1964 United States presidential election in Georgia
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| Elections in Georgia |
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The 1964 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 3, 1964 as part of the 1964 United States presidential election, which was held on that day throughout all fifty states and The District of Columbia. Voters chose twelve representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.
Background
During the 1960s the Deep South was in a state of turmoil due to upheavals resulting from the black Civil Rights movement. The Democratic Party had traditionally been the defender of white supremacy and segregation in the South, but ever since acquiring the support of northern blacks in the 1930s, wartime race riots in Detroit,[1] and the ascendancy of Henry A. Wallace to the vice-presidency its left wing had become strong supporters of moves to restore black political rights in the former Confederacy.[2] The growth of protests and marches demanding black civil rights in the region early in the 1960s led the reluctant John F. Kennedy[3] to submit “sweeping Civil Rights legislation to Congress”.[4] Following Kennedy’s assassination, new President Lyndon Johnson, although a Southerner, felt he had to act quickly with Civil Rights legislation, which produced the Civil Rights Act of July 1964.
The independence of county governance from the state legislature,[5] and the very large number of counties in the state, produced a split in policy between areas in and north of Atlanta versus the south of the state. In the south of Georgia, local officials behaved similarly to those of Mississippi and organised large-scale, violent “massive resistance” to desegregation and voter registration by blacks.[6] Although Governor Carl Sanders endorsed Johnson,[7] and was bitterly critical of Goldwater’s belief that “extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice”,[8] he was alone among Georgia’s leading officials in doing so. Most state politicians, led by James H. Gray,[9] firmly preferred Republican nominee, Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater because of his vote against the Civil Rights Act, as did Calvin F. Craig, who headed Georgia’s powerful Ku Klux Klan, because he saw the election as battle between Goldwater’s “Americanism” and Johnson’s “socialism”.[10] A “Democrats for Goldwater” group was also organized by the “Citizens’ Council”.[11]
Polls
The majority of opinion polls between July and early October[12] suggested that, despite this widespread opposition to Johnson’s programs, Goldwater would not take the Peach State. In fact, in early August Georgia was viewed as alongside Arkansas and North Carolina as the most secure southern state for Johnson.[13]
Nevertheless, those Democratic Party delegates who refused to support Goldwater because of his policies on rural electrification and subsidies to tobacco farmers were concerned that Goldwater could carry Georgia – and the entire South – as early as late August.[14]
Moreover, in Valdosta in the far south, the region where resistance to black civil rights was most extreme, white union workers in September had been polled as supporting Goldwater 315 to 19, with one vote for George Wallace who would carry the state in 1968.[15] By the end of September, it was clear that the state was bitterly divided, with the previously rock-solid Democratic south rooting for Goldwater but defections from Republican support during the previous election in the northern counties appearing to be almost as widespread,[16] because there was some hope Johnson could reverse large population declines and entrenched poverty.[17]
By the end of October, amidst much campaigning in the state by both Johnson and Goldwater, it was generally thought Georgia was leaning towards the Republicans.[18]
Vote
As it turned out Georgia joined Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina and Louisiana in supporting the Arizona senator as a protest against the Civil Rights Act,[19] although it did so by a smaller margin – 8.25 percentage points – than any other Deep South state Goldwater carried.[20] Compared to the previous election, Georgia swung to the Republicans by over 34 percentage points, though this masked enormous regional differences. Among the rural areas of the “black belt” and the south of the state, there were enormous swings to Goldwater as the whites – the only people who voted – totally deserted Johnson.[21] For instance, Miller County went from 94 percent for Kennedy to only 14 percent for Johnson, and Lee County from 69 percent for Kennedy to only 19 percent for Johnson. In contrast, only 55 percent of those Georgian voters who supported Nixon in 1960 remained with Goldwater,[22] resulting in Johnson claiming pro-Union Towns County – which Herbert Hoover won by 48 votes in 1932[23] whilst FDR won the state by 83.83 percentage points – for the Democrats for the first time since 1952, and nearly carrying Gilmer and Pickens Counties.
Goldwater’s victory in Georgia in 1964 was the Republican Party’s first ever victory in the state in any Presidential election. This was an incredible feat, especially given that Goldwater lost to Lyndon B. Johnson in a landslide. The Peach State had long been a Democratic stronghold, which it would remain, Presidential elections aside, well into the 1990s. Between 1852 and 1960, Georgia had supported the Democratic Presidential nominee in every election with the sole exception of 1864, when Georgia had seceded from the Union. However, from this election onward, the Peach State has supported Democrats only three times, and two of those occurred when Georgia native Jimmy Carter was on the ballot.
During the Concurrent House elections of 1964 in Georgia, Republicans picked up a seat from the Democrats, that being the Third District House seat won by Howard Callaway who became the first Republican to be elected to the House of Representatives from Georgia since Reconstruction.
Results
| United States presidential election in Georgia, 1964.[20] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Running mate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Republican | Barry Goldwater | William E. Miller | 616,584 | 54.12% | 12 | |
| Democratic | Lyndon B. Johnson | Hubert Humphrey | 522,557 | 45.87% | 0 | |
| Write-ins | 193 | 0.02% | 0 | |||
| Socialist Workers | Clifton DeBerry (write-in) | Ed Shaw | 1 | 0% | 0 | |
| Constitution[a] | Joseph B. Lightburn (write-in) | Theodore Billings | 1 | 0% | 0 | |
| Totals | 1,139,336 | 100.00% | 12 | |||
| Voter turnout (Voting age) | 40% | |||||
Results by county
| County | Goldwater# | Goldwater% | Johnson# | Johnson% | Write-ins# | Write-ins% | Total votes cast |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appling | 2,597 | 62.44% | 1,562 | 37.56% | 4,159 | ||
| Atkinson | 1,157 | 58.76% | 811 | 41.19% | 1 | 0.05% | 1,969 |
| Bacon | 2,136 | 64.43% | 1,179 | 35.57% | 3,315 | ||
| Baker | 914 | 60.33% | 600 | 39.60% | 1 | 0.07% | 1,515 |
| Baldwin | 3,430 | 55.59% | 2,740 | 44.41% | 6,170 | ||
| Banks | 548 | 30.34% | 1,258 | 69.66% | 1,806 | ||
| Barrow | 2,316 | 50.42% | 2,277 | 49.58% | 4,593 | ||
| Bartow | 2,813 | 37.77% | 4,635 | 62.23% | 7,448 | ||
| Ben Hill | 2,089 | 57.82% | 1,523 | 42.15% | 1 | 0.03% | 3,613 |
| Berrien | 4,073 | 60.51% | 2,658 | 39.49% | 6,731 | ||
| Bibb | 25,641 | 58.98% | 17,831 | 41.02% | 43,472 | ||
| Bleckley | 2,578 | 72.50% | 978 | 27.50% | 3,556 | ||
| Brantley | 1,231 | 57.52% | 909 | 42.48% | 2,140 | ||
| Brooks | 2,342 | 69.50% | 1,027 | 30.47% | 1 | 0.03% | 3,370 |
| Bryan | 1,433 | 62.58% | 857 | 37.42% | 2,290 | ||
| Bulloch | 4,823 | 63.94% | 2,720 | 36.06% | 7,543 | ||
| Burke | 3,034 | 71.52% | 1,208 | 28.48% | 4,242 | ||
| Butts | 1,261 | 45.12% | 1,534 | 54.88% | 2,795 | ||
| Calhoun | 1,066 | 78.67% | 289 | 21.33% | 1,355 | ||
| Camden | 1,802 | 51.56% | 1,693 | 48.44% | 3,495 | ||
| Candler | 1,710 | 68.26% | 795 | 31.74% | 2,505 | ||
| Carroll | 4,984 | 50.96% | 4,794 | 49.02% | 2 | 0.02% | 9,780 |
| Catoosa | 4,143 | 58.59% | 2,922 | 41.32% | 6 | 0.08% | 7,071 |
| Charlton | 1,179 | 67.26% | 574 | 32.74% | 1,753 | ||
| Chatham | 33,141 | 58.85% | 23,176 | 41.15% | 1 | 0.00% | 56,318 |
| Chattahoochee | 246 | 56.29% | 191 | 43.71% | 437 | ||
| Chattooga | 1,476 | 27.01% | 3,986 | 72.94% | 3 | 0.05% | 5,465 |
| Cherokee | 3,398 | 51.59% | 3,189 | 48.41% | 6,587 | ||
| Clarke | 4,875 | 39.33% | 7,519 | 60.67% | 12,394 | ||
| Clay | 544 | 60.04% | 360 | 39.74% | 2 | 0.22% | 906 |
| Clayton | 10,488 | 64.08% | 5,869 | 35.86% | 10 | 0.06% | 16,367 |
| Clinch | 1,084 | 60.56% | 706 | 39.44% | 1,790 | ||
| Cobb | 20,863 | 55.62% | 16,647 | 44.38% | 1 | 0.00% | 37,511 |
| Coffee | 4,392 | 61.76% | 2,719 | 38.24% | 7,111 | ||
| Colquitt | 6,493 | 71.67% | 2,563 | 28.29% | 4 | 0.04% | 9,060 |
| Columbia | 2,575 | 64.33% | 1,428 | 35.67% | 4,003 | ||
| Cook | 2,058 | 60.62% | 1,337 | 39.38% | 3,395 | ||
| Coweta | 3,656 | 49.62% | 3,712 | 50.38% | 7,368 | ||
| Crawford | 957 | 56.96% | 723 | 43.04% | 1,680 | ||
| Crisp | 3,337 | 65.52% | 1,756 | 34.48% | 5,093 | ||
| Dade | 1,378 | 52.84% | 1,227 | 47.05% | 3 | 0.12% | 2,608 |
| Dawson | 639 | 40.67% | 932 | 59.33% | 1,571 | ||
| Decatur | 5,060 | 71.55% | 2,011 | 28.44% | 1 | 0.01% | 7,072 |
| DeKalb | 49,448 | 57.10% | 37,154 | 42.90% | 86,602 | ||
| Dodge | 3,285 | 58.03% | 2,376 | 41.97% | 5,661 | ||
| Dooly | 1,662 | 53.05% | 1,471 | 46.95% | 3,133 | ||
| Dougherty | 12,776 | 70.88% | 5,248 | 29.12% | 18,024 | ||
| Douglas | 3,315 | 57.00% | 2,501 | 43.00% | 5,816 | ||
| Early | 2,398 | 75.67% | 771 | 24.33% | 3,169 | ||
| Echols | 399 | 68.44% | 184 | 31.56% | 583 | ||
| Effingham | 2,676 | 79.74% | 680 | 20.26% | 3,356 | ||
| Elbert | 1,887 | 37.30% | 3,172 | 62.70% | 5,059 | ||
| Emanuel | 3,311 | 59.23% | 2,279 | 40.77% | 5,590 | ||
| Evans | 1,572 | 66.30% | 799 | 33.70% | 2,371 | ||
| Fannin | 3,433 | 54.77% | 2,834 | 45.21% | 1 | 0.02% | 6,268 |
| Fayette | 1,349 | 59.98% | 896 | 39.84% | 4 | 0.18% | 2,249 |
| Floyd | 9,849 | 52.85% | 8,750 | 46.95% | 37 | 0.20% | 18,636 |
| Forsyth | 1,471 | 46.64% | 1,682 | 53.33% | 1 | 0.03% | 3,154 |
| Franklin | 864 | 23.84% | 2,758 | 76.10% | 2 | 0.06% | 3,624 |
| Fulton | 73,205 | 43.90% | 93,540 | 56.09% | 11 | 0.01% | 166,756 |
| Gilmer | 2,167 | 50.09% | 2,159 | 49.91% | 4,326 | ||
| Glascock | 836 | 86.19% | 134 | 13.81% | 970 | ||
| Glynn | 7,341 | 56.22% | 5,712 | 43.75% | 4 | 0.03% | 13,057 |
| Gordon | 2,317 | 41.55% | 3,260 | 58.45% | 5,577 | ||
| Grady | 2,983 | 61.25% | 1,887 | 38.75% | 4,870 | ||
| Greene | 1,093 | 28.83% | 2,698 | 71.17% | 3,791 | ||
| Gwinnett | 6,823 | 50.42% | 6,705 | 49.55% | 3 | 0.02% | 13,531 |
| Habersham | 1,595 | 31.84% | 3,412 | 68.12% | 2 | 0.04% | 5,009 |
| Hall | 4,296 | 34.90% | 8,003 | 65.01% | 11 | 0.09% | 12,310 |
| Hancock | 925 | 46.27% | 1,074 | 53.73% | 1,999 | ||
| Haralson | 3,129 | 58.85% | 2,186 | 41.11% | 2 | 0.04% | 5,317 |
| Harris | 2,166 | 69.74% | 940 | 30.26% | 3,106 | ||
| Hart | 1,166 | 27.00% | 3,142 | 72.77% | 10 | 0.23% | 4,318 |
| Heard | 807 | 43.18% | 1,061 | 56.77% | 1 | 0.05% | 1,869 |
| Henry | 3,125 | 46.58% | 3,583 | 53.41% | 1 | 0.01% | 6,709 |
| Houston | 6,532 | 60.53% | 4,258 | 39.46% | 1 | 0.01% | 10,791 |
| Irwin | 2,017 | 73.16% | 740 | 26.84% | 2,757 | ||
| Jackson | 1,664 | 29.62% | 3,953 | 70.38% | 5,617 | ||
| Jasper | 1,075 | 55.90% | 848 | 44.10% | 1,923 | ||
| Jeff Davis | 1,875 | 71.56% | 745 | 28.44% | 2,620 | ||
| Jefferson | 2,950 | 70.15% | 1,253 | 29.80% | 2 | 0.05% | 4,205 |
| Jenkins | 1,509 | 62.43% | 908 | 37.57% | 2,417 | ||
| Johnson | 1,940 | 73.99% | 682 | 26.01% | 2,622 | ||
| Jones | 1,805 | 56.67% | 1,380 | 43.33% | 3,185 | ||
| Lamar | 1,570 | 50.30% | 1,548 | 49.60% | 3 | 0.10% | 3,121 |
| Lanier | 719 | 52.10% | 661 | 47.90% | 1,380 | ||
| Laurens | 5,457 | 58.76% | 3,828 | 41.22% | 2 | 0.02% | 9,287 |
| Lee | 1,041 | 81.01% | 244 | 18.99% | 1,285 | ||
| Liberty | 1,458 | 39.73% | 2,212 | 60.27% | 3,670 | ||
| Lincoln | 943 | 72.76% | 353 | 27.24% | 1,296 | ||
| Long | 246 | 15.55% | 1,336 | 84.45% | 1,582 | ||
| Lowndes | 6,811 | 60.95% | 4,363 | 39.04% | 1 | 0.01% | 11,175 |
| Lumpkin | 855 | 41.81% | 1,189 | 58.14% | 1 | 0.05% | 2,045 |
| McDuffie | 2,657 | 70.27% | 1,124 | 29.73% | 3,781 | ||
| McIntosh | 795 | 39.99% | 1,193 | 60.01% | 1,988 | ||
| Macon | 1,723 | 61.56% | 1,076 | 38.44% | 2,799 | ||
| Madison | 1,190 | 33.70% | 2,341 | 66.30% | 3,531 | ||
| Marion | 719 | 66.27% | 365 | 33.64% | 1 | 0.09% | 1,085 |
| Meriwether | 2,250 | 48.14% | 2,423 | 51.84% | 1 | 0.02% | 4,674 |
| Miller | 1,658 | 85.82% | 274 | 14.18% | 1,932 | ||
| Mitchell | 3,265 | 73.17% | 1,197 | 26.83% | 4,462 | ||
| Monroe | 1,665 | 51.33% | 1,578 | 48.64% | 1 | 0.03% | 3,244 |
| Montgomery | 1,409 | 61.61% | 878 | 38.39% | 2,287 | ||
| Morgan | 1,485 | 47.31% | 1,654 | 52.69% | 3,139 | ||
| Murray | 1,064 | 30.44% | 2,426 | 69.41% | 5 | 0.14% | 3,495 |
| Muscogee | 21,025 | 62.81% | 12,446 | 37.18% | 3 | 0.01% | 33,474 |
| Newton | 2,678 | 42.52% | 3,620 | 57.48% | 6,298 | ||
| Oconee | 1,241 | 53.63% | 1,073 | 46.37% | 2,314 | ||
| Oglethorpe | 1,126 | 56.58% | 864 | 43.42% | 1,990 | ||
| Paulding | 1,914 | 43.23% | 2,513 | 56.77% | 4,427 | ||
| Peach | 1,970 | 55.40% | 1,585 | 44.57% | 1 | 0.03% | 3,556 |
| Pickens | 1,955 | 50.32% | 1,930 | 49.68% | 3,885 | ||
| Pierce | 1,981 | 66.86% | 982 | 33.14% | 2,963 | ||
| Pike | 1,064 | 52.94% | 946 | 47.06% | 2,010 | ||
| Polk | 3,282 | 41.86% | 4,555 | 58.10% | 3 | 0.04% | 7,840 |
| Pulaski | 1,768 | 64.86% | 953 | 34.96% | 5 | 0.18% | 2,726 |
| Putnam | 1,196 | 54.02% | 1,018 | 45.98% | 2,214 | ||
| Quitman | 377 | 62.11% | 230 | 37.89% | 607 | ||
| Rabun | 551 | 23.48% | 1,796 | 76.52% | 2,347 | ||
| Randolph | 1,656 | 63.18% | 962 | 36.70% | 3 | 0.11% | 2,621 |
| Richmond | 21,481 | 61.32% | 13,545 | 38.67% | 3 | 0.01% | 35,029 |
| Rockdale | 1,503 | 43.25% | 1,972 | 56.75% | 3,475 | ||
| Schley | 577 | 60.48% | 377 | 39.52% | 954 | ||
| Screven | 2,260 | 60.98% | 1,446 | 39.02% | 3,706 | ||
| Seminole | 1,294 | 75.19% | 427 | 24.81% | 1,721 | ||
| Spalding | 4,763 | 46.56% | 5,466 | 53.44% | 10,229 | ||
| Stephens | 1,371 | 28.24% | 3,483 | 71.76% | 4,854 | ||
| Stewart | 1,037 | 73.39% | 373 | 26.40% | 3 | 0.21% | 1,413 |
| Sumter | 3,774 | 68.61% | 1,727 | 31.39% | 5,501 | ||
| Talbot | 679 | 51.99% | 627 | 48.01% | 1,306 | ||
| Taliaferro | 337 | 34.92% | 628 | 65.08% | 965 | ||
| Tattnall | 3,264 | 66.45% | 1,648 | 33.55% | 4,912 | ||
| Taylor | 1,372 | 55.55% | 1,097 | 44.41% | 1 | 0.04% | 2,470 |
| Telfair | 1,914 | 50.55% | 1,872 | 49.45% | 3,786 | ||
| Terrell | 1,921 | 77.15% | 569 | 22.85% | 2,490 | ||
| Thomas | 6,306 | 65.94% | 3,257 | 34.06% | 9,563 | ||
| Tift | 4,650 | 67.04% | 2,286 | 32.96% | 6,936 | ||
| Toombs | 3,543 | 67.77% | 1,685 | 32.23% | 5,228 | ||
| Towns | 1,140 | 46.88% | 1,289 | 53.00% | 3 | 0.12% | 2,432 |
| Treutlen | 722 | 35.15% | 1,331 | 64.80% | 1 | 0.05% | 2,054 |
| Troup | 5,277 | 46.66% | 6,032 | 53.34% | 11,309 | ||
| Turner | 1,672 | 69.93% | 719 | 30.07% | 2,391 | ||
| Twiggs | 1,178 | 59.98% | 786 | 40.02% | 1,964 | ||
| Union | 1,473 | 40.83% | 2,135 | 59.17% | 3,608 | ||
| Upson | 3,103 | 48.61% | 3,275 | 51.30% | 6 | 0.09% | 6,384 |
| Walker | 5,939 | 52.09% | 5,454 | 47.84% | 8 | 0.07% | 11,401 |
| Walton | 2,874 | 54.99% | 2,350 | 44.97% | 2 | 0.04% | 5,226 |
| Ware | 4,948 | 48.81% | 5,189 | 51.19% | 10,137 | ||
| Warren | 1,070 | 73.59% | 384 | 26.41% | 1,454 | ||
| Washington | 2,296 | 55.63% | 1,830 | 44.34% | 1 | 0.02% | 4,127 |
| Wayne | 3,619 | 62.39% | 2,182 | 37.61% | 5,801 | ||
| Webster | 457 | 76.04% | 144 | 23.96% | 601 | ||
| Wheeler | 849 | 46.42% | 980 | 53.58% | 1,829 | ||
| White | 840 | 35.55% | 1,520 | 64.33% | 3 | 0.13% | 2,363 |
| Whitfield | 4,546 | 38.27% | 7,330 | 61.70% | 4 | 0.03% | 11,880 |
| Wilcox | 1,794 | 66.59% | 900 | 33.41% | 2,694 | ||
| Wilkes | 1,652 | 53.48% | 1,437 | 46.52% | 3,089 | ||
| Wilkinson | 2,172 | 69.28% | 963 | 30.72% | 3,135 | ||
| Worth | 3,157 | 78.55% | 862 | 21.45% | 4,019 | ||
| Totals | 616,584 | 54.12% | 522,556 | 45.87% | 195 | 0.02% | 1,139,335 |
References
- ^ Scher, Richard K.; Politics in the New South: Republicanism, Race and Leadership in the Twentieth Century, p. 95 ISBN 1563248484
- ^ Frederickson, Karl A.; The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932-1968, p. 39 ISBN 0807849103
- ^ Bolton, Charles C.; William F. Winter and the New Mississippi: A Biography, p. 113 ISBN 1617037877
- ^ Tate, Katherine; From Protest to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections, p. 53 ISBN 0674325400
- ^ Mickey, Robert; Paths out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America, p. 77 ISBN 1400838789
- ^ Mickey; Paths out of Dixie, pp. 30, 316
- ^ Henderson Harold P.; Ernest Vandiver, Governor of Georgia, p. 200 ISBN 0820322237
- ^ ‘Georgia Governor Hits Goldwater “Extremism”’, Los Angeles Times, July 21, 1964, p. 14
- ^ ‘Georgia Demos Will Support National Ticket’; Rome News-Tribune, November 10, 1967, p. 1
- ^ ‘Georgia KKK Endorses Barry For Presidency’, Chicago Daily Defender, July 28, 196, p. 3
- ^ McMillen, Neil R.; The Citizens' Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954-64, p. 351 ISBN 0252064410
- ^ Grimes, Roy; ‘Look Away, Look Away...’; The Victoria Advocate, October 11, 1964, p. 4A
- ^ Roberts, Chalmers M.; ‘Goldwater Riding High in South, Survey Finds: Has Firm Hold on Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana and Florida; Texas Rates Tossup’; Los Angeles Times, August 2, 1964, p. 12
- ^ ‘South Ponders: “If Georgia Goes to Goldwater ...”: Organization Noted’; Christian Science Monitor, August 25, 1964, p. 1
- ^ ‘Goldwater Tops Johnson In a Georgia Union Poll’ (Special to The New York Times); New York Times, September 13, 1964; p. 57
- ^ Baird, Joseph H.; ‘Georgia Vote Doubts Build: Opportunism Charged’, Christian Science Monitor, September 16, 1964; p. 11
- ^ Hunter, Marjorie; ‘Poverty Is Issue in Georgia Hills: Democrats Hope to Reverse Their G.O.P. Tradition’ (Special to the New York Times); New York Times, October 19, 1964, p. 26
- ^ Selover, William C.; ‘Nationwide Poll of Polls Shows Wide Agreement on Outcome of Election: Georgia to Goldwater’, The Christian Science Monitor, October 30, 1964, p. 6
- ^ Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004, pp. 90-92 ISBN 0786422173
- ^ a b Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; 1964 Presidential General Election Results – Georgia
- ^ Coleman, Kenneth (editor); A History of Georgia, p. 399 ISBN 082031269X
- ^ Gimpel, James G. and Schuknecht, Jason E.; Patchwork Nation: Sectionalism and Political Change in American Politics, p. 204 ISBN 0472022911
- ^ Robinson, Edgar Eugene; The Presidential Vote, 1896-1932, p. 172 ISBN 080471696X
Notes
- ^ The Constitution Party of the 1950s and 1960s should not be confused the modern Constitution Party.
