, Colorado, based Total Petroleum, Total CFP's North American unit, purchased 125 Road Runner retail locations from Texarkana, Texas-based Truman Arnold Companies.^[11] By 1993, Total Petroleum was operating 2,600 retail stores under the Vickers, Apco, Road Runner, and Total brands. That year, the company began remodeling and rebranding all of its North American gasoline and convenience stores to use the Total name.^[12] Only four years later, Total sold its North American refining and retail operations to Ultramar Diamond Shamrock for $400 million in stock and $414 million in assumed debt.^[13]

After Total's takeover of Petrofina of Belgium in 1999, it became known as Total Fina. Afterwards it also acquired Elf Aquitaine. First named TotalFinaElf after the merger in 2000, it was later renamed back to Total on 6 May 2003. During that rebranding, the current globe logo was unveiled.^[14]

Total: 2003–present

In 2003, Total signed for a 30% stake in the gas exploration venture in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) – South Rub' al-Khali joint venture along with Royal Dutch Shell and Saudi Aramco.^[15] The stake was later bought out by its partners.

In May 2006, Saudi Aramco and TOTAL signed a MOU to develop the Jubail Refinery and Petrochemical project in Saudi Arabia which targeted 400,000 barrels per day (bpd). On 21 September 2008, the two companies officially established a joint venture called SAUDI ARAMCO TOTAL Refining and Petrochemical Company (SATORP)- in which a 62.5% stake was held by Saudi Aramco and the balance 37.5% held by TOTAL.^[16]^[17]

During the 2009-2010 Iraqi oil services contracts tender, a consortium led by CNPC (37.5%), which also included TOTAL (18.75%) and Petronas (18.75%) was awarded a production contract for the "Halfaya field" in the south of Iraq, which contains an estimated 4.1 billion barrels (650,000,000 m³) of oil.^[18]^[19]

As of 2010, Total is one of the world's major oil companies, with over 96,000 employees and operates in more than 130 countries.^[20]

In November 2012, Total announced it was selling its 20% stake and operating mandate in its Nigerian offshore project to a unit of China Petrochemical Corp for $2.5 billion.^[21]

In 2013, Total started the operation at Kashagan with North Caspian Operating Company.^[22] It is the biggest discovery of oil reserves since 1968.

In 2013 Total increased its stake in Novatek to 16.96%.^[23]^[24]

In September 2013, Total and its joint venture partner agreed to buy Chevron Corporation’s retail distribution business in Pakistan for an undisclosed amount.^[25]

In January 2014, Total became the first major oil and gas firm to acquire exploration rights for shale gas in the UK after it bought a 40 percent interest in two licences in the Gainsborough Trough area of northern England for $48 million.^[26]

In July 2014 the company disclosed it was in exclusive talks to sell its LPG distribution business in France to Pennsylvania-based UGI Corporation for €450 million ($615 million).^[27]

On 20 October 2014, at 23:57 MST a Dassault Falcon 50 business jet heading to Paris caught fire and exploded during takeoff after colliding with a snow removal vehicle in Vnukovo International Airport, and killing four, including three crew members and CEO of Total S.A. Christophe de Margerie on board. Alcohol presence was confirmed in the blood of the driver of the vehicle on the ground.^[28]

Patrick Pouyanne, who was TOTAL's Refining Chief at that time, was appointed as CEO after Christophe de Margerie died.^[29] Patrick Pouyanné was appointed chairman of Total on December 16, 2015, in addition of his role as CEO.

In February 2015, Total unveiled plans to cut 180 jobs in the UK, reduce refinery capacity and slow spending on North Sea fields after it fell to a $5.7bn final-quarter loss. The company said it would also sell off $5bn worth of assets worldwide and cut exploration costs by 30%.^[30]

By the 29 February 2016 the company had a share value of 102,136 million euros, distributed in 2,454,003,592 shares.

Organization

Subsidiaries and affiliates of Total S. A.

Headquarters of Total Cambodia in Phnom Penh (Cambodia)

As of 31 December 2014 Total S.A. had 903 subsidiaries consolidated into the group results, together with significant affiliate investments and joint ventures, mostly in LPG. In addition Total had other significant equity holdings amounting to about 3bn euros, treated as investments and was involved in a number of significant joint ventures, mostly relating to LPG and LNG exploration, production and shipping. The joint ventures that are treated as subsidiaries are listed in the consolidated subsidiary section.

Main consolidated subsidiaries

Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Company Ltd (5.00%), United Arab Emirates
Air Total International S.A., Switzerland
Amyris Inc. (17.88%), United States
Angola Block 14 B.V. (50.01%), Netherlands (operating in Angola)
Angola LNG Limited (13.60%), Bermuda (operating in Angola)
AS 24, France
Atlantic Trading & Marketing Inc., United States
Atotech (China) Chemicals Ltd
Atotech B.V., Netherlands
Atotech Deutschland GmbH, Germany
Atotech Taiwan
BASF TOTAL Petrochemicals LLC (40.00%), United States
Brass Holdings Company Limited, Luxembourg
Brass LNG Ltd (17.00%), Nigeria
Compagnie Pétrolière de l’Ouest - CPO, France
Cos-Mar Company (50.00%), United States
Cosden LLC, United States
Cray Valley USA LLC, United States
CSSA – Chartering and Shipping Services S.A., Switzerland
Dalian West Pacific Petrochemical Co. Ltd (WEPEC) (22.41%), China
Dolphin Energy Limited (24.50%), United Arab Emirates
E. F. Oil And Gas Limited, United Kingdom
Elf Aquitaine, France
Elf Aquitaine Fertilisants, France
Elf Aquitaine Inc., United States
Elf Exploration Production, France
Elf Exploration UK Limited, United Kingdom
Elf Petroleum Iran, France (operating in Iran)
Elf Petroleum UK Limited, United Kingdom
Gaz Transport & Technigaz S.A.S. (30.00%), France
Grande Paroisse S.A., France
Hutchinson Argentina S.A.
Hutchinson Autopartes De Mexico SA.DE. CV
Hutchinson Corporation, United States
Hutchinson Do Brasil S.A., Brazil
Hutchinson GmbH, Germany
Hutchinson Poland SP Z.O.O.
Hutchinson S.A., France
Ichthys LNG PTY Ltd (30.00%), Australia
Legacy Site Services LLC, United States
LSS Funding Inc., United States
Naphtachimie (50.00%), France
Nigeria LNG Ltd (15.00%)
Novatek (16.96%), Russia
Oman LNG LLC (5.54%)
Omnium Reinsurance Company S.A., Switzerland
Paulstra SNC, France
PetroCedeño (30.32%), Venezuela
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Limited (II) Train B (16.70%)
Qatar Petrochemical Company Q.S.C. (QAPCO) (20.00%)
Qatargas Liquefied Gas Company Limited (10.00%)
Qatofin Company Limited (49.09%), Qatar
Samsung Total Petrochemicals Co. Ltd (50.00%), South Korea
Saudi Aramco Total Refining and Petrochemical Company (37.50%), Saudi Arabia
Shtokman Development AG (25.00%), Switzerland (operating in Russia)
Sigmakalon Group B.V., Netherlands
SOCAP S.A.S., France
Société Anonyme de la Raffinerie des Antilles (50.00%), France
Société Civile Immobilière CB2, France
SOFAX Banque, France
SunPower Corporation (64.65%), United States
TOTAL (BTC) S.A.R.L., Luxembourg
TOTAL Énergie Développement, France
TOTAL Énergie Gaz, France
TOTAL Énergies Nouvelles Activités USA, France
TOTAL Austral, France (operating in Argentina)
TOTAL Belgium
TOTAL Capital, France
TOTAL Capital Canada Ltd
TOTAL Capital International, France
TOTAL China Investment Co. Ltd
TOTAL Coal South Africa (PTY) Ltd
TOTAL Colombia Pipeline, France (operating in Colombia)
TOTAL Delaware Inc., United States
TOTAL Deutschland GmbH, Germany
TOTAL Dolphin Midstream Limited, Bermuda
TOTAL Downstream UK PLC, United Kingdom
Total E&P Absheron B.V., Netherlands (operating in Azerbaijan)
Total E&P Algerie, France (operating in Algeria)
Total E&P Angola, France (operating in Angola)
Total E&P Angola Block 15 / 06 Limited, Bermuda (operating in Angola)
Total E&P Angola Block 17 / 06, France (operating in Angola)
Total E&P Angola Block 25, France (operating in Angola)
Total E&P Angola Block 32, France (operating in Angola)
Total E&P Angola Block 33, France (operating in Angola)
Total E&P Angola Block 39, France (operating in Angola)
Total E&P Angola Block 40, France (operating in Angola)
Total E&P Arctic Russia, France
Total E&P Australia, France (operating in Australia)
Total E&P Australia II, France (operating in Australia)
Total E&P Australia III, France (operating in Australia)
Total E&P Azerbaijan B.V., Netherlands (operating in Azerbaijan)
Total E&P Bolivie, France (operating in Bolivia)
Total E&P Borneo B.V., Netherlands (operating in Brunei)
Total E&P Bulgaria B.V., The Netherlands (operating in Bulgaria)
Total E&P Canada Ltd
Total E&P Chine, France (operating in China)
Total E&P Colombie, France (operating in Colombia)
Total E&P Congo (85.00%)
Total E&P Cyprus B.V., The Netherlands (operating in Cyprus)
Total E&P Do Brasil LTDA, Brazil
Total E&P Dolphin Upstream Limited, Bermuda (operating in Qatar)
Total E&P France
Total E&P Golfe Holdings Limited, Bermuda
Total E&P Golfe Limited, United Arab (operating in Emirates Qatar)
Total E&P Guyane Francaise, France
Total E&P Holdings, France
Total E&P Ichthys, France (operating in Australia)
Total E&P Ichthys B.V., Netherlands (operating in Australia)
Total E&P Indonesia West Papua, France (operating in Indonesia)
Total E&P Indonesie, France (operating in Indonesia)
Total E&P Iraq, France (operating in Iraq)
Total E&P Italia, Italy
Total E&P Kazakhstan, France (operating in Kazakhstan)
Total E&P Kenya B.V., Netherlands (operating in Kenya)
Total E&P Kurdistan Region of Iraq (Harir) B.V., Netherlands (operating in Iraq)
Total E&P Kurdistan Region of Iraq (Safen) B.V., Netherlands (operating in Iraq)
Total E&P Libye, France (operating in Libya)
Total E&P Madagascar, France (operating in Madagascar)
Total E&P Malaysia, France (operating in Malaysia)
Total E&P Maroc, France (operating in Morocco)
Total E&P Mauritanie, France (operating in Mauritania)
Total E&P Mauritanie Block TA29 B.V., Netherlands (operating in Mauritania)
Total E&P Mozambique B.V., Netherlands (operating in Mozambique)
Total E&P Myanmar, France (operating in Myanmar)
Total E&P Nederland B.V., Netherlands
Total E&P Nigeria Deepwater D Limited
Total E&P Nigeria Deepwater E Limited
Total E&P Nigeria Ltd
Total E&P Norge AS, Norway
Total E&P Oman, France (operating in Oman)
Total E&P Qatar, France (operating in Qatar)
Total E&P Russie, France (operating in Russia)
Total E&P South Africa B.V., Netherlands (operating in South Africa)
Total E&P South East Mahakam, France (operating in Indonesia)
Total E&P Syrie, France (operating in Syria)
Total E&P Thailand, France (operating in Thailand)
Total E&P Uganda B.V., Netherlands (operating in Uganda)
Total E&P UK Limited, United Kingdom
Total E&P Uruguay B.V., Netherlands (operating in Uruguay)
Total E&P USA Inc., United States
Total E&P Vietnam, France (operating in Vietnam)
Total E&P Yamal, France
Total E&P Yemen, France (operating in Yemen)
TOTAL Especialidades Argentina
TOTAL Exploration M’Bridge B.V., Netherlands (operating in Angola)
TOTAL Exploration Production Nigeria, France
TOTAL Finance, France
TOTAL Finance Exploitation, France
TOTAL Finance Global Services S.A., Belgium
TOTAL Finance USA Inc., United States
TOTAL Funding Nederland B.V., Netherlands
TOTAL Gabon (58.28%)
TOTAL Gas & Power Actifs Industriels, France
TOTAL Gas & Power Limited, United Kingdom
TOTAL Gas & Power North America Inc., United States
TOTAL Gasandes, France
TOTAL Gaz & Électricité Holdings France
TOTAL Gestion Filiales, France
TOTAL Gestion USA, France
TOTAL GLNG Australia, France (operating in Australia)
TOTAL Guinea Ecuatorial (80.00%), Equatorial Guinea
TOTAL Holding Asie, France
TOTAL Holding Dolphin Amont Limited, Bermuda
TOTAL Holdings EUROPE, France
TOTAL Holdings International B.V., Netherlands
TOTAL Holdings Nederland B.V., Netherlands
TOTAL Holdings UK Limited, United Kingdom
TOTAL Holdings USA Inc., United States
TOTAL International NV, Netherlands
TOTAL Kenya (93.96%)
TOTAL Lindsey Oil Refinery Ltd, United Kingdom
TOTAL LNG Angola, France
TOTAL LNG Nigeria Ltd, Bermuda
TOTAL Lubrifiants (99.98%), France
TOTAL Marketing Middle East Free Zone, United Arab Emirates
TOTAL Marketing Services, France
TOTAL Maroc, Morocco
TOTAL Midstream Holdings UK Limited, United Kingdom
TOTAL Mineraloel Und Chemie GmbH, Germany
TOTAL Oil And Gas South America, France
TOTAL Oil And Gas Venezuela B.V., Netherlands (operating in Venezuela)
TOTAL Oil Turkiye AS, Turkey
TOTAL Olefins Antwerp, Belgium
TOTAL Outre-Mer, France
TOTAL Participations Pétrolières Gabon
TOTAL Petrochemicals & Refining S.A. / NV, Belgium
TOTAL Petrochemicals & Refining USA Inc., United States
TOTAL Petrochemicals France
TOTAL Petroleum Angola, France (operating in Angola)
TOTAL Profils Pétroliers, France
TOTAL Qatar Oil And Gas, France
TOTAL Raffinaderij Antwerpen NV, Belgium
TOTAL Raffinage Chimie, France
TOTAL Raffinage France
TOTAL Raffinerie Mitteldeutschland GmbH, Germany
TOTAL S.A., France
TOTAL Shtokman B.V., Netherlands
TOTAL South Africa (PTY) Ltd (50.10%)
TOTAL Specialties USA Inc., United States
TOTAL Treasury, France
TOTAL UK Finance Ltd, United Kingdom
TOTAL UK Limited, United Kingdom
TOTAL Upstream Nigeria Limited
TOTAL Upstream UK Limited, United Kingdom
TOTAL Venezuela, France
TOTAL Vostok, Russia
TOTAL Yemen LNG Company Limited, Bermuda
TotalErg SPA (49.00%), Italy
TOTSA Total Oil Trading S.A., Switzerland
Yamal LNG (33.59%), Russia
Yemen LNG Company Ltd (39.62%), Bermuda (operating in Yemen)
Zeeland Refinery N.V. (55.00%), Netherlands

Head office

The company has its head office in the Tour Total in the La Défense district in Courbevoie, France, near Paris.^[31]^[32] The building was originally constructed between 1983 and 1985 for Elf Aquitaine; Total SA acquired the building after its merger with Elf in 2000.^[32]

Senior management

Christophe de Margerie was chief executive from 14 February 2007 until 20 October 2014, when he died in a plane crash at Vnukovo Airport in Moscow. During the plane's takeoff roll it collided with a snowplow which had failed to follow the remainder of its convoy. His total annual compensation for this role was €2,746,335, consisting of a €1,250,000 salary and €1,496,335 bonus.^[33]^[34]

The present chairman and CEO of the company is Patrick Pouyanné (2014 to present). On December 16, 2015, Patricia Barbizet was named Lead Independent Director.

Group Performance Management Committee

With effect from 2 April 2015, a Group Performance Management Committee is in place. The mission of this Committee is to examine, analyze and pilot the safety, financial and business results of the Group. In addition to the members of the Executive Committee, this Committee is composed of the managers in charge of the main Business units of the Group, as well as a limited number of Senior Vice Presidents of functions at Group and Branch levels.

For Group functions, the Senior Vice Presidents in charge of: Corporate communications, Human Resources, Legal, Safety, and Strategy.
For Exploration and Production, the Senior Vice Presidents in charge of the following Business Units: Africa, Americas, Asia Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Middle East / North Africa, Exploration, and one function, decided by the Comex.
For Gas and Power, the President Gas & Power.
For Refining and Chemicals, the Senior Vice Presidents in charge of the following Business Units: Refining and Base Chemicals Europe, Refining and Petrochemicals Orient, Refining and Petrochemicals Americas, Hutchinson, and one function, decided by the Comex.
For Trading Shipping, the Senior Vice President Trading Shipping.
For Marketing and Services, the Senior Vice Presidents in charge of the following Business Units: Europe, Africa/Middle East, Global Businesses, and one function, decided by the Comex.
For New Energies, the President New Energies.

Source : the official website of Total.^[35]

Executive Committee

Led by the CEO, the Executive Committee is Total's primary decision-making organization. Since August 2015, this committee comprises six members:

Patrick Pouyanné, President of the Executive Committee, CEO & Chairman.
Philippe Boisseau, President of Marketing & Services and President New Energies.
Arnaud Breuillac, president of Exploration & Production.
Jean-Jacques Guilbaud, Chief Administrative Officer.
Patrick de La Chevardière, Chief Financial Officer.
Philippe Sauquet, President of Refining & Chemicals.

Source : the official website of Total.^[36]

Business segments

Upstream

Exploration and production
- LNG: Total is involved in LNG projects in Indonesia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Nigeria, Norway, Russia, Yemen, Angola and Australia.
Gas and Power
Solar

Supply and marketing

Elf Aquitaine

Elf Aquitaine was a French oil company which merged with TotalFina to form TotalFinaElf. The new company changed its name to Total in 2003. Elf has been maintained as a major brand of Total.

Refining and chemicals

Refining
Petrochemicals
Trading and shipping
Resins, adhesives and electroplating
- Cray Valley
- Cook Composites & Polymers
- Atotech
- Bostik
Elastomer processing

Nuclear power

Total announced in 2007 that they are exploring the possibilities of entering the nuclear power sector. Although they already own one per cent of Areva, the largest nuclear business in the world,^[37] Total does not currently have extensive involvement in nuclear power. In the 2013 annual report this stake was listed under "Financial assets available for sale", with a carrying value of 37M€ and an unrealised gain of 32M€.

However, in January 2008 Total announced that they were to sign an agreement with Suez and Areva to submit a nuclear power plant project to the authorities in the United Arab Emirates.^[38]

Operations

In May 2014, the company shelved its Joslyn North oil sands project in the Athabasca region of Alberta, Canada indefinitely, citing concerns about operating costs. An estimated $11 billion has been spent on the project, in which Total is the largest shareholder with 38.5%. Suncor Energy holds 36.75%, Occidental Petroleum owns 15% and Japan's Inpex has a 10% interest.^[39]

Acquisitions

On 29 April 2011, Total agreed to buy 60% of photovoltaics company SunPower for US$1.38 billion.^[40] By the 2013 annual reporting date Total owned 64.65%.

Sponsorship

Total has provided fuel and lubricants to professional auto racing teams.

Total has been a longtime partner of Citroën Sport in the World Rally Championship, Dakar Rally and World Touring Car Championship. Sébastien Loeb won nine WRC drivers titles, whereas Ari Vatanen and Pierre Lartigue won four editions of the Dakar Rally.

Total has been a partner of Peugeot Sport in Formula One from 1995 to 2000, the British Touring Car Championship in 1995 and 1996 and since 2001 in the World Rally Championship, Intercontinental Rally Challenge, 24 Hours of Le Mans, Intercontinental Le Mans Cup, Dakar Rally and Pikes Peak International Hill Climb.

Total is a partner of Renault Sport in Formula One since 2009. Their logo has appeared on the Red Bull car since 2009, the Renault car in 2009 and 2010 and the Lotus car from 2011-2014. Total also partnered Caterham F1 Team in 2011-2014, Scuderia Toro Rosso in 2014-2015 and Williams F1 Team in 2012-2013.

Total also has been official fuel and lubricants of GP2 Series and GP3 Series since 2009 and 2010 respectively.

Also, Total is the title sponsor of the Copa Sudamericana football tournament.

In terms of educational development Total provides scholarships worth millions of euros annually to international students to study in France. These programs are mainly for master's degree. Doctoral scholarships are also offered but in limited numbers. The student come from mainly from Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle-East where Total Operates. Students from Africa are mainly from Nigeria. The scholarship involves the payment of Tuition and a monthly allowance of 1400 Euros (2014 disbursement). The allowance is able to cater for feeding, transportation and accommodation for the students. The drop in oil prices in 2015 has led to the reduction of the number of scholars.

The scholarship scheme has come under a lot of criticism for various reasons. Some scholars believe the flat rate of 1400 euros is unfair as the cost of living for cities in France are not the same. Also, students have complained that the monthly allowance needs to be reviewed and upgraded to 2000 euros monthly. Other criticism include the fact that the number of PHd. scholarship slots are very small compared to the master's degree slots.

Environmental and safety records

In 1998 the Total SA company was fined €375,000 for an oil spill that stretched 400 kilometers from La Rochelle to the western tip of Brittany. The company was only fined that amount because they were only partially liable because Total SA did not own the ship. The plaintiffs had sought more than $1.5 billion in damages. More than 100 groups and local governments joined in the suit. The Total company was fined just over $298,000. The majority of the money will go to the French government, several environmental groups, and various regional governments. The Total SA company was also fined $550,000 for the amount of marine pollution that came from it. After the oil spill they tried to restore their image and have opened a sea turtle conservation project in Masirah in recent years.

Prior to the verdict in which Total was found guilty one of the counterparts in the incident, Malta Maritime Authority (MMA), was not to be tried for having any hand in the incident. In 2005 Total submitted a report to the Paris courts which stated that Total had gotten a group of experts that stated the tanker had corrosion on it and that Total was responsible for it. The courts sought a second expert reviewing of this information which was turned down.^[41]

The AZF chemical plant which exploded in 2001 in Toulouse, France, belonged to the Grande Paroisse branch of Total.

On 13 August 2007, Total announced a lower fuel emission, lower emissions and cost-efficient petroleum product, named Evolution. Evolution is designed to let its user use less fuel and get further than other fuels. The product was developed exclusively for Total because of the demand for more energy efficient products. This fuel can be used with any engine that runs on unleaded.^{[citation needed]}

On 16 January 2008, Total was required to compensate all of the victims of the pollution caused by the sinking of the ship Erika. They are required to compensate the victims in the amount of €192 million. This is in addition to the €200 million that Total spent to help clean up the spill. The company appealed against the verdict, lost the case in the following two appeals and was definitely condemned.

Controversies

Malta

Total is being implicated in a bribe commission scandal which is currently^[when?] emerging in Malta. It has emerged that Total had told Maltese agents that it would not be interested in doing business with them unless their team included George Farrugia, who is under investigation in the procurement scandal. George Farrugia has recently been given a presidential pardon in exchange of informations about this scandal. Enemalta, Malta's energy supplier, swiftly barred Total and its agents, Trafigura from bidding and tenders. An investigation is currently underway and three people have been arraigned.^{[citation needed]}

Myanmar investments

Despite the European Union's sanctions against the military dictatorship Myanmar, Total is able to operate the Yadana natural gas pipeline from Burma to Thailand. Total is currently the subject of a lawsuit in French and Belgian courts for the condoning and use of the country's civilian slavery to construct the pipeline. The documentary 'Total Denial' shows the background of this project.^[42]^{[unreliable source?]} The NGO Burma Campaign UK is currently^[when?] campaigning against this project.

Italian bribes

On 16 December 2008, the managing director of the Italian division of Total, Lionel Levha, and ten other executives were arrested by the Public Prosecutor’s Office of Potenza, Italy, for a corruption charge of €15 million to undertake the oilfield in Basilicata on contract. Also arrested was the local deputy of Partito Democratico Salvatore Margiotta and an Italian entrepreneur.^[43]^[44]

UN Oil-for-Food Programme for Iraq

In April 2010, Total was accused of bribing Iraqi officials during former president Saddam Hussein's regime to secure oil supplies. A United Nations report later revealed that Iraqi officials had received bribes from oil companies to secure contracts worth over $10bn.^[45] On 26 February 2016 Paris court of appeals considered Total guilty and ordered to pay a fine of 750,000 euros for corrupting Iraqi civil servants. The court's ruling overturns an earlier acquittal in the case.

Investments in Iran

Total has been a significant investor in the Iranian energy sector since 1990.^[46] Total is suspected of concealing the source of its oil imports from Iran.^[47] On 28 June 2010 Total announced that it would cease shipments of oil products to Iran following adoption by the United States of economic sanctions against the country.^[48]

Bribery in Iran

In 2013, a case was settled that concerned charges that Total bribed an Iranian official with $60 million, which they documented as a "consulting charge," and which unfairly gave them access to Iran's Sirri A and Sirri E oil and gas fields. The bribery gave them a competitive advantage, earning them an estimated $150 million in profits. The Securities Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice settled the charges, expecting Total to pay $398 million.^[49]

Western Sahara oil exploration

In October 2001, Total signed a contract for oil-reconnaissance in areas offshore Western Sahara (near Dakhla), with the "Moroccan Office National de Recherches et d’Exploitations Petrolières" (ONAREP). In January 2002, Hans Corell (the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs) stated in a letter to the President of the Security Council that whenever the contracts are only for exploration they're not illegal, but if further exploration or exploitation are against the interests and wishes of the people of Western Sahara, they would be in violation of the principles of international law.^[50] Finally, Total decided to not renew their license off Western Sahara.^[51]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Annual Report 2015". Total. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
^ "Euro Stoxx 50 | Index | 965814 | EU0009658145 | Börse Frankfurt (Frankfurt Stock Exchange)". Boerse-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ "MILESTONES: 1921–1936, the 1928 Red Line Agreement". US Department of State. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
^ "An Administrative/Biographical History of Iraq Petroleum Company". Retrieved 18 August 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Compagnie Française des Pétroles and Its Contribution to the Re-establishment of France's Position among the Oil Countries after the Second World War" (PDF). Retrieved 18 June 2012. by Mohamed Sassi, Research associate at Université de Paris-IV (Sorbonne)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Total company info on Britannica". Retrieved 18 June 2012.
^ Atlas, Terry (27 August 1980). "Esmark will sell TransOcean oil, gas unit to Mobil". Chicago Tribune. pp. 4–3. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
^ Cole, Robert J. (22 August 1980). "Mobil high bidder for Esmark oil holdings". Lawrence (KS) Journal-World. New York Times News Service. p. 24. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
^ "Jack Vickers". Colorado Business Hall of Fame. 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
^ "Chapter 2". Eia.doe.gov. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
^ "About Road Runner". Road Runner Stores. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
^ "Total Petroleum to rebrand and restructure its stores throughout the Midwest". PR Newswire. 14 January 1993. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
^ Salpukas, Algis (16 April 1997). "Ultramar Diamond Shamrock Is to Acquire a Unit of Total". New York Times. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
^ Spaeth, Tony. "Review of Total logo". Identityworks. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ "Shell and Total sign natural gas agreement - South Rub Al-Khali - Gas Processing". Gulfoilandgas.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ "SAUDI ARAMCO TOTAL Refining and Petrochemical Company (SATORP) completes US$8.5 Billion project financing for Jubail Refinery". Retrieved 18 August 2012.
^ "History of SAUDI ARAMCO TOTAL Refining and Petrochemical Company (SATORP)". Retrieved 18 August 2012.
^ "Shell walks away with Majnoon". upstreamonline.com. 11 December 2009.
^ "Halfaya trio sign on dotted line". upstreamonline.com. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
^ "Total.com – Businesses of the Total Group". Retrieved 9 July 2010.
^ "Total Sells Stake in Nigerian Project to Sinopec for $2.5 Billion". Wall Street Journal. United States. 2012.
^ "Global Experience of Total – key to success in Kazakhstan". Investkz.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ [1] Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
^ Registration Document 2013
^ Louise Heavens (18 September 2013). "France's Total snaps up Chevron's Pakistan retail network". Reuters.
^ "Total deal speeds up UK shale gas race". International: Reuters. 2014.
^ "Total to sell LPG distribution business in France to UGI Corp unit for 450mn euros". Pennsylvania Sun. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
^ "CEO of French oil giant Total dies in jet crash at Moscow's Vnukovo Airport — RT News". Rt.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ "Total appoints Patrick Pouyanne as CEO after Christophe de Margerie dies in plane crash". Finance: Daily Telegraph. 2014.
^ Terry Macalister. "Total to cut 180 UK jobs after $5.7bn loss | Business". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ "Total: Main indicators". Reuters. 15 October 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
^ ^a ^b ""Total: l'héritage de la fusion". Le Journal du Net. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
^ "Christophe de Margerie: Executive Profile & Biography". BusinessWeek. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
^ "Christophe de Margerie Profile". Forbes. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
^ l (2 April 2015). "The Management Committee, a Coordinating Organization". total.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ l (2 April 2015). "The Executive Committee, overseeing Total's business". total.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ "Total to enter nuclear industry". World Nuclear News. 5 February 2007.
^ "French energy consortium to offer nuclear plant to UAE". World Nuclear News. 15 January 2008.
^ "Cost escalation leads Total to put Joslyn oil sands project on hold". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
^ Herndon, Andrew; Martin, Christopher; Goossen, Ehren (29 April 2011). "Total Agrees to Buy SunPower for $1.38 Billion in Renewable-Energy Push". Bloomberg. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
^ "The Malta Financial&Business Times". Businesstoday.com.mt. 23 February 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ "totaldenialfilm.com". totaldenialfilm.com. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
^ "Tangenti per il petrolio in Basilicata: arrestati l'ad Total e un deputato del Pd". il Giornale (in Italian). 16 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ "Tangenti, arrrestato l'amministratore delegato di Total Italia" (in Italian). La7. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
^ "Total faces corruption investigation". 7 April 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
^ "GAO-10-515R Iran's Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Sectors" (PDF). United States Government Accountability Office. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
^ Stecklow, Steve; Swartz, Spencer; Coker, Margaret (20 May 2010). "Oil Trade With Iran Thrives, Discreetly". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
^ "businessweek.com". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 28 June 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
^ "Total to Pay $398 Million for Corrupt Practices". JD Journal. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ "Letter dated 29 January 2002 from the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs, the Legal Counsel, addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). UN. 12 February 2002. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ "Upstream Online: Total turns its back on Dakhla block, 2004". Western Sahara Resource Watch. 3 December 2004. Retrieved 2 September 2010.^unreliable?
^ "Oli Motor Terbaik – Total Hi-Perf | Mengendus". Mengendus.blogspot.com. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2015.

External links

[xbrlus_1-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Annual Report 2015". Total. Retrieved 25 February 2016.

[2] "Euro Stoxx 50 | Index | 965814 | EU0009658145 | Börse Frankfurt (Frankfurt Stock Exchange)". Boerse-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 4 November 2015.

[GT-DEX-1920-78-3] "MILESTONES: 1921–1936, the 1928 Red Line Agreement". US Department of State. Retrieved 18 August 2012.

[GT-DEX-1928-63-4] "An Administrative/Biographical History of Iraq Petroleum Company". Retrieved 18 August 2012.

[TOT-H-02-5] "Compagnie Française des Pétroles and Its Contribution to the Re-establishment of France's Position among the Oil Countries after the Second World War" (PDF). Retrieved 18 June 2012. by Mohamed Sassi, Research associate at Université de Paris-IV (Sorbonne)

[TOT-H-01-6] "Total company info on Britannica". Retrieved 18 June 2012.

[7] Atlas, Terry (27 August 1980). "Esmark will sell TransOcean oil, gas unit to Mobil". Chicago Tribune. pp. 4–3. Retrieved 23 September 2015.

[8] Cole, Robert J. (22 August 1980). "Mobil high bidder for Esmark oil holdings". Lawrence (KS) Journal-World. New York Times News Service. p. 24. Retrieved 23 September 2015.

[cobizhall-9] "Jack Vickers". Colorado Business Hall of Fame. 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2015.

[10] "Chapter 2". Eia.doe.gov. Retrieved 8 December 2011.

[rrstores-11] "About Road Runner". Road Runner Stores. Retrieved 23 September 2015.

[prnews-12] "Total Petroleum to rebrand and restructure its stores throughout the Midwest". PR Newswire. 14 January 1993. Retrieved 23 September 2015.

[nyt1997-13] Salpukas, Algis (16 April 1997). "Ultramar Diamond Shamrock Is to Acquire a Unit of Total". New York Times. Retrieved 23 September 2015.

[14] Spaeth, Tony. "Review of Total logo". Identityworks. Retrieved 4 May 2012.

[15] "Shell and Total sign natural gas agreement - South Rub Al-Khali - Gas Processing". Gulfoilandgas.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.

[GT-DEX-2008-09-16] "SAUDI ARAMCO TOTAL Refining and Petrochemical Company (SATORP) completes US$8.5 Billion project financing for Jubail Refinery". Retrieved 18 August 2012.

[GT-DEX-2008-08-17] "History of SAUDI ARAMCO TOTAL Refining and Petrochemical Company (SATORP)". Retrieved 18 August 2012.

[GT-DEX-2010-62-18] "Shell walks away with Majnoon". upstreamonline.com. 11 December 2009.

[GT-DEX-2010-63-19] "Halfaya trio sign on dotted line". upstreamonline.com. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2012.

[20] "Total.com – Businesses of the Total Group". Retrieved 9 July 2010.

[21] "Total Sells Stake in Nigerian Project to Sinopec for $2.5 Billion". Wall Street Journal. United States. 2012.

[22] "Global Experience of Total – key to success in Kazakhstan". Investkz.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.

[23] [1] Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine

[24] Registration Document 2013

[25] Louise Heavens (18 September 2013). "France's Total snaps up Chevron's Pakistan retail network". Reuters.

[26] "Total deal speeds up UK shale gas race". International: Reuters. 2014.

[UGItotalSA-27] "Total to sell LPG distribution business in France to UGI Corp unit for 450mn euros". Pennsylvania Sun. Retrieved 3 July 2014.

[28] "CEO of French oil giant Total dies in jet crash at Moscow's Vnukovo Airport — RT News". Rt.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.

[29] "Total appoints Patrick Pouyanne as CEO after Christophe de Margerie dies in plane crash". Finance: Daily Telegraph. 2014.

[30] Terry Macalister. "Total to cut 180 UK jobs after $5.7bn loss | Business". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2015.

[31] "Total: Main indicators". Reuters. 15 October 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2009.

[TTHQ-32] ""Total: l'héritage de la fusion". Le Journal du Net. Retrieved 8 July 2010.

[33] "Christophe de Margerie: Executive Profile & Biography". BusinessWeek. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 7 September 2009.

[34] "Christophe de Margerie Profile". Forbes. Retrieved 7 September 2009.

[35] (2 April 2015). "The Management Committee, a Coordinating Organization". total.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.

[36] (2 April 2015). "The Executive Committee, overseeing Total's business". total.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.

[wnn1-37] "Total to enter nuclear industry". World Nuclear News. 5 February 2007.

[wnn2-38] "French energy consortium to offer nuclear plant to UAE". World Nuclear News. 15 January 2008.

[TotalJoslyn-39] "Cost escalation leads Total to put Joslyn oil sands project on hold". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 14 June 2014.

[bloomberg290411-40] Herndon, Andrew; Martin, Christopher; Goossen, Ehren (29 April 2011). "Total Agrees to Buy SunPower for $1.38 Billion in Renewable-Energy Push". Bloomberg. Retrieved 30 April 2011.

[41] "The Malta Financial&Business Times". Businesstoday.com.mt. 23 February 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2015.

[42] "totaldenialfilm.com". totaldenialfilm.com. Retrieved 8 December 2011.

[ilgiornale-43] "Tangenti per il petrolio in Basilicata: arrestati l'ad Total e un deputato del Pd". il Giornale (in Italian). 16 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.

[la7-44] "Tangenti, arrrestato l'amministratore delegato di Total Italia" (in Italian). La7. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.

[45] "Total faces corruption investigation". 7 April 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2010.

[46] "GAO-10-515R Iran's Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Sectors" (PDF). United States Government Accountability Office. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.

[47] Stecklow, Steve; Swartz, Spencer; Coker, Margaret (20 May 2010). "Oil Trade With Iran Thrives, Discreetly". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 20 May 2010.

[48] "businessweek.com". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 28 June 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2011.

[49] "Total to Pay $398 Million for Corrupt Practices". JD Journal. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2015.

[50] "Letter dated 29 January 2002 from the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs, the Legal Counsel, addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). UN. 12 February 2002. Retrieved 6 September 2010.

[51] "Upstream Online: Total turns its back on Dakhla block, 2004". Western Sahara Resource Watch. 3 December 2004. Retrieved 2 September 2010.^unreliable?

[52] "Oli Motor Terbaik – Total Hi-Perf | Mengendus". Mengendus.blogspot.com. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2015.

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