SMN1 gene is the main gene that encodes survival motor neuron protein in humans.[1]
This gene is part of a 500 kb inverted duplication on chromosome 5q13. This duplicated region contains at least four genes and repetitive elements which make it prone to rearrangements and deletions. The repetitiveness and complexity of the sequence have also caused difficulty in determining the organization of this genomic region. The telomeric and centromeric copies of this gene are nearly identical and encode the same protein. However, mutations in this gene, the telomeric copy, are associated with spinal muscular atrophy; mutations in the centromeric copy do not lead to disease. The centromeric copy may be a modifier of disease caused by mutation in the telomeric copy. The critical sequence difference between the two genes is a single nucleotide in exon 7 which is thought to be an exon splice enhancer. It is thought that gene conversion events may involve the two genes, leading to varying copy numbers of each gene. The protein encoded by this gene localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Within the nucleus, the protein localizes to subnuclear bodies called gems which are found near coiled bodies containing high concentrations of small ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). This protein forms heteromeric complexes with proteins such as SIP1 and GEMIN4, and also interacts with several proteins known to be involved in the biogenesis of snRNPs, such as hnRNP U protein and the small nucleolar RNA binding protein. Two transcript variants are produced by this gene.[2]
[edit] Interactions
SMN1 has been shown to interact with Gem-associated protein 7,[3][4] GEMIN4,[5][6] KPNB1,[7] Survival of motor neuron protein-interacting protein 1,[5][6][8] DDX20,[5][6][9][10] Coilin,[11][12] Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein D1,[6][8][13] Fibrillarin,[14] HNRNPR,[15][16] GEMIN5,[17] Nucleolar protein, member A1,[14] Bcl-2,[18] Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein D2,[6] Far upstream element-binding protein 1,[19] P53[20] and DHX9.[21]
[edit] See also
[edit] External Links
[edit] References
- ^ Lefebvre S, Burglen L, Reboullet S, Clermont O, Burlet P, Viollet L, Benichou B, Cruaud C, Millasseau P, Zeviani M, et al. (Feb 1995). "Identification and characterization of a spinal muscular atrophy-determining gene". Cell 80 (1): 155–65. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90460-3. PMID 7813012.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: SMN1 survival of motor neuron 1, telomeric". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6606.
- ^ Baccon, Jennifer; Pellizzoni Livio, Rappsilber Juri, Mann Matthias, Dreyfuss Gideon (Aug. 2002). "Identification and characterization of Gemin7, a novel component of the survival of motor neuron complex". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 277 (35): 31957–62. doi:10.1074/jbc.M203478200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 12065586.
- ^ Pellizzoni, Livio; Baccon Jennifer, Rappsilber Juri, Mann Matthias, Dreyfuss Gideon (Mar. 2002). "Purification of native survival of motor neurons complexes and identification of Gemin6 as a novel component". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 277 (9): 7540–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110141200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11748230.
- ^ a b c Carnegie, Graeme K; Sleeman Judith E, Morrice Nick, Hastie C James, Peggie Mark W, Philp Amanda, Lamond Angus I, Cohen Patricia T W (May. 2003). "Protein phosphatase 4 interacts with the Survival of Motor Neurons complex and enhances the temporal localisation of snRNPs". J. Cell. Sci. (England) 116 (Pt 10): 1905–13. doi:10.1242/jcs.00409. ISSN 0021-9533. PMID 12668731.
- ^ a b c d e Meister, G; Bühler D, Laggerbauer B, Zobawa M, Lottspeich F, Fischer U (Aug. 2000). "Characterization of a nuclear 20S complex containing the survival of motor neurons (SMN) protein and a specific subset of spliceosomal Sm proteins". Hum. Mol. Genet. (ENGLAND) 9 (13): 1977–86. doi:10.1093/hmg/9.13.1977. ISSN 0964-6906. PMID 10942426.
- ^ Narayanan, Usha; Ospina Jason K, Frey Mark R, Hebert Michael D, Matera A Gregory (Jul. 2002). "SMN, the spinal muscular atrophy protein, forms a pre-import snRNP complex with snurportin1 and importin beta". Hum. Mol. Genet. (England) 11 (15): 1785–95. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.15.1785. ISSN 0964-6906. PMC 1630493. PMID 12095920. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1630493.
- ^ a b Liu, Q; Fischer U, Wang F, Dreyfuss G (Sep. 1997). "The spinal muscular atrophy disease gene product, SMN, and its associated protein SIP1 are in a complex with spliceosomal snRNP proteins". Cell (UNITED STATES) 90 (6): 1013–21. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80367-0. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 9323129.
- ^ Mourelatos, Zissimos; Dostie Josée, Paushkin Sergey, Sharma Anup, Charroux Bernard, Abel Linda, Rappsilber Juri, Mann Matthias, Dreyfuss Gideon (Mar. 2002). "miRNPs: a novel class of ribonucleoproteins containing numerous microRNAs". Genes Dev. (United States) 16 (6): 720–8. doi:10.1101/gad.974702. ISSN 0890-9369. PMC 155365. PMID 11914277. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155365.
- ^ Charroux, B; Pellizzoni L, Perkinson R A, Shevchenko A, Mann M, Dreyfuss G (Dec. 1999). "Gemin3: A novel DEAD box protein that interacts with SMN, the spinal muscular atrophy gene product, and is a component of gems". J. Cell Biol. (UNITED STATES) 147 (6): 1181–94. doi:10.1083/jcb.147.6.1181. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2168095. PMID 10601333. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2168095.
- ^ Hebert, Michael D; Shpargel Karl B, Ospina Jason K, Tucker Karen E, Matera A Gregory (Sep. 2002). "Coilin methylation regulates nuclear body formation". Dev. Cell (United States) 3 (3): 329–37. doi:10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00222-8. ISSN 1534-5807. PMID 12361597.
- ^ Hebert, M D; Szymczyk P W, Shpargel K B, Matera A G (Oct. 2001). "Coilin forms the bridge between Cajal bodies and SMN, the spinal muscular atrophy protein". Genes Dev. (United States) 15 (20): 2720–9. doi:10.1101/gad.908401. ISSN 0890-9369. PMC 312817. PMID 11641277. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=312817.
- ^ Friesen, W J; Dreyfuss G (Aug. 2000). "Specific sequences of the Sm and Sm-like (Lsm) proteins mediate their interaction with the spinal muscular atrophy disease gene product (SMN)". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 275 (34): 26370–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M003299200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10851237.
- ^ a b Pellizzoni, L; Baccon J, Charroux B, Dreyfuss G (Jul. 2001). "The survival of motor neurons (SMN) protein interacts with the snoRNP proteins fibrillarin and GAR1". Curr. Biol. (England) 11 (14): 1079–88. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00316-5. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 11509230.
- ^ Mourelatos, Z; Abel L, Yong J, Kataoka N, Dreyfuss G (Oct. 2001). "SMN interacts with a novel family of hnRNP and spliceosomal proteins". EMBO J. (England) 20 (19): 5443–52. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.19.5443. ISSN 0261-4189. PMC 125643. PMID 11574476. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=125643.
- ^ Rossoll, Wilfried; Kröning Ann-Kathrin, Ohndorf Uta-Maria, Steegborn Clemens, Jablonka Sibylle, Sendtner Michael (Jan. 2002). "Specific interaction of Smn, the spinal muscular atrophy determining gene product, with hnRNP-R and gry-rbp/hnRNP-Q: a role for Smn in RNA processing in motor axons?". Hum. Mol. Genet. (England) 11 (1): 93–105. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.1.93. ISSN 0964-6906. PMID 11773003.
- ^ Gubitz, Amelie K; Mourelatos Zissimos, Abel Linda, Rappsilber Juri, Mann Matthias, Dreyfuss Gideon (Feb. 2002). "Gemin5, a novel WD repeat protein component of the SMN complex that binds Sm proteins". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 277 (7): 5631–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109448200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11714716.
- ^ Iwahashi, H; Eguchi Y, Yasuhara N, Hanafusa T, Matsuzawa Y, Tsujimoto Y (Nov. 1997). "Synergistic anti-apoptotic activity between Bcl-2 and SMN implicated in spinal muscular atrophy". Nature (ENGLAND) 390 (6658): 413–7. doi:10.1038/37144. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 9389483.
- ^ Williams, B Y; Hamilton S L, Sarkar H K (Mar. 2000). "The survival motor neuron protein interacts with the transactivator FUSE binding protein from human fetal brain". FEBS Lett. (NETHERLANDS) 470 (2): 207–10. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01320-X. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 10734235.
- ^ Young, Philip J; Day Patricia M, Zhou Jianhua, Androphy Elliot J, Morris Glenn E, Lorson Christian L (Jan. 2002). "A direct interaction between the survival motor neuron protein and p53 and its relationship to spinal muscular atrophy". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 277 (4): 2852–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108769200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11704667.
- ^ Pellizzoni, L; Charroux B, Rappsilber J, Mann M, Dreyfuss G (Jan. 2001). "A functional interaction between the survival motor neuron complex and RNA polymerase II". J. Cell Biol. (United States) 152 (1): 75–85. doi:10.1083/jcb.152.1.75. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2193649. PMID 11149922. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2193649.
[edit] Further reading
- Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I, Jedrzejowska M (2002). "Spinal muscular atrophy of childhood at the edge of the centuries.". Funct. Neurol. 16 (4 Suppl): 247–53. PMID 11996521.
- Paushkin S, Gubitz AK, Massenet S, Dreyfuss G (2002). "The SMN complex, an assemblyosome of ribonucleoproteins.". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14 (3): 305–12. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(02)00332-0. PMID 12067652.
- van der Steege G, Draaijers TG, Grootscholten PM, et al. (1995). "A provisional transcript map of the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) critical region.". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 3 (2): 87–95. PMID 7552146.
- Bussaglia E, Clermont O, Tizzano E, et al. (1995). "A frame-shift deletion in the survival motor neuron gene in Spanish spinal muscular atrophy patients.". Nat. Genet. 11 (3): 335–7. doi:10.1038/ng1195-335. PMID 7581461.
- Gennarelli M, Lucarelli M, Capon F, et al. (1995). "Survival motor neuron gene transcript analysis in muscles from spinal muscular atrophy patients.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 213 (1): 342–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2135. PMID 7639755.
- Liu Q, Dreyfuss G (1996). "A novel nuclear structure containing the survival of motor neurons protein.". EMBO J. 15 (14): 3555–65. PMC 451956. PMID 8670859. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=451956.
- van der Steege G, Grootscholten PM, Cobben JM, et al. (1996). "Apparent gene conversions involving the SMN gene in the region of the spinal muscular atrophy locus on chromosome 5.". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59 (4): 834–8. PMC 1914786. PMID 8808598. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1914786.
- Bürglen L, Lefebvre S, Clermont O, et al. (1997). "Structure and organization of the human survival motor neurone (SMN) gene.". Genomics 32 (3): 479–82. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0147. PMID 8838816.
- Parsons DW, McAndrew PE, Monani UR, et al. (1997). "An 11 base pair duplication in exon 6 of the SMN gene produces a type I spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) phenotype: further evidence for SMN as the primary SMA-determining gene.". Hum. Mol. Genet. 5 (11): 1727–32. doi:10.1093/hmg/5.11.1727. PMID 8922999.
- Talbot K, Ponting CP, Theodosiou AM, et al. (1997). "Missense mutation clustering in the survival motor neuron gene: a role for a conserved tyrosine and glycine rich region of the protein in RNA metabolism?". Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 (3): 497–500. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.3.497. PMID 9147655.
- Hahnen E, Schönling J, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, et al. (1997). "Missense mutations in exon 6 of the survival motor neuron gene in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).". Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 (5): 821–5. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.5.821. PMID 9158159.
- Coovert DD, Le TT, McAndrew PE, et al. (1997). "The survival motor neuron protein in spinal muscular atrophy.". Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 (8): 1205–14. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.8.1205. PMID 9259265.
- Battaglia G, Princivalle A, Forti F, et al. (1998). "Expression of the SMN gene, the spinal muscular atrophy determining gene, in the mammalian central nervous system.". Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 (11): 1961–71. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.11.1961. PMID 9302277.
- Liu Q, Fischer U, Wang F, Dreyfuss G (1997). "The spinal muscular atrophy disease gene product, SMN, and its associated protein SIP1 are in a complex with spliceosomal snRNP proteins.". Cell 90 (6): 1013–21. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80367-0. PMID 9323129.
- Iwahashi H, Eguchi Y, Yasuhara N, et al. (1997). "Synergistic anti-apoptotic activity between Bcl-2 and SMN implicated in spinal muscular atrophy.". Nature 390 (6658): 413–7. doi:10.1038/37144. PMID 9389483.
- Chen Q, Baird SD, Mahadevan M, et al. (1998). "Sequence of a 131-kb region of 5q13.1 containing the spinal muscular atrophy candidate genes SMN and NAIP.". Genomics 48 (1): 121–7. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.5141. PMID 9503025.
- Francis JW, Sandrock AW, Bhide PG, et al. (1998). "Heterogeneity of subcellular localization and electrophoretic mobility of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein in mammalian neural cells and tissues.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (11): 6492–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.11.6492. PMC 27826. PMID 9600994. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27826.
- Gambardella A, Mazzei R, Toscano A, et al. (1998). "Spinal muscular atrophy due to an isolated deletion of exon 8 of the telomeric survival motor neuron gene.". Ann. Neurol. 44 (5): 836–9. doi:10.1002/ana.410440522. PMID 9818944.
- Parsons DW, McAndrew PE, Iannaccone ST, et al. (1999). "Intragenic telSMN mutations: frequency, distribution, evidence of a founder effect, and modification of the spinal muscular atrophy phenotype by cenSMN copy number.". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63 (6): 1712–23. doi:10.1086/302160. PMC 1377643. PMID 9837824. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1377643.
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PDB gallery
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1g5v: SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE TUDOR DOMAIN OF THE HUMAN SMN PROTEIN
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1mhn: High resolution crystal structure of the SMN Tudor domain
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Chaperones/
protein folding |
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Hsp10/GroES (Early pregnancy factor) · Hsp27 · Hsp47 · HSP60/GroEL
Hsp40/DnaJ (A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B11, B4, B6, B9, C1, C3, C5, C6, C7, C10, C11, C13, C14, C19)
Hsp70 (1A, 1B, 1L, 2, 4, 4L, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12A, 14)
Hsp90 ( α1, α2, β, ER, TRAP1)
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Other
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| Protein targeting |
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| Ubiquitin |
E1 Ubiquitin-activating enzyme (UBA1, UBA2, UBA3, UBA5, UBA6, UBA7, ATG7, NAE1, SAE1)
E2 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (A • B • C • D1, D2, D3 • E1, E2, E3 • G1, G2 • H • I • J1, J2 • K • L1, L2, L3, L4, L6 • M • N • O • Q1, Q2 • R1 (CDC34), R2 • S • V1, V2 • Z)
E3 Ubiquitin ligase (VHL, Cullin, CBL, MDM2, FANCL, UBR1)
Deubiquitinating enzyme: Ataxin 3 • USP6 • CYLD
ATG3 • BIRC6 • UFC1
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see also posttranslational modification disorders
B bsyn: dna (repl, cycl, reco, repr) · tscr (fact, tcrg, nucl, rnat, rept, ptts) · tltn (risu, pttl, nexn) · dnab, rnab/runp · stru (domn, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°)
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