George Will

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George Will
Will in 2014
Born
George Frederick Will

(1941-05-04) May 4, 1941 (age 82)
EducationTrinity College (BA)
Magdalen College, Oxford (MA)
Princeton University (MA, PhD)
Employer(s)Newsweek
The Washington Post
Political partyRepublican (before 2016)
Independent (2016–present)
Spouse(s)
Madeleine Will
(div. 1989)

(m. 1991)
Children4

George Frederick Will (born May 4, 1941) is an American libertarian-conservative political commentator and author. He writes regular columns for The Washington Post and provides commentary for NBC News and MSNBC.[1] In 1986, The Wall Street Journal called him "perhaps the most powerful journalist in America", in a league with Walter Lippmann (1889–1974).[2][3] He won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 1977.[4]

Education and early career

Will was born on May 4, 1941, in Champaign, Illinois, to Louise (née Hendrickson) and Frederick L. Will.[5] His father was a professor of philosophy, specializing in epistemology, at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Will attended University Laboratory High School of Urbana, Illinois where he graduated in 1959.

After high school, Will went to Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, graduating in 1962 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in religion. He then went to England and attended Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied in Oxford's philosophy, politics and economics program and received a bachelor's degree (promoted to a master's per tradition). Will then did doctoral study in political science at Princeton University, receiving a PhD in 1968 with a dissertation entitled "Beyond the Reach of Majorities: Closed Questions in the Open Society", alluding to a famous phrase from Justice Robert H. Jackson’s majority opinion in the landmark 1943 Supreme Court case West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette.[6]

From 1970 to 1972, he served on the staff of Republican Senator Gordon Allott of Colorado. Will then taught political philosophy at the James Madison College of Michigan State University, and at the University of Toronto. He taught at Harvard University in 1995 and again in 1998.

Journalism career

Will originally had left wing political views, but his views shifted toward conservatism during his studies at Oxford, especially after visiting Communist-controlled East Berlin in the mid-1960s.[7] Will served as an editor for National Review from 1972 to 1978.[8] He joined The Washington Post Writers Group in 1974, writing a syndicated biweekly column, which became widely circulated among newspapers across the country and continues today. As of December 2014, his column is syndicated to about 450 newspapers.[9] In 1976 he became a contributing editor for Newsweek, writing a biweekly backpage column until 2011.[10]

Will won a Pulitzer Prize for Commentary for "distinguished commentary on a variety of topics" in 1977.[11] Often combining factual reporting with conservative commentary, Will's columns are known for their erudite vocabulary, allusions to political philosophers, and frequent references to baseball.[12]

Will has also written two bestselling books on the game of baseball, three books on political philosophy, and has published eleven compilations of his columns for The Washington Post and Newsweek and of various book reviews and lectures.[10]

From 2013 to 2017, Will was a contributor for Fox News.[13][14] Prior to joining Fox News, beginning in the early 1980s, Will was a news analyst for ABC News and was a founding member on the panel of ABC's This Week with David Brinkley in 1981, now titled This Week with George Stephanopoulos. Will was a panelist on This Week until his departure from ABC News. Will was also a regular panelist on television's Agronsky & Company from 1977 through 1984.[10] On Sunday, March 19, 2017, Meet the Press moderator Chuck Todd welcomed Will back as a panelist, stating he had been absent from the program since 1981 and that his return would mark his 52nd appearance.[15]

On May 8, 2017, Will was announced as an MSNBC and NBC News political contributor, a paid position in which he is expected to provide regular political input on shows such as Today, Morning Joe, and The 11th Hour.

On December 3, 2020, Will received the National Society for Newspaper Columnists 2020 Ernie Pyle Lifetime Achievement Award, in partnership with the Society of Professional Journalists.[16]

Political views

Foreign policy and national security

Will once proposed that the United States withdraw all troops from Afghanistan[17] and defended Barack Obama's response to the uprisings after the 2009 elections in Iran.[18] He also criticized the Bush administration for engaging in warrantless surveillance,[19] and supported trials for detainees at the Guantanamo Bay prison camp. On immigration, Will supports tighter border security and a "path to citizenship" for illegal immigrants.[20]

Social issues

Will argued that the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision caused a "truncation of democratic debate about abortion policy."[21] On crime, Will is opposed to the death penalty.[22] He thinks that higher incarceration rates make the populace safer.[23] Additionally, Will is generally skeptical of affirmative action programs.[24] Will favors the legalization of drugs.[25]

Economic issues

Will is a libertarian-style conservative who supports deregulation and low taxes as he thinks these stimulate economic growth and are more morally fair.[26] He was opposed to both George W. Bush and Barack Obama's stimulus plans.[27] Will supports abolishing the minimum wage[28] and creating voluntary personal retirement accounts in order to reduce the federal cost of Social Security.[29] In February 2013, Will wrote in support of a proposal by "relentlessly liberal" Sherrod Brown to break up consolidated banks and finance industry conglomerates, ending "too big to fail" by restoring the Glass-Steagall Act.[30]

Campaign finance reform

Will opposes attempts to regulate campaign funding, arguing that any such legislation is unconstitutional and would unfairly favor incumbent politicians. Additionally, he contends that spending money is a form of free speech and political participation. By giving the government power to regulate speech, Will believes that this will make the government "even bigger." Instead, he believes that we need "more speech, advocating less government" in order to reduce the importance of politics in our lives, thus indirectly reducing political spending.[31]

Criticism of Republican politicians

While identified with conservative politics, Will has criticized a number of individuals and policies associated with the Republican Party and American conservatism. He was among the first to oppose President George W. Bush's nomination of Harriet Miers to the United States Supreme Court.[32]

Will was hawkish in the run-up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, and he expressed reservations about Bush administration Iraq policies. He eventually criticized what he said was an unrealistically optimistic set of political scenarios. In March 2006, in a column written in the aftermath of the apparently sectarian bombing of the Askariya Shrine in Samarra, Will challenged the Bush administration—and U.S. government representatives in Iraq—to be more honest about the difficulties the United States faced in rebuilding and maintaining order within Iraq, comparing the White House's rhetoric unfavorably to that of Winston Churchill during the early years of World War II. Will described the optimistic assessments delivered from the Bush administration as the "rhetoric of unreality."[33] He criticized the Bush Iraq policy, and broader White House and congressional foreign and domestic policy making, in his keynote address for the Cato Institute's 2006 Milton Friedman Prize dinner.[34]

Will was also a harsh and early critic of both Sarah Palin and John McCain's 2008 election campaign. He criticized Palin's understanding of the role of the Vice President and her qualifications for that role.[35] In late 2011, as the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries approached, Will said that frontrunner Newt Gingrich "embodies almost everything disagreeable about modern Washington", and described him as "the classic rental politician".[36] In a 2013 interview with Reason writers Nick Gillespie and Matt Welch, Will said his views have gradually but steadily become more libertarian.[37]

Will criticized Donald Trump several times during Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, calling him a "one-man Todd Akin", and urged conservative voters to "help him lose 50 states—condign punishment for his comprehensive disdain for conservative essentials."[38] In turn, Trump criticized Will and brought attention to the fact that his wife Mari Maseng Will was an advisor to Scott Walker's presidential campaign.[citation needed] Will criticized Trump again, saying Trump was a bigger threat than Hillary Clinton. In June 2016, citing his disapproval of Trump, Will told journalist Nicholas Ballasy in an interview that he had left the Republican Party and was registered as an unaffiliated voter.[39]

In June 2019, Will asserted that the Republican Party had become a cult.[40] In July 2020, Will announced he would vote for Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.[41]

Controversies

1980 Ronald Reagan presidential campaign

Will helped Ronald Reagan prepare for his 1980 debate against Jimmy Carter. Immediately after the debate, Will—not yet a member of the ABC News staff—appeared on ABC's Nightline. He was introduced by host Ted Koppel, who said: "It's my understanding that you met for some time yesterday with Governor Reagan", and that Will "never made any secret of his affection" for the Republican candidate. Will did not explicitly disclose that he had assisted Reagan's debate preparation, or been present during it. He went on to praise Reagan's "thoroughbred" performance, saying his "game plan worked well. I don't think he was very surprised."[42]

In 2004 and again in 2005, Carter accused Will of giving the Reagan campaign a top-secret briefing book stolen from Carter's office before the 1980 debate.[43] In a 2005 syndicated column, Will called his role in Reagan's debate preparation "inappropriate" but denied any role in stealing the briefing book.[44] In response to Will's column, Carter wrote a letter to The Washington Post retracting his accusations. Carter apologized to Will for "any incorrect statement that I have ever made about his role in the use of my briefing book... I have never thought Mr. Will took my book, that the outcome of the debate was damaging to my campaign or that Mr. Will apologized to me."[45]

2009 global sea ice level

In a Washington Post column that expressed doubt over the effects of global warming, Will stated that: "According to the University of Illinois' Arctic Climate Research Center, global sea ice levels now equal those of 1979."[46] This and several other claims attracted the attention of environmentalists, such as British author and activist George Monbiot.[47] Asked to respond, the website of Arctic Climate Research at the University of Illinois states that: "We do not know where George Will is getting his information, but our data shows that on February 15, 1979, global sea ice area was 16.79 million sq. km and on February 15, 2009, global sea ice area was 15.45 million sq. km. Therefore, global sea ice levels are 1.34 million sq. km less in February 2009 than in February 1979."[48] Will responded in a column that he accurately reported the Center's information and the challenge was mistaken.[49] This drew a second response from Monbiot, who insisted Will had not accurately reported the Center's information.[50] The debate continued in several forums, including a subsequent op-ed by Chris Mooney published in The Washington Post challenging Will's assertions.[51]

Column regarding campus assaults

Will's June 6, 2014, newspaper column about "the supposed campus epidemic of rape" was widely criticized,[52] with Democratic U.S. senators and feminists highly critical of the article. Will wrote, "...when [colleges and universities] make victimhood a coveted status that confers privileges, victims proliferate."[53] Will's column sparked an outcry on Twitter, with professed rape victims recounting their stories of sexual assault and violence.[54] In The Guardian, Jessica Valenti wrote: "It takes a particular kind of ignorance to argue that people who come forward to report being raped in college are afforded benefits of any kind."[55] In an open letter to Will, Senators Richard Blumenthal, Dianne Feinstein, Tammy Baldwin and Bob Casey wrote:

Your column suggests that we — including some of us who have worked on this issue for many years – all have missed a subculture on college campuses where survivors of sexual assault are inducted into a privileged class. The culture you described is so antiquated, so counter-intuitive and so contrary to anything we heard that we hope you will make an effort to hear the stories survivors bravely shared with us about the struggles they face in addressing what has happened to them — often with little meaningful assistance from authorities expected to help them.[56]

The St. Louis Post-Dispatch dropped Will's column from its pages as a result of the column. Editor Tony Messenger wrote: "The column was offensive and inaccurate; we apologize for publishing it."[57] Will responded to the senators in his blog, saying his article was based on "simple arithmetic involving publicly available reports", and that sexual assault "should be dealt with by the criminal justice system, and not be adjudicated by improvised campus processes."[58]

Personal life

Family

Will has three children—Victoria, Geoffrey, and Jonathan—with his first wife, Madeleine;[59] their eldest child,[60] Jonathan, was born in 1972 with Down syndrome, which Will has written about in his column on occasion.[61][62][63] In 1989, he and Madeleine divorced after 22 years of marriage.[64]

In 1991, Will married Mari Maseng. They have one child, a son named David, born in 1992, and live in Chevy Chase, Maryland, an affluent suburb of Washington, D.C.[65] Maseng is a political consultant and speechwriter who was in charge of communications for the Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign, and most recently worked on Scott Walker's 2016 presidential campaign. She earlier worked on Michele Bachmann's 2012 presidential campaign, and offered her services to the Mitt Romney 2012 campaign.[66][67] She previously worked for Ronald Reagan as a presidential speechwriter, deputy director of transportation, and Assistant to the President for Public Liaison. She also was a former communications director for Senator Bob Dole.

Religious beliefs

Will is a self-described "amiable, low-voltage atheist."[68]

Interests

Will (at far left) with members of the Baseball Hall of Fame and George W. Bush at the White House in 2004

Will, a Chicago Cubs fan,[69][70] has written extensively on baseball, including his best-selling book Men at Work: The Craft of Baseball. He was one of the interview subjects for Ken Burns's PBS documentary series Baseball.

References in popular culture

Will was occasionally lampooned in the comic Doonesbury, particularly in a December 1980 sequence of strips in which several characters attend a party hosted by Will for the Reagans.[71]

Will was lampooned in a skit on an April 1990 episode of the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live. Dana Carvey played Will as the host of the fictional baseball trivia game show George F. Will's Sports Machine, in which the answers are all highflown literary metaphors that leave the contestants befuddled; the exasperated contestants finally get Will to try to throw a baseball, which he is unable to do.[72]

In the Seinfeld season 6 episode "The Jimmy", Kramer mentions that he finds George Will attractive.

Honorary awards and recognition

In addition to more than 16 honorary degrees:

Works

  • The Pursuit of Happiness and Other Sobering Thoughts. Harper & Row, 1978.
  • The Pursuit of Virtue and Other Tory Notions. Simon & Schuster, 1982.
  • Statecraft as Soulcraft: What Government Does. Simon & Schuster, 1983.
  • "New business initiatives for public policy", In: Craig E. Aronoff, John L. Ward, dir. "The Future of Private Enterprise", Vol 1, Atlanta: Georgia State University, pp169–180
  • The Morning After: American Success and Excesses, 1981–1986. Free Press, 1986.
  • The New Season: A Spectator's Guide to the 1988 Election. Simon & Schuster, 1987.
  • Men at Work: The Craft of Baseball. Macmillan, 1990.
  • Suddenly: The American Idea Abroad and at Home. Free Press, 1990.
  • Restoration: Congress, Term Limits and the Recovery of Deliberative Democracy. 1992.
  • The Leveling Wind: Politics, the Culture and Other News, 1990–1994. Viking, 1994.
  • The Woven Figure: Conservatism and America's Fabric: 1994–1997. Scribner, 1997.
  • Bunts: Pete Rose, Curt Flood, Camden Yards and Other Reflections on Baseball. Simon & Schuster, 1997.
  • With a Happy Eye But...: America and the World, 1997–2002. Free Press, 2002.
  • One Man's America: The Pleasures and Provocations of Our Singular Nation. Crown Publishing Group, 2008.
  • A Nice Little Place on the North Side: Wrigley Field at One Hundred. Crown Archetype, 2014.
  • The Conservative Sensibility. Hachette Books, 2019.
  • American Happiness and Discontents. Hachette Books, 2021.

Notes

  1. ^ Gold, Hadas (May 8, 2017). "On Media: George Will Joins MSNBC." Politico.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  2. ^ D'Evelyn, Thomas (October 26, 1986). "Will's collection of columns chronicles his conservatism". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
  3. ^ Quoted in Eric Alterman, Sound and Fury: The Making of the Punditocracy (1999) pp. 87–88.
  4. ^ "George F. Will of The Washington Post Writers Group". www.pulitzer.org.
  5. ^ Will, George F. (July 13, 2006). "A Mother's Love, Clarified". The Washington Post. p. A23.
  6. ^ Pulliam, Mark (August 9, 2016). "George Will's Constitution". Law & Liberty. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  7. ^ Randolph, Elizabeth (September 26, 1986). "George Will, the Oracle at Strict Remove". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  8. ^ Pulliam, Mark (August 9, 2016). "George Will's Epiphany". National Review. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  9. ^ Wemple, Erik (December 4, 2014). "George Will guilty of conflict of interest". Washington Post.
  10. ^ a b c "George F. Will *68 Profile". www.princeton.edu.
  11. ^ "George F. Will of The Washington Post Writers Group". www.pulitzer.org.
  12. ^ "George Will Quotes". Baseball Almanac. 2000–2007. Retrieved December 15, 2007.
  13. ^ Mirkinson, Jack (October 1, 2013). "George Will Joins Fox News, Leaves ABC After 3 Decades". The Huffington Post. AOL. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  14. ^ Concha, Joe (January 17, 2017). "Fox declines to renew contracts for several contributors". The Hill. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  15. ^ "Meet The Press 03-19-17 (transcript)". NBC News. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
  16. ^ "Welcome, George Will". National Society for Newspaper Columnists. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  17. ^ Will, George F. (September 1, 2009). "Time for the U.S. to Get Out of Afghanistan". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  18. ^ Armbruster, Ben (June 21, 2009). "Will calls right-wing attacks on Obama's Iran response 'foolish criticism.'". ThinkProgress.org.
  19. ^ Will, George F. (February 16, 2006). "No Checks, Many Imbalances". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  20. ^ Will, George F. (March 30, 2006). "Guard the Borders – And Face Facts, Too". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  21. ^ Will, George F. (December 1, 2005). "The Abortion Argument We Missed". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  22. ^ Ponnuru, Ramesh (November 6, 2003). "Penalty Box: George Will gets capital punishment wrong". National Review Online. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012.
  23. ^ Will, George F. (June 22, 2008). "More Prisoners, Less Crime". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  24. ^ "George Will: The distortion of affirmative action". Townhall.com.
  25. ^ Will, George F. (April 11, 2012). "Should the U.S. legalize hard drugs?". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
  26. ^ Will, George F. (June 10, 2007). "Democrats' Prosperity Problem". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  27. ^ Will, George F. (July 12, 2009). "Liberal Policies Paving Way for Higher Taxes". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  28. ^ Will, George F. (January 4, 2007). "The Right Minimum Wage". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  29. ^ Will, George F. (January 20, 2005). "Social Security: Opportunity, Not a Crisis". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  30. ^ "Time to break up the big banks" George F. Will, The Washington Post, February 8, 2013.
  31. ^ PragerU, Money in Politics: What's the Problem?, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2018-12-07
  32. ^ Will, George F. (October 5, 2005). "George F. Will - Can This Nomination Be Justified?" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  33. ^ Will, George (March 2, 2006). "Rhetoric of Unreality: Where Is Iraq After Nearly 3 Years of War?". The Washington Post. p. A21.
  34. ^ Will, George (Summer 2006). "Cato: Upholding the Idea of Liberty" (PDF). Cato's Letter. 4 (3). Retrieved August 31, 2008.
  35. ^ Will, George F. (October 30, 2008). "Call Him John the Careless". The Washington Post. p. A23.
  36. ^ James Joyner, Newt Gingrich Embodies Everything Disagreeable About Modern Washington Outside the Bellway, November 21, 2011.
  37. ^ Reason TV,George Will's Libertarian Evolution on YouTube, September 13, 2013.
  38. ^ Will, George F. (29 April 2016). "If Trump is nominated, the GOP must keep him out of the White House" – via washingtonpost.com.
  39. ^ "George Will on Republican Exit: Like Reagan Said, I Didn't Leave The Party, The Party Left Me". 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
  40. ^ "George Will: The Republican Party's Become a 'Cult'". 5 June 2019.
  41. ^ Moran, Lee (2020-07-21). "Conservative Icon George Will Says He'll Vote For Joe Biden In 2020 Election". HuffPost. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
  42. ^ Nightline Special Edition, October 28, 1980.
  43. ^ Fresh Air, October 21, 2004; The Alabama Plainsman, July 28, 2005.
  44. ^ Will, George F. (August 11, 2005). "Briefing Book Baloney". The Washington Post. p. A23.
  45. ^ Carter, Jimmy (August 31, 2005). "Putting an End to the 'Briefing Book Baloney'" (Letter to the Editor). The Washington Post. p. A22.
  46. ^ Will, George F. (February 15, 2009). "Dark Green Doomsayers". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
  47. ^ Monbiot, George. George Will's climate howlers, The Guardian. February 18, 2009.
  48. ^ "The Cryosphere Today". February 15, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
  49. ^ Will, George F. Climate Science in A Tornado The Washington Post. February 27, 2009.
  50. ^ Monbiot, George. We all make mistakes but Washington Post's George Will just won't admit his, The Guardian. March 3, 2009.
  51. ^ Mooney, Chris Climate Change Myths and Facts "Washington Post". March 22, 2009.
  52. ^ Zara, Christopher (June 10, 2014) "Washington Post Opinion Editor Defends George Will’s ‘Survivor Privilege’ Column As Twitter Backlash Continues." International Business Times. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  53. ^ Will, George (June 6, 2014) "Colleges become the victims of progressivism." The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
  54. ^ Warren, Rosalyn (June 9, 2014) #SurvivorPrivilege Trends On Twitter After Columnist Says Rape Survivors Lie To Get "Privileges." Buzzfeed. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
  55. ^ Valenti, Jessica (June 10, 2014) "The only 'privilege' afforded to campus rape victims is actually surviving." The Guardian. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
  56. ^ Grasgreen, Allie (June 12, 2014) "Senators scold Washington Post’s George Will for sexual assault column." Politico. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
  57. ^ Messenger, Tony (June 19, 2014) "Editor's note: Michael Gerson replaces George Will." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
  58. ^ "George Will responds to senators on his sexual assault column". The Washington Post.
  59. ^ Think College, executive committee: Madeleine Will, M.A. Archived 2012-08-29 at the Wayback Machine (Access date October 30, 2011)
  60. ^ Wallace, Carol (September 19, 1983). "George and Madeleine Will Have the Government Cornered: He Writes About It and She Serves in It". People. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  61. ^ Will, George (April 14, 2005). "Eugenics By Abortion: Is Perfection an Entitlement?". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
  62. ^ Will, George (January 29, 2007). "Will: The Attack on Kids With Down Syndrome". Newsweek. Archived from the original on May 16, 2007.
  63. ^ Will, George (May 2, 2012). "Jon Will's gift". The Washington Post.
  64. ^ Jack Friedman, "Turning from Politics, George Will Writes a Love Story About Men and Baseball", People Magazine, Vol. 34, No. 1, July 9, 1990.
  65. ^ Neate, Rupert (December 4, 2015). "Chevy Chase, Maryland: the super-rich town that has it all – except diversity". The Guardian.
  66. ^ Maseng sought work on Romney campaign, Ben Smith, Politico, November 12, 2011.
  67. ^ This Week 11/13, George Will, This Week, November 13, 2011.
  68. ^ Chotiner, Isaac (February 11, 2014). "George Will Finds His Wild Side". The New Republic.
  69. ^ "George Will tells Washington University graduates: 'Don't let your babies grow up to be Cub fans'". For Expert Comment. Washington University. May 15, 1998. Retrieved August 31, 2008.
  70. ^ Will, George F. (April 7, 2008). "The Last Word: 'Your Brain on Cubs'". Newsweek. Retrieved August 31, 2008.
  71. ^ "Rick & Joanie Attend George Will's Reagan Party (Doonesbury Navigator)".
  72. ^ "SNL Transcripts: Corbin Bernsen: 04/14/90: George F. Will's Sports Machine". snltranscripts.jt.org.
  73. ^ Arizona State University. "Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication". Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  74. ^ "The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation".
  75. ^ "Can We Make Iraq Democratic?". City Journal. December 23, 2015.
  76. ^ "2019 Laureates Announced by Gov. Rauner". The Lincoln Academy of Illinois. Retrieved 2019-08-27.

References

External links