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* [[File:PVR logo.svg|23px]] [[Party of Russia's Rebirth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://p-v-ros.ru/news/article/ili-popolam-ili-vdrebezgi-17852|title=«ИЛИ… ПОПОЛАМ, ИЛИ… ВДРЕБЕЗГИ»}}</ref>
* [[File:PVR logo.svg|23px]] [[Party of Russia's Rebirth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://p-v-ros.ru/news/article/ili-popolam-ili-vdrebezgi-17852|title=«ИЛИ… ПОПОЛАМ, ИЛИ… ВДРЕБЕЗГИ»}}</ref>
----
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{{Flagicon|Russian SFSR}} '''[[Russian opposition|Anarchist, Communist and Socialist Opposition]]'''
'''Left Opposition'''
* [[File:Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, Flag.svg|23px]] [[Left Bloc (Russia)|Left Bloc]]
* [[File:Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, Flag.svg|23px]] [[Left Bloc (Russia)|Left Bloc]]
* [[Russian Socialist Movement]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anticapitalist.ru/2021/01/25/%d0%bf%d0%be-%d0%b2%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%b9-%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b5-%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%87%d0%b0%d0%bb%d0%be%d1%81%d1%8c/|title=Источник: «По всей стране началось»|website=Russian Socialist Movement|date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://anticapitalist.ru/2021/01/25/%d0%b8%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%b2%d1%81%d0%ba-%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%81%d1%81%d0%be%d0%b2%d1%8b%d0%b5-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%d1%8b-%d0%b2%d0%bb%d0%b0%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8-%d0%be%d1%82/|title=Источник: Ижевск. Власти ответили на протесты террором против левых|website=Russian Socialist Movement|date=25 January 2021}}</ref>
* [[File:Russian Socialist Movement logo.gif|23px]] [[Russian Socialist Movement]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anticapitalist.ru/2021/01/25/%d0%bf%d0%be-%d0%b2%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%b9-%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b5-%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%87%d0%b0%d0%bb%d0%be%d1%81%d1%8c/|title=Источник: «По всей стране началось»|website=Russian Socialist Movement|date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://anticapitalist.ru/2021/01/25/%d0%b8%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%b2%d1%81%d0%ba-%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%81%d1%81%d0%be%d0%b2%d1%8b%d0%b5-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%82%d1%8b-%d0%b2%d0%bb%d0%b0%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8-%d0%be%d1%82/|title=Источник: Ижевск. Власти ответили на протесты террором против левых|website=Russian Socialist Movement|date=25 January 2021}}</ref>
* [[File:Логотип "Революционной рабочей партии".jpg|23px]] [[Revolutionary Workers' Party (Russia)|Revolutionary Workers' Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rwp.ru/2021/01/25/москва-вышла-против-царя/|title=Источник: Москва вышла против царя|website=Revolutionary Workers' Party|date=25 January 2021}}</ref>
* [[File:Логотип "Революционной рабочей партии".jpg|23px]] [[Revolutionary Workers' Party (Russia)|Revolutionary Workers' Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rwp.ru/2021/01/25/москва-вышла-против-царя/|title=Источник: Москва вышла против царя|website=Revolutionary Workers' Party|date=25 January 2021}}</ref>
*[[File:Emblema Levogo Fronta.png|23px]] [[Left Front (Russia)|Left Front]]<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJ8RBlEkC0k|title=НОВОЕ! Сергей Удальцов: Тактика левых сил на протестах. Эфир от 24.01.2021}}</ref>
*[[File:Emblema Levogo Fronta.png|23px]] [[Left Front (Russia)|Left Front]]<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJ8RBlEkC0k|title=НОВОЕ! Сергей Удальцов: Тактика левых сил на протестах. Эфир от 24.01.2021}}</ref>
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* [[File:Флаг партии.jpg|23px]] [[Patriots of Russia]]<ref>{{cite video|url=https://patriot-rus.ru/news/glavnyie-novosti/yurij-skvorcov-vtyagivanie-nesovershennoletnih-v-cinichnye-politicheskie-manipulyacii-prestuplenie.html|title=Юрий Скворцов: «Втягивание несовершеннолетних в циничные политические манипуляции – преступление»}}</ref>
* [[File:Флаг партии.jpg|23px]] [[Patriots of Russia]]<ref>{{cite video|url=https://patriot-rus.ru/news/glavnyie-novosti/yurij-skvorcov-vtyagivanie-nesovershennoletnih-v-cinichnye-politicheskie-manipulyacii-prestuplenie.html|title=Юрий Скворцов: «Втягивание несовершеннолетних в циничные политические манипуляции – преступление»}}</ref>
|leadfigures1= [[File:Russia of the Future logo.svg|23px]] '''[[Alexei Navalny]]'''<br/>[[File:Russia of the Future logo.svg|23px]] [[Leonid Volkov (politician)|Leonid Volkov]]<br/>[[File:Russia of the Future logo.svg|23px]] [[Lyubov Sobol]]
|leadfigures1= [[File:Russia of the Future logo.svg|23px]] '''[[Alexei Navalny]]'''<br/>[[File:Russia of the Future logo.svg|23px]] [[Leonid Volkov (politician)|Leonid Volkov]]<br/>[[File:Russia of the Future logo.svg|23px]] [[Lyubov Sobol]]
----
[[File:Red flag II.svg|23px]] [[File:BlackFlagSymbol.svg|23px]] [[Collective leadership]]
|leadfigures2=[[File:Emblem of the President of Russia.svg|23px]] '''[[Vladimir Putin]]'''<br />[[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|23px]] [[Mikhail Mishustin]]<br />[[File:Emblem of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.svg|23px]] [[Vladimir Kolokoltsev]]<br />[[File:National Guard of Russia.svg|23px]] [[Viktor Zolotov]]<br />
|leadfigures2=[[File:Emblem of the President of Russia.svg|23px]] '''[[Vladimir Putin]]'''<br />[[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|23px]] [[Mikhail Mishustin]]<br />[[File:Emblem of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.svg|23px]] [[Vladimir Kolokoltsev]]<br />[[File:National Guard of Russia.svg|23px]] [[Viktor Zolotov]]<br />
|howmany1 =
|howmany1 =

Revision as of 23:38, 25 January 2021

2021 Russian protests
Part of opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia
A demonstration in Saint Petersburg on January 23
Date23 January 2021 – ongoing
Location
Russia and other countries[a]
Caused by
Goals
  • Release of Alexei Navalny
  • Resignation of Vladimir Putin
Methods
StatusOngoing
Parties
Lead figures
Casualties
Death(s)0
Injuries23 January:
42 police officers (Moscow),[16] 2 serious injuries
Arrested23 January:
3,700+[17][18]

The 2021 Russian protests began on 23 January 2021 in support of the arrested opposition leader Alexei Navalny and following the release of the film Palace for Putin.[19][20][21] According to the BBC Russian Service, protests were held in 122 towns and cities in Russia.[22][23]

Background

Further information: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

Navalny had been hospitalized on 20 August 2020, in serious condition after he was poisoned with a nerve agent during a flight from Tomsk to Moscow.[24] He was medically evacuated to Berlin and discharged on 22 September.[25][26][27] The use of a Novichok nerve agent was confirmed by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW).[28][29] Though the Kremlin denied involvement in his poisoning,[30] the EU and the UK responded by imposing sanctions on six senior Russian officials and a state chemical centre.[31][32] Navalny accused President Vladimir Putin of being responsible for his poisoning.[33] An investigation by Bellingcat and The Insider implicated agents from the Federal Security Service (FSB) in Navalny's poisoning.[34]

Navalny returned to Russia on 17 January 2021, where he was immediately detained on accusations of violating terms of a suspended jail sentence.[35] Prior to his return, the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN) said that Navalny may face jail time upon his arrival in Moscow for violating the terms of his probation, saying it would be "obliged" to detain him once he returned;[36] in 2014, Navalny received a suspended sentence in the Yves Rocher case, which he called politically motivated and in 2017, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Navalny was unfairly convicted.[37][38] The Investigative Committee of Russia also said that it was investigating Navalny for alleged fraud.[39] A court decision the next day ordered the detention of Navalny until 15 February for violating his parole. A makeshift court was set up in the police station Navalny was being held. Another hearing would be held on 29 January to determine whether his suspended sentence should be replaced with a jail term.[40] Navalny described the procedure as “ultimate lawlessness”. He also called on his supporters to take to the streets, saying: “Do not be silent. Resist. Take to the streets — not for me, but for you”. Navalny's regional network head, Leonid Volkov, said that preparations were being made for protests to be organised across the country on 23 January.[41]

While in jail, a video of an investigation by Navalny and his Anti-Corruption Foundation (FBK) was published, accusing Putin of corruption. The video also urged people to take to the streets.[42] Before the protests had begun, the video received over 60 million views on YouTube.[43] The video was released on 19 January, and by the next day the state communications watchdog Roskomnadzor was demanding the social networks VKontakte (VK) and TikTok to stop the spread of calls to the protests.[44] The efficacy of these calls is disputed.[45]

Arrests of several of Navalny’s aides and allies, including Lyubov Sobol, began on 21 January.[46] Several were jailed or fined, with Sobol being released.[47] The Ministry of Internal Affairs also threatened to prosecute those spreading calls to join the protests. The Prosecutor General's Office also ordered the censor, Roskomnadzor, to block access to pages that call for protests.[48] On 22 January, the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for Moscow issued a statement warning against calls to the protests or participation in them. It stated that any attempts to hold unauthorized events as well as “provocative actions by the participants” would be regarded as a “threat to public order” and be “immediately suppressed”.[49] Social media networks began removing information about the protests. VK blocked access to a number of pages on the protests, with the pages stating that it was blocked on the requirement of the General Prosecutor’s Office.[50] Roskomnadzor also stated that VK, Instagram, TikTok and YouTube blocked some content which involved “calls for children to participate in illegal mass events”.[51] However, Facebook and YouTube have countered this claim. Facebook said it “received requests from the local regulator to restrict access to certain content that calls for protest. Since this content doesn’t violate our Community Standards, it remains on our platform.”[45]

Events

According to the BBC, protests took place in 112 Russian cities.[52]

City Number of participants Number of detainees Venues in city
Abakan – 2[53]
Almetyevsk – 3[53]
Arkhangelsk 100—300[54] 5 Trade Union Square
Balashikha – 1[53]
Barnaul – 19[53]
Belgorod – 2[53]
Biysk – 9[53]
Blagoveshchensk – 13[53]
Bor – 1[53]
Bratsk – 1[53]
Velikiye Luki – 7[53]
Veliky Novgorod – 6[53]
Vladivostok 3000[55][56] 35[53][57]
Vladimir – 1[53]
Voronezh – 2[53]
Yekaterinburg 10000[57] 7[53]—14[58]
Ivanovo 500—600[59][60] 1[59] Lenin Avenue
Izhevsk 1000—1500[61] 6[53] Central Square
Irkutsk 200+[62] 3[53]
Kazan 10000[63][53] 52[53] Bauman Street, Black Lake Park, Freedom Square
Kemerovo – 4[53]
Kimry – 1[53]
Klin – 1[53]
Komsomolsk-on-Amur – 23[53]
Krasnoyarsk 1000—1500[64] 46[53]
Krasnodar 4000—6000[65] 18[66] Red Street
Kurgan - 15[53]
Lipetsk 1000[67] 11[53] Victory Square, Peter the Great Square, Lenin-Cathedral Square
Magnitogorsk – 0[53]
Makhachkala – 13[53]
Moscow Up to 40,000[68] 937[53] Trubnaya Square, Strastnoy Boulevard, Pushkinskaya Square, Tverskaya Street, Petrovka Street
Murmansk Hundreds[69] 0[70] Five Corner Square
Naberezhnye Chelny 500—600[71] 22[53] Hasan Tufan Avenue
Nizhnevartovsk 30[72] 7[72]
Nizhny Novgorod 10000[56][57] 36[53] Minin and Pozharsky Square, Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street
Nizhnaya Tura – 1[53]
Novomoskovsk – 1[53] City (Soviet) Square
Novosibirsk 3000+ 90[53]
Omsk – 12[53]
Orenburg – 14[53]
Penza – 9[53] Lenin Square
Petrozavodsk – 10[53] — 23[73]
Pskov – 11[53]
Pushchino – 3[53]
Rostov-on-Don 3000[74] 50[75] Pushkinskaya street, Bolshaya Sadovaya street
Rybinsk – 2[53]
Ryazan – 3[53] Victory Square, Lenin Square
Saint Petersburg 30000[53] 378[53] Senate Square, Admiralteisky Prospect, Nevsky Prospect, Field of Mars, Vosstaniya Square
Samara 2000—3000[76][53] 45[53] Square of Glory, Square of Heroes of the 21st Army
Saratov 1000—1500[77] 0 Kirov Avenue, Theater Square
Sevastopol1 200[78] 6[53]
Severodvinsk 100—200 2[53]
Sergiyev Posad – 1[53]
Simferopol1 – 8[53]
Smolensk[57] – –
Sochi 200—300[79] 2—5[79] Flag Square
Surgut 30[72] 4[72]
Syktyvkar 1000[80] –
Tarusa – 1[53]
Tver – 3[53]
Tobolsk – 3[53]
Tolyatti – 3[53]
Tomsk 2000[55] 4[53]
Tula 200 15[53]
Tyumen 1000—1500[81] 4[81] Central Square
Ulan-Ude – 4[53]
Ulyanovsk – 3[53]
Ust-Ilimsk – 4[53]
Ufa (Bashkortostan) – 12[53] Salavat Yulaev Square, Bashkir White House
Uyar – 1[53]
Khabarovsk 1000[56]— 1500[57] 28[53]
Khanty-Mansiysk 20[72] 0[72]
Kholmsk – 0[53]
Cherepovets 450[82] 0
Chita – 2[53]
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk – 14[53]
Yakutsk – 30[53]
In total – 2662[53]

1 Internationally recognised as part of Ukraine, see political status of Crimea and 2014 Crimean crisis for details

23 January

Some protesters held toilet brushes, referencing Navalny's investigation into Putin's alleged palace.[83]

Reuters estimated up to 40,000 protesters gathered in Moscow. Authorities gave an estimate of only 4,000 participants, while other estimates included 15,000 and 25,000 participants.[84][85] Protesters began gathering at Tverskaya Street and Pushkinskaya Square, with a procession ending near Matrosskaya Tishina where Navalny was being held.[86] Riot police in the city began breaking up the protest and detaining participants before it was scheduled to start.[19] Alexei Navalny's wife, Yulia Navalnaya, was detained by police at the exit of Moscow's Teatralnaya metro station;[87] she was released after being detained for 3 hours.[88] Navalny's ally, Lyubov Sobol, was also detained shortly after arriving at Pushkinskaya Square and was later fined.[89] Clashes between police and protesters broke out.[19] In Tsvetnoy Boulevard, an FSB car was stopped by a crowd of protesters and hit with snowballs, with the driver of the car reportedly sustaining an eye injury.[90] State media reported that around 40 police officers were injured. The Investigative Committee said that it opened a probe into instances of violence against police.[91] Russian rapper Noize MC, rapper Vladi from the group Kasta, director Vasily Sigarev, writer Dmitry Bykov and others attended the protest in Pushkinskaya Square.[92]

Alexander Garden, St. Petersburg
Field of Mars, St. Petersburg

According to Kommersant, about 5,000 protesters gathered in St. Petersburg. According to MBKh Media, around 10,000 people took part in the protest. Protesters gathered at Senate Square and moved towards Nevsky Prospekt and the Kazan Cathedral, then the Field of Mars, where police began to disperse the protesters.[93][94] A video of a riot policeman kicking a woman in the stomach was circulated online. The woman was later reportedly taken to intensive care. The police apologized for the incident and it was reported that the Ministry of Internal Affairs opened a probe.[95][96] According to OVD-Info, over 500 people in St. Petersburg were detained.[18]

Estimates of the number of protesters in Perm varied between 3,000 and 10,000.[21] According to MBKh Media, around 2,500 people attended the protest in Ufa(Bashkortostan), around 5,000 people attended the protest in Chelyabinsk, around 3,000 people attended the protest in Samara and around 3,000 people attended the protest in Arkhangelsk.[93] In Kazan, around 3,000–4,000 people were estimated to have gathered at the protest which started on Bauman Street.[97] In Kaliningrad, up to 3,000 people were estimated to have taken part in the protest, which moved towards Victory Square.[98] In Krasnodar, around 5,000–7,000 people were estimated to have taken part in the protest, with over 50 people detained according to OVD-Info.[99]

In Siberia, around 4,000 protesters gathered in Novosibirsk according to Tayga.info. Thousands walked from the city's House of Officers to Lenin Square in the city center. Police broke up the protest using force and blocked the main street. According to OVD-Info, around 100 people in the city were detained.[100][101] In Irkutsk, several thousand people took part in the protest.[102]

Estimates of the number of protesters in Yekaterinburg varied between 3,000 and 10,000. The regional authorities gave an estimate of 3,000 while the local headquarters of Navalny's team gave an estimate of 10,000 participants. According to Znak, around 5,000 people attended. The former mayor of the city and opposition politician Yevgeny Roizman and City Duma deputy Konstantin Kiselev attended the protests. Riot police began breaking up the protest and clashes between police and protesters broke out, with officers hit with snowballs.[103]

In the Russian Far East, up to 3,000 protesters gathered in Vladivostok, according to Novaya Gazeta.[21] Russian YouTuber Yury Dud attended the protest in the city, however told journalists that he came there for "musical, cultural and friendly affairs". Protesters moved towards the central square before being dispersed.[104][105][106] According to Novaya Gazeta, around 1,000 protesters gathered in Khabarovsk by Lenin Square in support of both Navalny and the arrested former governor Sergey Furgal before police dispersed the crowd and started detaining participants.[107] In Yakutsk, where temperatures reached −50 °C, several hundred protesters gathered in the city's main square.[93][21] According to OVD-Info, over 60 people were detained in Khabarovsk, over 30 people were detained in Vladivostok and 30 people were detained in Yakutsk.[18]

In some Russian cities, there were internet and mobile phone network outages. Communication issues were reported in cities including Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnodar, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, and Saratov. Twitter users in Russia also reported problems accessing the network.[108]

3,770 people across the country were detained that day with over 1,400 of them in Moscow, according to OVD-Info.[17][18]

Navalny aide Leonid Volkov said that Navalny's team plan to organize protests next weekend[when?].[19][109]

In other countries

Freedom Square, Tallinn

Protests were also held in cities around the world, including Berlin, Munich, Prague, Krakow, Helsinki, London, Tallinn, The Hague, Denver, Vienna, Tel Aviv, Copenhagen, and Tokyo.[110]

In The Hague, Netherlands, around 250 people gathered at a rally.[21][110] In Berlin, Germany around 1,000 protesters were estimated to have gathered at a rally.[110] In Copenhagen, Denmark around 150 people gathered in front of the Russian Embassy.[111]

In Stockholm, Sweden around 80 people gathered outside the Russian embassy.[112] In Gothenburg, around 20 people gathered outside the Russian consulate.[113]

In Belgrade, Serbia around 10 people gathered outside the Church of Saint Sava before the police came because they "violated epidemiological measures".[114][115]

In Tel Aviv, Israel, around 1,500 to 2,000 people were estimated to have gathered at a rally near the Russian embassy. Due to COVID-related restrictions, the crowd was asked to disperse by the organizers. Several hundred demonstrators then moved towards the Russian embassy. Another 600 to 1000 protesters were estimated to have gathered at a rally in Haifa.[116][117][110]

In Moldova, there were protests in favor of Navalny but also some protests against him.[118]

Reactions

Domestic

Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov accused the United States of interfering in Russian domestic affairs. The U.S. embassy sent an alert warning American citizens about the location of protests in Moscow and U.S. officials also criticized the police crackdown.[119] Peskov also downplayed the scale of the protests, saying "few people came out" and that "many people vote for Putin".[120]

International

British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab condemned "the Russian authorities' use of violence against peaceful protesters and journalists" and he also called on the Russian government to "release citizens detained during peaceful demonstrations". The British Foreign Ministry in a statement said that it was "deeply concerned by the detention of peaceful protesters" and that it was continuing "to monitor the situation closely".[121]

U.S. State Department spokesman Ned Price condemned what he called "harsh tactics against protesters and journalists" and called on the Russian authorities to "release all those detained for exercising their universal rights". He also urged Russia to "fully cooperate with the international community's investigation into the poisoning of Aleksey Navalny and credibly explain the use of a chemical weapon on its soil".[121][122]

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Including Austria, Germany, Israel, Japan, Netherlands, Romania, UK and others

References

  1. ^ "Активисты ПАРНАС 23 января участвовали в протестах по всей России".
  2. ^ "Россия заслуживает правосудия".
  3. ^ "«Поддержим Навального 23 Января»".
  4. ^ "«ИЛИ… ПОПОЛАМ, ИЛИ… ВДРЕБЕЗГИ»".
  5. ^ "Источник: «По всей стране началось»". Russian Socialist Movement. 25 January 2021.
  6. ^ "Источник: Ижевск. Власти ответили на протесты террором против левых". Russian Socialist Movement. 25 January 2021.
  7. ^ "Источник: Москва вышла против царя". Revolutionary Workers' Party. 25 January 2021.
  8. ^ НОВОЕ! Сергей Удальцов: Тактика левых сил на протестах. Эфир от 24.01.2021.
  9. ^ "Движение в никуда. Анализ субботних событий в России".
  10. ^ "Letter from Russia : On the Protests of January 23". CrimethInc. 24 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  11. ^ Выступление В.В.Жириновского с политическим заявлением от фракции ЛДПР.
  12. ^ Сергей Миронов: наших детей втягивают в свои мошеннические игры политические провокаторы.
  13. ^ Гвардия Захара Прилепина напоминает Навальному о предупреждении.
  14. ^ Алексей Журавлев: "Берлинский пациент" связывает интересы ЕС и США в борьбе с Россией.
  15. ^ Юрий Скворцов: «Втягивание несовершеннолетних в циничные политические манипуляции – преступление».
  16. ^ "Источник: на акции в центре Москвы пострадали 42 сотрудника правоохранительных органов". TASS. 23 January 2021.
  17. ^ a b "Акции «Свободу Навальному!» 23 января 2021 года. Онлайн". ovdinfo.org. 23 January 2021.
  18. ^ a b c d "Список задержанных на акциях в поддержку Алексея Навального 23 января 2021 года". ovdinfo.org. 23 January 2021.
  19. ^ a b c d "As It's Happening: Russia Rallies for Navalny's Release". The Moscow Times. 23 January 2021.
  20. ^ "Митинги в поддержку Алексея Навального. Хроника". Meduza.io. 23 January 2021.
  21. ^ a b c d e "Акции в поддержку Навального". novayagezeta.ru. 23 January 2021.
  22. ^ "День всероссийского протеста: как прошли акции в поддержку Навального". bbc.com. 23 January 2021.
  23. ^ "Protests for Jailed Kremlin Critic Navalny Sweep Russia". The Moscow Times. 23 January 2021.
  24. ^ "Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny 'poisoned'". BBC News. 20 August 2020. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  25. ^ "Navalny Taken Off Ventilator as Novichok Recovery Continues – German Hospital". The Moscow Times. 14 September 2020.
  26. ^ Zverev, Anton; Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Ivanova, Polina; Teterevleva, Anastasia; Kiselyova, Maria (27 August 2020). Rao, Sujata (ed.). "Russian prosecutors say no need for criminal investigation in Navalny affair". Reuters. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  27. ^ "Russia Protests Germany's 'Unfounded Accusations' In Navalny Poisoning Case". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  28. ^ "Watchdog Says Novichok-Type Nerve Agent Found in Navalny Samples". The Moscow Times. 6 October 2020.
  29. ^ "OPCW: Novichok found on Alexei Navalny samples". Deutsche Welle. 6 October 2020. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  30. ^ "Kremlin dismisses claims Putin poisoned Navalny". BBC News. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  31. ^ Chappell, Bill (15 October 2020). "EU Sanctions Russian Officials Over Navalny Poisoning, Citing Chemical Weapons Use". NPR.org. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  32. ^ "Navalny Novichok poisoning: EU sanctions hit top Russians". BBC News. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  33. ^ Rainsford, Sarah (1 October 2020). "Alexei Navalny blames Vladimir Putin for poisoning him". BBC News.
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External links

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