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The Latin phonetic method of shanghainese seeks international supports.
The Latin phonetic method of shanghainese seeks international supports.
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==Shanghainese Phonetics-alphabet ( the latin phonetic method of Shanghainese ,Fawu )==

This system is open for everyone. (la declation c.f.《上海吴语手册》)


Initial consonants:


1, “b, d, g, dj, dz, z, v, m, l, s, f,” is pronounced as in English or French. But "g" is always hard, not like “j”, "s" is always voiceless, unlike like “z”. I.e. "ge" is pronounced /ge /, "gue" - "gwè", "lese" - /lese/.

2, “p, t, k”, are voiceless non aspirated as in French, which is totally different in English and German.

3, “Ci”, like “tchi” non aspired.

4, “h” is aspirated as “h” in English or German.

When “h” follows “p, t, k, c, (occlusives)”, “h” indicates aspired voiceless consonants. For example: ph, th, kh, ch, correspond to “p, t, k, ch,” English.

When “h” follows the non occlusive sound consonants, “h” indicates softened, it acts of “l, m, n, v, z”: “lh, mh, nh,” are softened “l, m, n”. The “vh, zh,” approximating them and are softened of “v” and “z”.

5, “R/ɦ/” is the sound consonant of “h”, it resembles the French “R”, but much more glottal.
6, “gn” has the same value as in French and Italian, softened “gn” is “kn”.

7, “tz” corresponds to non aspired “tz” in French, “ts” is its aspired counterpart in English.

8, “x (sh)” is pronouned “sh” in English, like “x” in Basque, Portuguese and Mandarin.

9, “w, y (except if it follows S and Z),” are regarded as sound consonants, i.e.: donyan (in the same way) is pronounced don+yan, not do+nya. Their voiceless counterparts are “U” and “I”. The values of “Y” and “I” are different, they correspond to “J” and “I” Dutch, just as “W” and “U”.

10, “J/ʒ/” is pronounced as in French or Portuguese. On the other hand, in the non accentuated syllables, “J” is not often converted like “J” in German and “y” English.

11, “ng (Ŋ)”, is the same as the Vietnamese “ng”, is a velar “n”.

12, «’» is used to separate two syllables before the syllables without initial consonant. I.e.: don’i ( to agree) is pronounced don+i, not do+ni.



Vowels:


1, “A, I, O, U, E,” are the 5 frequent vowels, they correspond to the Spanish, Japanese, Italian and Rumanian vowels.

“a” is “a” as in “are”;

“e” as “e” in "bed" , (save E in the closed syllables),

“O/ɔ/” is always open, like “O” in “or”,

“i” is pronouned “E/i:/”in English,

“U” is mainly pronounced like “ou” in French, “u” in German, save if it follows “i, y, j, dj, ch, x,” in which case it is pronounced like the French “u”, German “ü” (c.f. point 6).

2, “E” is a mute /ə/ in the closed syllables (save with “r” or “h” which indicates a tone).

3, “eu/ø/” as in French: deux(two), peu (little).

4, “au(oo)”, as “au/o/” in French, “oo” in dutch, is a closed “o”.

5, “oe”, resembles the “oe”in “toe, hoe, voe” it is a simple vowel (monophtongue).

6, “ü (iu and yu)” is the same as “U” in French, but there are difficulties in it’s use because there is no means of accentuating it to indicate the required tonality in it, hence we normally use “iu” in it’s place. If “iu” follows: “j, dj, x, ch, gn, y” the simple “u” is used.

7, “-y” is used as vowel only when it follows: S or Z (tz, ts, dz included), it is equivalent to the Mandarin “si” and the Japanese “su”. The vowel “-y” is almost mute or resembles a repeated “z”.


Final consonants:


1. “-n” has the same value as that of French or Japanese, it indicates the nasal vowels. “an”, “on” pronounced as in French. “in” pronounced as “im” portuguese or resembling “in” in English, “iun (ün)” is ü+in. “en” is a nasal E (/ə/) resembling “en” in “open, even”.

2. “-q/ʔ/” is a glottal stop or a glottal “k”, and resembles the Arabic and the Hebrew “q”. It indicates the English short vowels. “Aq” is the same as “U/Λ/” in “put”, eq “E”/ə/ in “her”, “iq” as “I” in “bit”, “iuq (üq)” as “ü+ iq”.

3. The final “-l” only exists in the case of: el (êl). This “E” is mute E/ə/”.


Intonation.


The shanghainese dialect only has two tonal contrasts: “bin” and “chî”, because the shanghaiens tones are determined by conditions of the voiceless/soft or sound consonants in addition to long and short vowels.

The syllables with short vowels (indicated by –q ) have a tone called “zaq (short)”. The others are: “bin (natural or flat)” or “chî (whistled or oblique)”. With the voiceless consonants (including softened: lh, mh, nh, kn, nk, vh, zh), the high tones are classified like feminine(in) tones, the contaires are masculine(yan) tones.

The importance of tone is limited in the modern shanghainese, especially in the atonic syllables. One marks only the accentuated tones.

In essence the first syllables are normally accentuated. Syllables preceded by a hyphen are accentuated as well.

The accent ^ is to indicate the “chî” tone. With a voiceless consonant,we have the “inchî”(the female whistled tone), this tone is a little lower and lengthened than its counterpart; the “inbin” (the female natural tone); with a sound consonant, the “yanchî” (the male whistled tone), this tone in the modern language is already confused with its counterpart: the yanbin (the male natural tone).
The sharp accent“´” or without accent for the other tone, “bin” is never presented with a short vowel whereas “zaq” is always presented with a short vowel (-q). In a monosyllabic word one does not mark the sharp accent.

When it is not possible to use the accent (in the English keyboard), one employs “–r” or “-h” in the place of an accent “^”.


==Common Words and Phrases in Shanghainese==
==Common Words and Phrases in Shanghainese==
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|{{lang|zh-wuu-Hans|外頭}}
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==References==
==References==

Revision as of 09:17, 23 May 2007

error: ISO 639 code is required (help) Shanghainese (上海言话 [zɑ̃˨.'he˦.ɦɛ˨.ɦʊ˩] in Shanghainese), sometimes referred to as the Shanghai dialect, is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in the city of Shanghai. Shanghainese, like other Wu dialects, is not mutually intelligible with other Chinese dialects such as Standard Mandarin (see Mutually intelligible languages). Shanghainese is the representative dialect of Northern Wu; it contains vocabulary and expressions from the entire Northern Wu area (southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang). With nearly 14 million speakers, Shanghainese is also the largest single coherent form of Wu Chinese. In Western sources, the term "Shanghainese" often refers to all Wu dialects and not specifically the particular Wu dialect spoken in Shanghai. The total number of Wu speakers is over 80 million, the second largest Chinese language after Mandarin.

Shanghainese is rich in consonants and pure vowels [i y ɪ ɥ e ø ɛ ə ɐ a ɑ ɔ ɤ o ʊ u]. Like other northern Wu dialects, the Shanghai dialect has voiced initials [b d g ɦ z v ʥ ʑ] (although technically these are slack voiced, adding a slightly breathy quality to a following vowel). Neither Mandarin nor Cantonese has voiced initials. The Shanghainese tonal system is significantly different from other Chinese languages. Shanghainese is a language with two live tonal contrasts (high and low), while Mandarin and Cantonese are contour tonal languages.

Language policy

Shanghainese is not encouraged to be spoken in schools and written in newspapers, and the media are strongly discouraged from broadcasting in contemporary Shanghainese. There is a lot of uncertainty between what gets aired in Shanghainese and what becomes censored (due to government fears of regionalism), thus most producers do not take this risk and only produce in Mandarin. Several television advertisements in Shanghainese have been removed shortly after airing. But there have been some TV series in Shanghainese that were approved since the mid-1990s. Back in 1995, a TV play series called "Nie Zhai" (the Evil Debt) was in Shanghainese; when it was broadcast in other places in China, mainly in adjacent Wu-speaking provinces, subtitles in Mandarin were added rather than make a Mandarin version of the TV series. Another TV comedy programme "Lao Niang Jiu" (Old Uncle) has been broadcast since 1999, and is still quite popular among Shanghainese residents. In 2004, a Tom and Jerry cartoon program dubbed with Shanghainese was blocked from broadcasting. Older and more rural forms of Shanghainese are still heard on the radio (catering to farming communities in the suburbs). But the Shanghainese are strongly encouraged by the government to speak Mandarin and celebrities are put on billboards with slogans like "Be a modern Shanghai person, speak Mandarin."

In August 2005, there was media coverage reporting that Shanghainese would be taught in secondary school. This introduced great controversy. Proponents argue that this will make the students know their hometown better and help preserve local culture. Opponents argue that this will encourage discrimination based on people's origin.

In September 2005, the Shanghai municipal government also launched a campaign to encourage Mandarin speaking in Shanghai. Among other requirements, all service-industry workers in Shanghai will be required to greet customers in Mandarin only, and pass Mandarin-fluency test by 2010. Those with bad or heavily-accented Mandarin must enroll in remedial Mandarin classes.

Sounds

The sounds of Shanghainese are categorized in initials and rimes. Initial is the first part of syllable, usually a consonant, and rime is the part that follows. Tone is also a phonological feature in Shanghainese. Syllabic tone, which is typical to the other Sinitic languages, has largely become verbal tone in Shanghainese.

Initials

  Labials Dentals Sibilants Palatals Velars Glottals
Unvoiced unaspirated stops p t ʦ ʨ k ʔ
Aspirated stops ʦʰ ʨʰ  
Slack voiced stops (ʣ̻) ʥ̻  
Nasals m n   ɲ ŋ  
Unvoiced fricatives f   s ɕ   h
Slack voiced fricatives   ʑ̻   ɦ̻
Liquids (w) l   (j)    

Shanghai dialect has a set of voiced initials and exhibits unvoiced unaspirated and aspirated stops. Moreover, there are unvoiced and voiced sets of fricatives. Palatalized initials also feature in Shanghai dialect. The /l/ consonant is also particular in that there is a slight flapping of the tongue during speech, somewhat similar to the Japanese /ɺ/ (which is romanized as r). The sound may be made by lightly placing the tongue on the back of the upper set of teeth. However this flapping is not present when each character is individually pronounced.

Rimes

monophthong dipthong with
unrounded onglide
diphthong with
rounded onglide
pure checked nasal pure checked nasal pure checked nasal
a ɐʔ ã ia iɐʔ ua uɐʔ
ɛ əʔ əɲ iəʔ iəɲ uəʔ uɛɲ
ɔ ɔʔ iɔʔ ioŋ uo
i ɪʔ iɪʔ y yɪʔ yɪɲ
ø
ɤ ɯ

The Middle Chinese [-m] ending rimes in Shanghai dialect have merged with [-n], some of which subsequently dropped off. Some Middle Chinese [-ŋ] ending rime characters have become rimes with a nasalised ending, [iã, uã, uɒ̃]. Middle Chinese [-p -t -k] rimes have become glottal stops [-ʔ].

In certain variants, the [u] is pronounced unrounded (close back unrounded, [ɯ]).

Tones

Yin ([陰] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)) Yin Ping ([陰平] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)) Yin Shang Qu ([陰上去] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)) Yin Ru ([陰入] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help))
52 335 5
Yang ([陽] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)) Yang Shu (Yang Qu) ([陽舒(陽去)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)) Yang Ru ([陽入] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help))
113 23

The Yang Shu tone is composed of Yang registers of the Ping, Shang and Qu tone characters. The Yin Ru and Yang Ru tones are abrupt tones, and apply only to those rimes in Shanghai dialect, which end in the glottal stop [ʔ]. If the Ru tone and tones automatically related to the voiced initials (b d g z v ʑ) are not considered (as they are fixed into the syllabic structure), then the Shanghai dialect has 2 live tonal contrasts (/52/ and /335/).

Advanced tone sandhi and argument for pitch accent classification:

In polysyllabic words or set phrases, all syllables after the first lose their original tones and are pronounced based on the table below as "neutral" syllables. Even the first syllable that determines subsequent pitches is altered in a polysyllabic word. The patterns vary depending on the number of syllables in the word or set short phrase.

1st syllable original tone  2 syllables 3 syllables 4 syllables 5 syllables
52 55 - 21 55 - 22 - 21 55 - 22 - 22 - 21 55 - 22 - 22 - 22 - 21
H - L H - L - L H - L - L - L H - L - L - L - L
335 33 - 44 33 - 55 - 21 33 - 55 - 22 - 21 33 - 55 - 22 - 22 - 21
L - H L - H - L L - H - L - L L - H - L - L - L
113 22 - 44 22 - 55 - 21 22 - 55 - 22 - 21 22 - 55 - 22 - 22 - 21
L - H L - H - L L - H - L - L L - H - L - L - L
5 3 - 44 3 - 55 - 21 3 - 55 - 22 - 21 3 - 55 - 22 - 22 - 21
L - H L - H - L L - H - L - L L - H - L - L - L
23 2 - 34 2 - 22 - 34 2 - 22 - 22 - 34 2 - 22 - 22 - 22 - 34
L - H L - L - H L - L - L - H L - L - L - L - H

Note: H = relative high pitch; L = relative low pitch.

Notice that these patterns are quite similar to Japanese pitch accent patterns. Tone sandhi of polysyllabic compounds in the Shanghai dialect has attracted the interest of many scholars, who have previously given only careful consideration to the tone of the monosyllable while trying to describe the rules of tone sandhi for polysyllabic compounds. It has been argued that the number of tones of the Shanghai dialect, generally held to be five under previous analyses, can be reduced to only two underlying tone patterns, or tonemes, by recognizing the existence of the phoneme "voiced h" (Xiaowen Shen, University of Tokyo).


Common Words and Phrases in Shanghainese

Note: Chinese characters for Shanghainese are not standardized and are provided for reference only. IPA transcription is for the Middle period of modern Shanghainese ([中派上海话] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)), pronunciation of those between 20 and 60 years old.

Translation Latin method Northern Wu Lumazi IPA Chinese character
Shanghainese (language) Zanhêreroo/zanhêrerau Zanheghaewo Zanheireiwo [zɑ̃.'he.ɦɛ.ɦʊ] [上海言话] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help) or [上海闲话] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
Shanghainese (people) Zanhegnin Zanhegnin Zanheinin [zɑ̃.'he.ɲɪɲ] [上海人] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
I ngû ghoo, gnou wo, ngu [ɦʊ], [ŋu] [我] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
we or I aqlaq álá aelae [ɐˑ.lɐʔ] [阿拉(我拉)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
he/she yi ji yi [ɦi] [伊(其)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
they yila jila yila [ɦi.la] [伊拉] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
you (sing.) non non non [noŋ] [侬] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(儂)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
you (plural) na na na [na] [乃] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help) or [亻那] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hani (help)
hello non hô non ho non ho [noŋ ] [侬好] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(儂好)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
good-bye tzêwê tsewe tzeiwei [ˈtse.ɦue] [再会] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(再會)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
thank you jaja non ziaja non zhaya non [ʑ̻iaja noŋ]or[ʑ̻iaʑ̻ia noŋ] [谢谢侬] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(謝謝儂)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
sorry têveqchî tevéchi teivechi [te.vəˑ.ʨʰi] [对勿起] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(對勿起)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
but, however dêzŷ, dêzŷ ni daezu, daezu ni deizi, deizi ni [dɛ.zɿ], [dɛ.zɿ.ni] [但是, 但是呢] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
please tsîn tshin chin [ʨʰɪɲ] [请] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(請)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
that one etzaq, itzaq etsá, itsá eitzae, itzae [ˈe.tsɐʔ], [i.tsɐʔ] [哎只, 伊只] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
there etaq, itaq etá, itá eitae, itae [ˈe.tɐʔ], [i.tɐʔ] [哎垯, 伊垯] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
over there emîtaq, imîtaq emitá, imitá eimitae, imitae [ˈe.mi.tɐʔ], [i.mi.tɐʔ] [哎面垯, 伊面垯] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
here geqtaq gétá getae [gəˑ.tɐʔ] [箇垯(搿垯)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
to have yoeteq jeuté youte [ɦiɤɯ.təʔ] [有得] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
to exist, here, present laqhê láhe laehei [lɐˑ.he] [辣嗨] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
now, current yî(d)zê jieze yizei [ɦi.ze] [现在] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(現在)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
what time is it? yîzê cîtî tzon? jieze citie tson? yizei citi tzon? [ɦi.ze ʨi.ti 'tsoŋ] [现在几点钟?] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(現在幾點鐘?)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
where ralîtaq, sâdîfan ghalitá, sadifan ralitae, sadifan [ɦa.ɺi.tɐʔ], [sa.di.fɑ̃] [何里耷] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(何裏耷)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)[, 啥地方] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
what sâreq saré sare [sa ɦəʔ] [啥个,做啥] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
who sâgnin sagnin sanin [sa.ɲɪɲ] [啥人] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
why wêsâ wesa weisa [ɦue.sa] [为啥] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(為啥)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
when sâzenkuan sazencuan sazenkuan [sa.zəɲ.kuɑ̃] [啥辰光] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
how nânen, nânenka nanen, nanenca nanen, nanenka [na.nəɲ, na.nəɲ.ka] [哪能, 哪能介] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
how much? cîdî? cidie? cidi? [ʨi.di] [几钿?几块洋钿?] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(幾鈿?幾塊銀頭?)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
yes e eh ei [ˈe] [哎] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
no m, veqzŷ, m'meq, vio m, vézu, mmé, vio m, vezi, mme, vio [], [vəˑ.zɿ], [m̩məʔ], [viɔ] [呒、弗是、呒没] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
telephone number dîraû rôdoê diewo ghodeu diwo rodou [di.ɦʊ ɦɔ.dɤɯ] [电话号头] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(電話號頭)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
home oq lîxiân ólihian oelishan [oˑ.ɺi.ɕiã] [屋里向] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(屋裏向)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
Come to our house and play. to aqlaq oqlîxiân le beqsiân. to álá ólihian le bésian. to aelae oelishan lei beshan. [ ɐˑ.lɐʔ oˑ.ɺi.ɕiɑ̃ le bəˑ.ɕiã] [到阿拉屋里向来孛相(白相)!] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(到阿拉屋裏向來孛相!)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
Where's the restroom? dâsoêke leqlaq ralîtaq? daseucae lélá ghalitá? dasoukei lelae ralitae? [da.sɤɯ.kɛ ɺəˑ.ɺɐʔ ɦa.ɺi.tɐʔ] [汏手间勒勒阿里耷?] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(汏手間勒勒阿裏耷?)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
Have you eaten dinner? yâvê chîkûleq va? javae chícoulé va? yavei chiekule va? [ɦia.vɛ ʨʰɪˑ.ku.ləʔ va] [夜饭吃过了𠲎?] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(夜飯吃過了𠲎?)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
I don't know ngû veqxioteq. ghoo véhioté. wo veshote. [ŋɯ; vəˑ.ɕiɔ.təʔ] [我弗晓得.] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(我弗曉得.)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
Do you speak English? non Inven kânteqle va? non Inven cantéle va? non Inven kantelei va? [noŋ ˈɪn.vəɲ kãtəʔle va] [侬英文讲得来𠲎?] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
I love you ngû ê non! ghoo e non! wo ei non. [ŋɯ; e noŋ] [我爱侬!] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(我愛儂!)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
I adore you ngû êmu non. ghoo emu non. wo eimu non. [ŋɯ; e.mɯ noŋ] [我爱慕侬.] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(我愛慕儂!)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
I like you a lot ngû lô hueûxî non req. ghoo lo huoehi non ghé! wo lo hueushi non re. [ŋɯ; ɺɔ ˈhuø.ɕi noŋ ɦəʔ] [我老欢喜侬个!] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(我老歡喜儂個)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
news sinven sinven shinven [ɕɪɲ.vəɲ] [新闻] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[(新聞)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
dead sîtheqleq sithélé shithele [ɕi.tʰəˑ.ləʔ] [死脱了] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
alive weqlaqhê wéláhe welaehei [ɦuəˑ.lɐˑ.he] [活辣海(活着)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
very ciokue (ziachî) [交关(邪气)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
very bad ciokue wâ (ziachî wâ) [交关坏(邪气坏)] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
inside, within lîxiân lihian lishan [ɺi.ɕiã] [里向] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
outside ngâdoe [外頭] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)


References

  • Lance Eccles, Shanghai dialect: an introduction to speaking the contemporary language. Dunwoody Press, 1993. ISBN 1-881265-11-0. 230 pp + cassette. (An introductory course in 29 units).

See also