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Virtual Boy

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Virtual Boy
A Virtual Boy console with its controller
ManufacturerNintendo
TypeVideo game console
GenerationFifth generation
Lifespan1995–96
Units sold770,000[1]
MediaROM cartridge
CPUNEC V810
RelatedFamicom 3D System
Nintendo 3DS

The Virtual Boy (Japanese: バーチャルボーイ, Hepburn: Bācharu Bōi) is a 32-bit table-top 3D video game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was marketed as the first "portable" video game console capable of displaying "true 3D graphics" out of the box.

It was released on July 21, 1995, in Japan and August 16, 1995, in North America at a price of US$179.95. It proved to be a commercial failure and was not released in other regions. Its negative reception was unaffected by continued price drops. Nintendo discontinued it on March 2, 1996. The Virtual Boy is Nintendo's second lowest-selling platform after the 64DD.

History

Development

Since 1985, a red LED eyepiece display technology called Scanned Linear Array was developed by Massachusetts-based Reflection Technology, Inc. (RTI).[2][3] The company produced a 3D stereoscopic head-tracking prototype called the Private Eye, featuring a tank game. Seeking funding and partnerships by which to develop it into a commercial technology, RTI demonstrated Private Eye to the consumer electronics market, including Mattel and Hasbro.[3] Sega declined the technology, due to its single-color display and concerns about motion sickness.[3][4]

Nintendo enthusiastically received the Private Eye, as led by Gunpei Yokoi, the general manager of Nintendo's R&D1 and the inventor of the Game & Watch and Game Boy handheld consoles. He saw this as a unique technology that competitors would find difficult to emulate. Additionally, the resulting game console was intended to enhance Nintendo's reputation as an innovator[3][5] and to "encourage more creativity" in games.[6]: 514  Codenaming the project "VR32",[3] Nintendo entered into an exclusive agreement with Reflection Technology, Inc. to license the technology for its displays.[2] While Nintendo's Research & Development 3 division (R&D3) was focused on developing the Nintendo 64, the other two engineering units were free to experiment with new product ideas.[5]

Spending four years in development and eventually building a dedicated manufacturing plant in China,[3] Nintendo worked to turn its VR32 vision into an affordable and health-conscious console design.[5] Yokoi retained RTI's choice of red LED because it was the cheapest,[5] and because unlike a totally backlit LCD, its perfect blackness could achieve a more immersive sense of infinite depth.[3] RTI and Nintendo said a color LCD system would have been prohibitively expensive,[3][7] retailing for more than US$500.[6]: 514  A color LCD system was also said to have caused "jumpy images in tests".[7] With ongoing concerns about motion sickness, the risk of developing lazy eye conditions in young children, and Japan's new Product Liability Act of 1995, Nintendo eliminated the head tracking functionality and converted its headmounted goggle design into a stationary, heavy, precision steel-shielded, tabletop form factor conformant to the recommendation of the Schepens Eye Research Institute.[3][6]: 514 

[W]e experimented with a color LCD screen, but the users did not see depth, they just saw double. Color graphics give people the impression that a game is high tech. But just because a game has a beautiful display does not mean that the game is fun to play. ... Red uses less battery and red is easier to recognize. That is why red is used for traffic lights.

— Gunpei Yokoi[6]: 514 

A number of technology demonstrations were used to show the Virtual Boy's capabilities. Driving Demo is one of the more advanced demos; its 30-second clip shows a first-person view of driving by road signs and palm trees. This demo was shown at E3 and CES in 1995.[8] The start-up screen of the Virtual Boy Prototype was shown at Shoshinkai in 1994.[9] The demo of what would have been a Star Fox game showed a Star Fox-like Arwing doing various spins and motions.[10] Cinematic camera angles were a key element, as they were in Star Fox 2. It was shown at E3 and CES in 1995.

As a result of increasing competition for internal resources alongside the flagship Nintendo 64, Virtual Boy software development proceeded without the company's full attention, and with very little involvement by lead game designer Shigeru Miyamoto.[3] According to David Sheff's book Game Over, the increasingly reticent Yokoi never actually intended for the increasingly downscaled console to be released in its final form. However, Nintendo pushed the Virtual Boy to market so that it could focus development resources on the Nintendo 64.[11]

Release

The New York Times previewed the Virtual Boy on November 13, 1994.[12] The console was officially announced via press release the next day, November 14. Nintendo promised that Virtual Boy would "totally immerse players into their own private universe."[13] Initial press releases and interviews about the system focused on its technological capabilities, avoiding discussion of the actual games that would be released.[5] The system was formally unveiled the next day at the Shoshinkai (初心会) Show.[5] Nintendo of America showed the Virtual Boy at the Consumer Electronics Show on January 6, 1995.[13]

Even with cost-saving measures in place, Nintendo priced the Virtual Boy at a relatively high US$179.95.[3][5][6]: 513  Though slightly less expensive and significantly less powerful than a home console, this was considerably more costly than the Game Boy handheld. With seemingly more advanced graphics than Game Boy, the Virtual Boy was not intended to replace the handheld in Nintendo's product line, as use of the Virtual Boy requires a steady surface and completely blocks the player's peripheral vision. Design News described the Virtual Boy as the logical evolution of the View-Master 3D image viewer.[14]

The Virtual Boy was released on July 21, 1995 (1995-07-21) in Japan and on August 16, 1995 (1995-08-16) in North America[15] with the launch titles Mario's Tennis, Red Alarm, Teleroboxer, and Galactic Pinball.[16] It was not released in PAL markets. In North America, Nintendo shipped Mario's Tennis with every Virtual Boy sold, as a pack-in game.[17] Nintendo had initially projected sales of 3 million consoles and 14 million games.[13] The system arrived later than other 32-bit systems from Sony, Panasonic, and Sega, but at a lower price.[18]

At the system's release, Nintendo of America projected hardware sales of 1.5 million units and software sales numbering 2.5 million by the end of the year.[19][20] Nintendo had shipped 350,000 units of the Virtual Boy by December 1995, around three and a half months after its North American release.[21] The system made number 5 on GamePro's the "Top 10 Worst Selling Consoles of All Time" list in 2007.[1]

The Virtual Boy had a short market timespan following its disappointing sales. The last official title to be released for the Virtual Boy was 3D Tetris, released on March 22, 1996 (1996-03-22).[22] Nintendo announced additional titles for the system at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in 1996, but these games were never released.[5] The Virtual Boy was discontinued in late 1995 in Japan and in early 1996 in North America. Nintendo discontinued the system without fanfare, avoiding an official press release.[5]

Promotion

Nintendo extensively advertised the Virtual Boy, and claimed to have spent US$25 million on early promotional activities.[5] Advertising promoted the system as a paradigm shift from past consoles; some pieces used cavemen to indicate a historical evolution, while others utilized psychedelic imagery. Nintendo targeted an older audience with advertisements for the Virtual Boy, shifting away from the traditional child-focused approach it had employed in the past.[5]

It was to be more than just another gaming console; Nintendo portrayed the system as a type of virtual reality, as its name indicates. Nintendo also focused on the technological aspects of the new console in its press releases, neglecting to detail specific games.[5]

Confronted with the challenge of showing 3-dimensional gameplay on 2-dimensional advertisements, the company partnered with Blockbuster and NBC in a coordinated effort.[5][23] A $5 million campaign promoted NBC's fall lineup alongside the Virtual Boy.[24] American viewers were encouraged via television advertisements on NBC to rent the console for US$10 at a local Blockbuster. This made it affordable for a large number of gamers to try the system,[5] and produced 750,000 rentals.[25] Upon returning the unit, renters received a coupon for $10 off the purchase of a Virtual Boy from any store.[23][26] 3,000 Blockbuster locations were included in the promotion, which included a sweepstakes with prizes including trips to see the taping of NBC shows.[24] Despite its popularity, the rental system proved harmful to the Virtual Boy's long-term success, allowing gamers to see just how un-immersive the console was.[5] Taken as a whole, the marketing campaign was commonly thought of as a failure.[27]

Hardware

Main article: Virtual Boy hardware

The central processing unit is a 32-bit RISC chip,[2] making the Virtual Boy Nintendo's first 32-bit system.[18] The Virtual Boy system uses a pair of 1×224 linear arrays (one per eye) and rapidly scans the array across the eye's field of view using flat oscillating mirrors. These mirrors vibrate back and forth at a very high speed, thus the mechanical humming noise from inside the unit. Each Virtual Boy game cartridge has a yes/no option to automatically pause every 15–30 minutes so that the player may take a break before any injuries come to the eyes. One speaker per ear provides the player with audio.[28]

Display

The screens of the Virtual Boy

The Virtual Boy is the first video game console that was supposed to be capable of displaying stereoscopic 3D graphics, marketed as a form of virtual reality.[29] Whereas most video games use monocular cues to achieve the illusion of three dimensions on a two-dimensional screen, the Virtual Boy creates an illusion of depth through the effect known as parallax. In a manner similar to using a head-mounted display, the user looks into an eyepiece made of neoprene on the front of the machine, and then an eyeglass-style projector allows viewing of the monochromatic (in this case, red) image. Nintendo claimed that a color display would have made the system too expensive and resulted in "jumpy" images, so the company opted for a monochrome display.[18]

Control

The Virtual Boy controller

The Virtual Boy was meant to be used sitting down at a table,[12][30] although Nintendo said it would release a harness for players to use while standing.[18] One of the unique features of the controller is the extendable power supply that slides onto the back. It houses the six AA batteries required to power the system. This can be substituted with a wall adapter, though a "slide-on" attachment is required for the switchout. Once the slide-on adapter is installed, a power adapter can be attached to provide constant power.

The Virtual Boy, being a system with heavy emphasis on three-dimensional movement, needed a controller that could operate along a Z axis. The Virtual Boy's controller was an attempt to implement dual digital "D-pads" to control elements in the aforementioned 3D environment. The controller itself is shaped like an "M" (similar to a Nintendo 64 controller).[31] One holds onto either side of the controller and the part that dips down in the middle contains the battery pack.

In more traditional 2-dimensional games, the two directional pads are interchangeable.[32] For others with a more 3D environment, like Red Alarm, 3D Tetris, or Teleroboxer, each pad controls a different feature. The symmetry of the controller also allows left-handed gamers to reverse the controls (similar to the Atari Lynx).[33]

Connectivity

During development, Nintendo promised the ability to link systems for competitive play.[7] The system's EXT (extension) port, located on the underside of the system below the controller port, was never officially supported since no "official" multiplayer games were ever published, nor was an official link cable released. Although Waterworld and Faceball were intended to use the EXT port for multiplayer play, the multiplayer features in the former were removed[34] and the latter game was canceled.[35]

Games

A screenshot from Mario's Tennis, the North American pack-in for Virtual Boy, on an emulator. Converted to anaglyphic red and blue format, this simulates the Virtual Boy's 3D display on a 2D display.
3D red cyan glasses are recommended to view this image correctly.
Main article: List of Virtual Boy games

Nintendo initially showcased three games for the Virtual Boy. They planned to release three titles at launch, and two or three per month thereafter.[7] Given the system's short lifespan, only 22 games were released. Of them, 19 games were released in the Japanese market, while 14 were released in North America.[36] Third party support was extremely limited compared to previous Nintendo platforms. According to Gunpei Yokoi, Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi had dictated that only a select few third party developers be shown the Virtual Boy hardware prior to its formal unveiling, in order to limit the risk of poor-quality software appearing on the system.[37]

When asked if Virtual Boy games were going to be available for download on the Virtual Console for the Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo of America President Reggie Fils-Aime said he could not answer, as he was unfamiliar with the platform. He noted that, given his lack of familiarity, he would be hard-pressed to make the case for inclusion of the games on the Virtual Console.[38]

The hobbyist community at Planet Virtual Boy has developed Virtual Boy software.[5] Two previously unreleased games, Bound High and the Japanese version of Faceball (known as NikoChan Battle) were released.

Reception

A man using a Virtual Boy eyepiece

The Virtual Boy was overwhelmingly panned by critics and was a commercial failure.[39] The Virtual Boy failed for a number of reasons, among them "its high price, the discomfort caused by play [...] and what was widely judged to have been a poorly handled marketing campaign."[27]

Gamers who previewed the system at the Shoshinkai 1994 show complained that the Mario demo was not realistic enough, was not in full color, and didn't allow for "tracking" (the movement of the image when the player turns his or her head).[18] In the lead editorial of Electronic Gaming Monthly following the show, Ed Semrad predicted that the Virtual Boy would have poor launch sales due to the monochrome screen, lack of true portability, unimpressive lineup of games seen at the Shoshinkai show, and the price, which he argued was as low as it could get given the hardware but still too expensive for the experience the system offered.[40] Next Generation's editors were also dubious of the Virtual Boy's prospects when they left the show, and concluded their article on the system by commenting, "But who will buy it? It's not portable, it's awkward to use, it's 100% antisocial (unlike multiplayer SNES/Genesis games), it's too expensive and - most importantly - the 'VR' (i.e. 3D effect) doesn't add to the game at all: it's just a novelty."[41] Following its release, reviews of the Virtual Boy tended to praise its novelty, but questioned its ultimate purpose and longtime viability. The Los Angeles Times described gameplay as being "at once familiar and strange."[16] The column praised the quality of motion and immersive graphics, but considered the hardware itself tedious to use and non-portable. A later column by the same reviewer found the system to be somewhat asocial, although it held out hope for the console's future.[42] Reviewing the system shortly after its North American launch, Next Generation said, "Unusual and innovative, the Virtual Boy can be seen as a gamble in the same way that the Game Boy was, but it's a lot harder to see the VB succeeding to the same world-conquering extent that the Game Boy did." They elaborated that while the sharp display and unique 3D effect are impressive, aspects such as the monochrome display and potential vision damage to young gamers severely limit the system's appeal. They added that the software library was decent, but failed to capitalize on Nintendo's best-selling franchises (Zelda and Metroid games were absent, and the Mario games were not in the same style as the series's most successful installments) and lacked a system seller to compare with the Game Boy's Tetris.[43]

While Nintendo had promised a virtual reality experience, the monochrome display limited the Virtual Boy's potential for immersion.[5][43] Reviewers often considered the 3-dimensional features a gimmick, added to games that were essentially 2-[5] or even 1-dimensional.[44] The Washington Post felt that, even when a game gives the impression of 3-dimensionality, it suffers from "hollow vector graphics."[44] Yokoi, the system's inventor, said the system did best with action and puzzle games,[43] although those types of games provided only minimal immersion. Multiple critics[5][27] lamented the absence of head-tracking in the Virtual Boy hardware. Critics found that, as a result, players were unable to immerse themselves in the game worlds of Virtual Boy games. Instead, they interacted with the fictional worlds in the manner of any traditional 2-dimensional game (that is, via a controller). Boyer said the console "struggles to merge the two distinct media forms of home consoles and virtual reality devices." While the device employed virtual reality techniques, it did so via the traditional home console. No feedback from the body was incorporated into gameplay.[5]

Many reviewers complained of painful and frustrating physiological symptoms when playing the Virtual Boy. Bill Frischling, writing for The Washington Post, experienced "dizziness, nausea and headaches."[44] Reviewers attributed the problems to both the monochromatic display and uncomfortable ergonomics. Several prominent scientists concluded that the long-term side effects could be more serious, and articles published in magazines such as Electronic Engineering Times and CMP Media's TechWeb speculated that using the Virtual Boy (or any VR headset) could cause sickness, flashbacks, and even permanent brain damage.[45] Nintendo, in the years after Virtual Boy's demise, has been frank about its failure. Howard Lincoln, chairman of Nintendo of America, said flatly that the Virtual Boy "just failed."[5]

Legacy

According to Game Over, Nintendo laid blame for the machine's faults directly on its creator, Gunpei Yokoi.[11] The commercial demise of the Virtual Boy was said by members of the video game press to be a contributing factor to Yokoi's withdrawal from Nintendo, despite the fact that he had planned to retire years before and finished another more successful project for the company, the Game Boy Pocket, which was released shortly before his leave.[46] Nevertheless, The New York Times maintained that Yokoi kept a close relationship with Nintendo[47] After leaving Nintendo, Yokoi founded his own company, Koto, and collaborated with Bandai to create the WonderSwan, a handheld system competing with the Game Boy.

The commercial failure of the Virtual Boy reportedly did little to alter Nintendo's development approach and focus on innovation.[5] While the console itself is said to have failed in many regards, its focus on peripherals and haptic technology reemerged in later years.[48] Development of virtual reality gaming platforms has continued.[5] Because Nintendo only shipped 1.26 million Virtual Boy units worldwide, it is considered a valuable collector's item.[49] The original inventor, Reflection Technology, Inc., was reportedly financially "devastated" by the Virtual Boy's performance, with dwindling operations by 1997.[3]

With the launch of the Nintendo 3DS console in 2011, Nintendo released a handheld gaming console with autostereoscopic 3D visuals. In other words, this console produces the desired depth effects without any special glasses and is portable. In the period leading up to the release of the Nintendo 3DS, Shigeru Miyamoto discussed his view of the issues with the Virtual Boy. One was the actual use of the three-dimensional effects; while it was designed to render wireframe graphics, the effects are generally used to separate two-dimensional games into different planes separated by depth. Further, Miyamoto stated that the graphics are not as appealing, and while developing the Nintendo 64, had ruled out the use of wireframe graphics as too sparse to draw player characters. Finally, he stated that he perceived the Virtual Boy as a novelty that should not have used the Nintendo license so prominently.[50] In a 2014 interview with IGN, Shigeru Miyamoto stated that Nintendo was working on a new virtual reality console based on 3DS technology.[51]

Several references to the Virtual Boy are related to the Nintendo 3DS game Tomodachi Life (Tomodachi Collection: New Life in Japan). In the Localization Trailer for the game, there is a clip of Nintendo staff (personified as in-game Miis) dancing around a Virtual Boy, exclaiming: "All Hail The Virtual Boy!".[52] Upon buying or selling a Virtual Boy, the shopkeeper says "dig the red and black styling". A Virtual Boy can be an opponent in the minigame Tomodachi Quest.

The Virtual Boy makes a cameo appearance in the GameCube game, Super Smash Bros. Melee as one of the many Nintendo systems that can be seen on the shelves in the Trophy Collection if the game's language is set to Japanese.[53]

In Super Smash Bros. Brawl, all of the games that were manufactured for the Virtual Boy in North America appear in the form of a list within the chronicle section.[54]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Blake Snow (May 4, 2007). "The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time". GamePro.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  2. ^ a b c "April Brings Virtual Boy". GamePro. No. 67. IDG. February 1995. p. 162.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Edwards, Benj (August 21, 2015). "Unraveling The Enigma Of Nintendo's Virtual Boy, 20 Years Later". Fast Company. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
  4. ^ Vinciguerra, Robert. "Tom Kalinske Talks About His Time Overseeing Sega As Its CEO In the 90s; Reveals That Sega Passed On Virtual Boy Technology, Considered Releasing 3DO". The Rev. Rob Times. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Boyer, Steven. "A Virtual Failure: Evaluating the Success of Nintendos Virtual Boy." Velvet Light Trap.64 (2009): 23-33. ProQuest Research Library. Web. May 24, 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d e Kent, Steven L. (2002). The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World. New York: Random House International. pp. 513–515, 518, 519, 523, 524. ISBN 978-0-7615-3643-7. OCLC 59416169.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  7. ^ a b c d Rafferty, Kevin. "Super Mario Takes Leap into Three Dimensional Space." The Guardian (1959-2003): 2. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Guardian (1821-2003) and The Observer (1791-2003). November 16, 1994. Web. May 24, 2012.
  8. ^ "F1 Demo « Games « Planet Virtual Boy". Planetvb.com. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  9. ^ "Mario Demo « Games « Planet Virtual Boy". Planetvb.com. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  10. ^ "Starfox Demo « Games « Planet Virtual Boy". Planetvb.com. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  11. ^ a b Sheff, David; Eddy, Andy (1999). Game Over: How Nintendo Zapped an American Industry, Captured Your Dollars, and Enslaved Your Children. online . GamePress. ISBN 978-0-9669617-0-6. OCLC 26214063. {{cite book}}: External link in |others= (help)
  12. ^ a b By JOHN MARKOFFSpecial to The New,York Times. "Nintendo Counts on a New 'Virtual' Game." New York Times (1923-Current file): 2. November 14, 1994. ProQuest. Web. July 8, 2013.
  13. ^ a b c "Nintendo introduces video game players to three-dimensional worlds with new virtual reality video game system « Press Releases « Planet Virtual Boy". Planetvb.com. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  14. ^ "BreakTime: Virtual Boy Updates the Viewmaster Idea." Design News. 6 (1995): 192.
  15. ^ "Introduction by Nintendo".
  16. ^ a b Curtiss, Aaron. "Valley Weekend; VIDEO GAMES; Virtual Boy a Blend of Familiar and Strange; although Hardware for the Latest Nintendo Offering is Odd and Cumbersome, the Play Action is Big and Loud." Los Angeles Times (pre-1997 Fulltext): 14. Los Angeles Times. August 31, 1995. Web. May 24, 2012.
  17. ^ "All sizes | Virtual Boy 'Third Dimension' Ad (1995) | Flickr - Photo Sharing!". Flickr. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  18. ^ a b c d e KEVIN RAFFERTY, IN T. "Super Mario Takes Leap into Three Dimensional Space." The Guardian (pre-1997 Fulltext): 0. November 16, 1994. ProQuest. Web. July 8, 2013.
  19. ^ "Introduction by Nintendo." New York Times: D.7. New York Times. August 22, 1995. Web. May 24, 2012.
  20. ^ Nintendo co.: U.S. unit begins shipping virtual boy video system. (August 22, 1995). Wall Street Journal, pp. B10-B10.
  21. ^ Ahmad-Taylor, Ty. "A Crowded Field: Portable Video Games." New York Times (1923-Current file): D5. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2008). December 4, 1995. Web. May 24, 2012.
  22. ^ "3-D Tetris for VBOY". GameSpot. Retrieved January 21, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  23. ^ a b "At the Deadline". GamePro (83). IDG: 118. August 1995.
  24. ^ a b Elliott, Stuart. "THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING -- ADDENDA; CBS and NBC Take Promotion Partners." New York TimesJun 01 1995. ProQuest. Web. July 8, 2013.
  25. ^ "Nintendo/Nickelodeon/Blockbuster." Mediaweek 6.30 (1996): 36-. ABI/INFORM Global; ProQuest Research Library. Web. May 24, 2012.
  26. ^ Gillen, Marilyn A. (August 26, 1995). "Vid Game Promos As Entertaining As Game". Billboard: 98. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. ^ a b c King, Geoff; Krzywinska, Tanya (2006). Tomb Raiders and Space Invaders : Videogame Forms and Contexts.
  28. ^ Powell, Doug. "A Virtual Backlash." Computing Canada December 21, 1994: 1,1,4. ABI/INFORM Global. Web. May 24, 2012.
  29. ^ "Virtual boy News, Videos, Reviews and Gossip". Gizmodo. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  30. ^ "Virtual Places in Small Spaces". GamePro. No. 68. IDG. March 1995. p. 24.
  31. ^ "Digital Foundry: Vita Remote Play Isn't Quite As Good As The Wii U GamePad". My Nintendo News. November 30, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  32. ^ "Feature: The Making of the Nintendo Virtual Boy - Retro News @ Nintendo Life". Nintendolife.com. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  33. ^ The Official GameSalad Guide to Game Development - GameSalad, Jeannie Novak - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  34. ^ "Steve Woita « Interviews « Planet Virtual Boy". Vr32.de. November 23, 1993. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  35. ^ "Faceball « Games « Planet Virtual Boy". Planetvb.com. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  36. ^ Kolan, Patrick (January 14, 2008). IGN Retro: Virtual Boy's Best Games. IGN. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  37. ^ "An Audience with... Gumpei Yokoi". Next Generation (4). Imagine Media: 44–46. April 1995.
  38. ^ "Kotaku - The Gamer's Guide". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
  39. ^ Lisa Foiles. "Top 5 Hardware Super Fails | Top 5 with Lisa Foiles Video Gallery | The Escapist". Escapistmagazine.com. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  40. ^ Semrad, Ed (January 1995). "Nintendo Stumbles with Virtual Boy Intro!". Electronic Gaming Monthly (66). Ziff Davis: 6.
  41. ^ "Nintendo Pins Hopes on Virtual Boy". Next Generation (3). Imagine Media: 20–21. March 1995.
  42. ^ Curtiss, Aaron. "VALLEY WEEKEND; Nintendo Virtual Boy Measures Up to Billing; as its Library of Titles Slowly Grows, the 3-D System is Becoming More Well-Rounded and Less of a Headache." Los Angeles Times (pre-1997 Fulltext): 15. Los Angeles Times. May 2, 1996. Web. May 24, 2012.
  43. ^ a b c "Which Game System is the Best!?". Next Generation (12). Imagine Media: 36–85. December 1995.
  44. ^ a b c Frischling, Bill. "Sideline Play." The Washington Post (1974-Current file): 11. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Washington Post (1877-1995). October 25, 1995. Web. May 24, 2012.
  45. ^ "VR Headsets Get Warning". GamePro (84). IDG: 140. September 1995.
  46. ^ "N-Sider Profiles". Retrieved August 19, 2008.
  47. ^ Pollack, Andrew (October 9, 1997). "NYTimes - Gunpei Yokoi, Chief Designer Of Game Boy, Is Dead at 56". The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
  48. ^ "Introduction." Velvet Light Trap.64 (2009): 1-2. ProQuest Research Library. Web. May 24, 2012.
  49. ^ Earnest Cavalli (September 15, 2008). "'Lost' Virtual Boy Cache Found in Dubai". Wired.com. Retrieved September 27, 2008.
  50. ^ "Shigeru Miyamoto Talks About Virtual Boy". Iwataasks.nintendo.com. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
  51. ^ "New Nintendo VR Console". ign.com. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
  52. ^ Tomodachi Life Direct 4.10.14. Nintendo of America. April 10, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2015 – via YouTube.
  53. ^ "SUPER SMASH BROTHERS MELEE (NGC)". Planet Virtual Boy. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  54. ^ http://www.planetvb.com/modules/misc/?c37
  • "Virtual Boy Is Born at Shoshinkai November, 1994". Nintendo Power (68): 52–53. January 1995.

Further reading

  • Yokoi, Gunpei; Makino, Takefumi (May 1997). Yokoi Gunpei Game House (横井軍平ゲーム館, Yokoi Gunpei Gēmu-kan). ASCII. ISBN 978-4-89366-696-3.
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