Emilian–Romagnol: Difference between revisions

Emiliano-Romagnolo
Emiliano-Romagnolo
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Native to	Italy; San Marino
Native speakers	2 million
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance Italo-Western Gallo-Italic Emiliano-Romagnolo; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-2	roa
ISO 639-3	Either:; egl – Emilian; rgn – Romagnol

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Emiliano-Romagnolo (also known as Emilian-Romagnolo) is a Romance language mostly spoken in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. It belongs to the Northern Italian group within Romance languages (like Piedmontese, Lombard, Ligurian and Venetian), which is included in the wider group of western Romance languages (like French, Occitan and Catalan). It is considered as a minority language, structurally separated from Italian by the Ethnologue and by the Red Book of Endangered Languages of UNESCO. Although commonly referred to as an Italian dialect (even by its speakers), it does not descend from the Italian language. It lacks a koiné.

Geographic extent

It is spoken in the Northern Italian regions of Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy (provinces of Pavia and Mantua), the Central Italian regions of Tuscany (province of Massa-Carrara) and Marche (province of Pesaro e Urbino) and in the Republic of San Marino.

Varieties

Emiliano-Romagnolo varies considerably across the region, and several dialects exist (e.g.: Piacentino has much more in common with Lombard than with Central or Eastern Emiliano and it is hardly intelligible by a speaker from Bologna, the capital of Emilia-Romagna). A major distinction is usually made between Emiliano and Romagnolo, seen as separate languages by some linguists. The latter is spoken in the provinces of Forlì-Cesena, Ravenna, Rimini but also in Pesaro e Urbino, in the region of Marche, which formed the historical region of Romagna. The heart-city of Romagnolo is Forlì, because it is the meditullium of Romagna, as Dante Alighieri says.

Emiliano-Romagnolo can be subdivided into two main subgroups, which in turn are made up further varieties:

Group	Dialect
Emilian	Western Emiliano (Piacentino)
	Carrarese
	Lunigiano
	Massese (mixed with some Tuscanian features)
	Central Emiliano (Reggiano and Modenese)
	Center-Western Emiliano (Parmigiano)
	Southern Emiliano (Bolognese)
	North-Eastern Emiliano (Ferrarese)
Romagnolo	Northern Romagnolo
Romagnolo	Southern Romagnolo

Two varieties are considered by most linguists as transitional idioms between Emiliano-Romagnolo and Lombard, since they^[who?] have common features:

Mantovano
Vogherese-Pavese

Features

The variants of both dialects have common features with all the other languages of the Gallo-Italic group. The most important are:

With respect to Italian, the loss of all final unstressed vowel except for a and the subsequent vowel stretching of the tonic syllable, that may generate a diphthong. In Bolognese we have: mèder (mother), dutåur (doctor), âlber (tree).
Rounded vowels which are typical of the Gallo-Iberian area. In Carrarese and Western Emiliano there are four of them: ä, ü, ö, and å (in Western Emiliano there is also ë, a sort of schwa similar to the third vowel of Piedmontese). In Bolognese there are two: (ä and å), in Central Emilian only ä. The phonetic of the same word may vary across the diffusion area of this idiom, as in the case of the word snail, written as lümäga in Western Emiliano and as lumèga in Bolognese. Another typical feature of Emilian dialects is extreme syncope, i.e. loss of atonic vowels within a word. As an example we can have the Bolognese words: śbdèl (hospital), bdòć (louse), and dscårrer (speak).
The nasal alveolar ŋ (transcribed in Bolognese orthography with the grapheme ń) as in cuséń [ku'zeŋ] cousin').
The plural forms are made up either with a consonant alternation, similarly to some Germanic languages, or vowel distinctions: źnòć (knee) and źnûć (knees); dutåur (doctor) and dutûr (doctors); calzaider (bucket) and calzîder (buckets), with special suffix changes: martèl (hammer) and martî (hammers); fiôl (son) and fiû (sons), cuséna (female cousin) and cuséni (female cousins) [but: cuséna (kitchen) and cusén (kitchens)] or with no modifications: lèg (lake) and lèg (lakes).
Various verb classes
The presence of a verbal system with an affirmative conjugation and an interrogative conjugation (Example: the present tense form of the verb fèr to do): mé a fag (I do) - faghia (do I do?); té t fè (You do) - fèt (Do you do?); lò/lì al/la fà (he/she does) - fèl/fèla (does he/she do?); nuèter [or nuièter] a fän (We do) - faggna (Do we do?); vuèter [or vuièter] a fèv (You (pl.) do) - fèdi (do you do?); låur i/al fàn (they [m/f] do); fèni (do they do?)
The presence of two kinds of personal pronouns, tonic and clitic (atonic and inseparable verb host) that are used in the verbal conjugation:

me a sun [or so'] andèe - I went (not to be compared with e.g. moi, Je suis allé in French, where moi and je are functionally quite different from the Bolognese forms).

Emiliano-Romagnolo is not mutually intelligible with Italian and the two languages belong to different branches of the Romance language family tree (respectively Western Romance and Italo-Dalmatian). An uncommon feature for a Romance language is the extensive use of idiomatic phrasal verbs (verb-particle constructions) much in the same way as in English and other Germanic languages, above all in Western Emiliano, Vogherese-Pavese and Mantovano. Examples: dèr so (lit. give up, same as in English); fèr so (lit. do up, meaning: to tidy up); dèr zå (lit. give down, meaning: to brush or to beat); mètter vî (lit. to put away, meaning: to lock); dîr so (lit. to tell up, meaning: to call up); dèr vî (lit. to give away, same as in English); èser dré (action in progress, a form of gerund: A san dré ch'a fag - I'm doing); avair dré (to have with yourself: A i ò dré di sold - I have money with me).

Usage

The use of Emiliano-Romagnolo has in the past been stigmatized in Emiliano-Romagnolo speaking areas, due to a number of historical and social reasons; speaking the 'dialect' was considered a sign of poor schooling or low social status. It now appears to have lost its negative connotations: native speakers use it to address close friends and family, so its usage has come to mean "I feel well, I feel in the company of friends". Emiliano-Romagnolo is also commonly used in manufacturing industry or construction workplaces, where it is not uncommon to find foreign immigrants who speak it with workmates.

Words

Yes - Sé, Ói (bolognese); sì (piacentino)
No - Nå (bolognese); no (piacentino)
I love you - A t vói bän (bolognese); a t' vöi bëin (piacentino)
Thanks, Thank you - A t aringrâzi (bolognese); a t' ringrasi (piacentino)
Good morning - Bån dé (bolognese); bon giùran (piacentino)
Good bye - A se vdrän (bolognese); arvëdas (piacentino)
I - Mé, A (bolognese); me, mi (piacentino)
And - E
How much is it - Quant véńnel? csa cåsstel? (bolognese); cus al custa, quant al custa, cus al vegna? (paicentino)
What's your name? - Cum t ciâmet? (bolognese); cma ta ciamat? (piacentino)
My name is... - A m ciâm ... (bolognese); me/mi a m' ciam... (piacentino)
Tree - Âlber (bolognese); pianta, ärbul (piacentino)
England - Inghiltèra
London - Lånndra
Emilia - Romagna - Emégglia-Rumâgna (bolognese); Emilia-Rumagna (piacnetino)
Bologna - Bulåggna (bolognese); Bulogna (piacentino)
Forlì - Furlè (forlivese)
City - Zitè
Coffee - Cafà (bolognese); café (piacentino)
Wine - Vén (bolognese); vëin (piacentino)
Water - Âcua
Nine - Nôv (bolognese); növ (piacentino)
Sun - Såul (bolognese); sul (piacentino)
Language - Längua (bolognese); lëingua (piacentino)
God - Dìo (bolognese); diu (piacentino)
See you - A t salût
Excuse me - Scuśèm, ch'al scûśa bän (bolognese); scüsìm, scüsèm (piacentino)
Do you speak English/Emilian? - Dscårret in inglaiś/emigliàn?
Nation - Naziån
Father - Pèder
Mother - Mèder
Brother - Fradèl
Sister - Surèla
Son - Burdèl, bastérd (forlivese, romagnolo)
Doctor - Dutåur
America - Amêrica
Africa - Âfrica
Antarctica - Antàrrtide
Italy- Itâglia
Germany - Germâgna
Army - Esêrzit
World - Månnd
Peace - Pèś
War - Guèra

External links

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Infobox language
-The name Emiliano-Romagnolo  is misleading when referring to regional culture which includes aspects such as language, customs, and cuisine. <br/>
+|name=Emiliano-Romagnolo
-There is an [[Emilian language]] and a [[Romagnol language]]. There has never been such a thing as an «Emiliano-Romagnolo» language.
+|nativename=Emiliàn e rumagnòl
+|states={{flag|Italy}}<br>{{flag|San Marino}}
+|speakers=2 million
+|familycolor=Indo-European
+|fam2=[[Italic languages|Italic]]
+|fam3=[[Romance languages|Romance]]
+|fam4=[[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
+|fam5=[[Gallo-Italic]]
+|iso2=roa
+|lc1=egl|ld1=Emilian|ll1=Emilian language
+|lc2=rgn|ld2=Romagnol|ll2=Romagnol language
+}}
+[[Image:Emiliano-Romagnolo area.jpg|thumb|right|400px||Areas where Emiliano-Romagnolo is spoken]]
+'''Emiliano-Romagnolo''' (also known as ''Emilian-Romagnolo'') is a [[Romance language]] mostly spoken in [[Emilia-Romagna]], [[Italy]]. It belongs to the [[Northern Italian]] group within [[Romance languages]] (like [[Piedmontese]], [[Lombard language|Lombard]], [[Ligurian language|Ligurian]] and [[Venetian language|Venetian]]), which is included in the wider group of western Romance languages (like [[French language|French]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[Catalan language|Catalan]]). It is considered as a minority language, structurally separated from [[Italian language|Italian]] by the [[Ethnologue]] and by the ''[[Red Book of Endangered Languages]]'' of [[UNESCO]]. Although commonly referred to as an Italian dialect (even by its speakers), it does not descend from the Italian language. It lacks a [[Koiné language|koiné]].
+==Geographic extent==
-The sole reason why [[ISO 639-3]] code «eml» was once created was because, with the inception of the [[Constitution of Italy|Italian Constitution]], in 1948 the Region of [[Emilia-Romagna]] was born. This name never previously existed in [[History of Italy|Italian history]]. [[Emilia]] and [[Romagna]] had been two different regions of Italy for centuries in the past.<br/>
+It is spoken in the Northern [[Italy|Italian]] regions of [[Emilia-Romagna]] and [[Lombardy]] (provinces of [[Pavia]] and [[Mantua]]), the Central Italian regions of [[Tuscany]] (province of [[Massa-Carrara]]) and [[Marche]] (province of [[Pesaro e Urbino]]) and in the Republic of [[San Marino]].
+==Varieties==
-From 1815 to 1860 Lombardia and Veneto were merged to create the [[Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia]]. Nevertheless, nobody referred to Milan nor Venice as  Lombardian-Venetian cities, Milan still remained a Lombardian city , and Venice remained a Venetian city. The same holds true for Emilia-Romagna. Bologna is an Emilian city while Ravenna is a Romagnol city.
+{{Cleanup-section|date=March 2009}}
-There is Emilian cuisine and Romagnol cuisine. There isn't an  Emiliano-Romagnolo cuisine in Italy.
+Emiliano-Romagnolo varies considerably across the region, and several dialects exist (e.g.: Piacentino has much more in common with [[Lombard language|Lombard]] than with Central or Eastern Emiliano and it is hardly intelligible by a speaker from [[Bologna]], the capital of [[Emilia-Romagna]]). A major distinction is usually made between Emiliano and Romagnolo, seen as separate languages by some [[linguists]]. The latter is spoken in the provinces of [[province of Forlì-Cesena|Forlì-Cesena]], [[province of Ravenna|Ravenna]], [[province of Rimini|Rimini]] but also in [[province of Pesaro and Urbino|Pesaro e Urbino]], in the region of [[Marche]], which formed the historical region of [[Romagna]]. The heart-city of Romagnolo is [[Forlì]], because it is the ''meditullium'' of [[Romagna]], as [[Dante Alighieri]] says.
+Emiliano-Romagnolo can be subdivided into two main subgroups, which in turn are made up further varieties:
-Nowadays, Italy is seeing a revival of dialects, after a period over the last 40 years when regional dialects couldn't be spoken on national TV or radio. Many cultural institutes were established to keep dialects alive in both Emilia and Romagna.
+{| class="wikitable" border="1"
-==History==
+|-
-Here is a brief history of the [[Emilia]] and [[Romagna]] names. Before 1948 there weren't geopolitical regions in Italy. There were about 90 provinces, and Emilia and Romagna were two clearly distinctive regions. Before the unification of Italy in 1861, one could find on a map only the name Romagna, or "Romagne", the Italian plural of Romagna. The name Emilia did not appear. <br/>
+!Group
-Instead of Emilia one could find the [[Duchy of Parma]], the [[Duchy of Ferrara]], the [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio]], and other dukedoms. Historically and culturally, Emilia and Romagna were formed many centuries before the creation of this geopolitical region. People from these regions have the feeling of being "Romagnol" or "Emilian". It is very evident to anyone who is from either of these two regions. An inhabitant of [[Ravenna]] knows clearly that he/she is Romagnol, the same for people from Bologna: they know they are Emilian.
+!Dialect
+|-
+|rowspan=8| Emilian
+|Western Emiliano (Piacentino)
+|-
+|Carrarese
+|-
+|Lunigiano
+|-
+|Massese (mixed with some Tuscanian features)
+|-
+|Central Emiliano (Reggiano and Modenese)
+|-
+|Center-Western Emiliano (Parmigiano)
+|-
+|Southern Emiliano (Bolognese)
+|-
+|North-Eastern Emiliano (Ferrarese)
+|-
+|rowspan=2|Romagnolo
+|Northern Romagnolo
+|-
+|Southern Romagnolo
+|}
+Two varieties are considered by most linguists as transitional idioms between Emiliano-Romagnolo and [[Lombard language|Lombard]], since they{{Who|date=March 2009}} have common features:
-Finally, Emilian language and Romagnol language do not share a common literature. Romagnol literature begins in the late XVI century with Pvlon matt  <ref>There is critical edition of the poem in English, translated by British linguist Douglas Bartlett Gregor. This is the card of the book:
+* Mantovano
+* Vogherese-Pavese
+==Features==
-Mad Nap ("Pvlon Matt"): An anonymous Romagnol poem of the sixteenth century translated into English verse and Italian prose, and annotated / D. B. Gregor. - Cambridge : The Oleander Press, c1976. - 237 p.</ref>
+The variants of both dialects have common features with all the other languages of the [[Gallo-Italic]] group. The most important are:
+*With respect to Italian, the loss of all final unstressed vowel except for ''a'' and the subsequent vowel stretching of the tonic syllable, that may generate a diphthong. In Bolognese we have: ''mèder'' (mother), ''dutåur'' (doctor), ''âlber'' (tree).
-Emilian language too has its own history, with many [[writer]]s, [[poets]] and [[playwright]]s.
+*Rounded vowels which are typical of the [[Gallo-Iberian]] area. In Carrarese and Western Emiliano there are four of them: ''ä'', ''ü'', ''ö'', and ''å'' (in Western Emiliano there is also ''ë'', a sort of [[schwa]] similar to the ''third vowel'' of [[Piedmontese]]). In Bolognese there are two: (''ä'' and ''å''), in Central Emilian only ''ä''. The phonetic of the same word may vary across the diffusion area of this idiom, as in the case of the word ''snail'', written as ''lümäga'' in Western Emiliano and as ''lumèga'' in Bolognese. Another typical feature of Emilian dialects is extreme syncope, i.e. loss of atonic vowels within a word. As an example we can have the Bolognese words: ''śbdèl'' (hospital), ''bdòć'' (louse), and ''dscårrer'' (speak).
+*The nasal alveolar '''ŋ''' (transcribed in Bolognese orthography with the grapheme ''ń'') as in ''cuséń'' [ku'zeŋ] '''cousin'''').
+*The plural forms are made up either with a consonant alternation, similarly to some [[Germanic languages]], or vowel distinctions: ''źnòć'' (knee) and ''źnûć'' (knees); ''dutåur'' (doctor) and ''dutûr'' (doctors); ''calzaider'' (bucket) and ''calzîder'' (buckets), with special suffix changes: ''martèl'' (hammer) and ''martî'' (hammers); ''fiôl'' (son) and ''fiû'' (sons), ''cuséna'' (female cousin) and ''cuséni'' (female cousins) [but: ''cuséna'' (kitchen) and ''cusén'' (kitchens)] or with no modifications: ''lèg'' (lake) and ''lèg'' (lakes).
+*Various verb classes
+*The presence of a verbal system with an affirmative conjugation and an interrogative conjugation (Example: the present tense form of the verb ''fèr'' '''to do'''): ''mé a fag'' (I do) - ''faghia'' (do I do?); ''té t fè'' (You do) - ''fèt'' (Do you do?); ''lò/lì al/la fà'' (he/she does) - ''fèl/fèla'' (does he/she do?); ''nuèter [''or'' nuièter] a fän'' (We do) - ''faggna'' (Do we do?); ''vuèter [''or'' vuièter] a fèv'' (You (pl.) do) - ''fèdi'' (do you do?); ''låur i/al fàn'' (they [m/f] do); ''fèni'' (do they do?)
+*The presence of two kinds of personal pronouns, tonic and clitic (atonic and inseparable verb host) that are used in the verbal conjugation:
+:''me a sun [''or'' so'] andèe'' - I went (not to be compared with e.g. ''moi, Je suis allé'' in [[French language|French]], where ''moi'' and je are functionally quite different from the Bolognese forms).
+Emiliano-Romagnolo is not mutually intelligible with Italian and the two languages belong to different branches of the Romance language family tree (respectively Western Romance and Italo-Dalmatian). An uncommon feature for a Romance language is the extensive use of idiomatic phrasal verbs (verb-particle constructions) much in the same way as in English and other Germanic languages, above all in Western Emiliano, Vogherese-Pavese and Mantovano.
-==Notes==
+Examples: ''dèr so'' (lit. give up, same as in [[English language|English]]); ''fèr so'' (lit. do up, meaning: to tidy up); ''dèr zå'' (lit. give down, meaning: to brush or to beat); ''mètter vî'' (lit. to put away, meaning: to lock); ''dîr so'' (lit. to tell up, meaning: to call up); ''dèr vî'' (lit. to give away, same as in English); ''èser dré'' (action in progress, a form of [[gerund]]: ''A san dré ch'a fag'' - ''I'm doing''); ''avair dré'' (to have with yourself: ''A i ò dré di sold'' - ''I have money with me'').
-<references/>
+==Usage==
+The use of Emiliano-Romagnolo has in the past been stigmatized in Emiliano-Romagnolo speaking areas, due to a number of historical and social reasons; speaking the 'dialect' was considered a sign of poor schooling or low social status. It now appears to have lost its negative connotations: native speakers use it to address close friends and family, so its usage has come to mean "I feel well, I feel in the company of friends". Emiliano-Romagnolo is also commonly used in manufacturing industry or construction workplaces, where it is not uncommon to find foreign immigrants who speak it with workmates.
+== Words ==
+*Yes - Sé, Ói (bolognese); sì (piacentino)
+*No - Nå (bolognese); no (piacentino)
+*I love you - A t vói bän (bolognese); a t' vöi bëin (piacentino)
+*Thanks, Thank you - A t aringrâzi (bolognese); a t' ringrasi (piacentino)
+*Good morning - Bån dé (bolognese); bon giùran (piacentino)
+*Good bye - A se vdrän (bolognese); arvëdas (piacentino)
+*I - Mé, A (bolognese); me, mi (piacentino)
+*And - E
+*How much is it - Quant véńnel? csa cåsstel? (bolognese); cus al custa, quant al custa, cus al vegna? (paicentino)
+*What's your name? - Cum t ciâmet? (bolognese); cma ta ciamat? (piacentino)
+*My name is... - A m ciâm ... (bolognese); me/mi a m' ciam... (piacentino)
+*Tree - Âlber (bolognese); pianta, ärbul (piacentino)
+*England  - Inghiltèra
+*London - Lånndra
+*Emilia - Romagna - Emégglia-Rumâgna (bolognese); Emilia-Rumagna (piacnetino)
+*Bologna  - Bulåggna (bolognese); Bulogna (piacentino)
+*Forlì - Furlè (forlivese)
+*City  - Zitè
+*Coffee - Cafà (bolognese); café (piacentino)
+*Wine - Vén (bolognese); vëin (piacentino)
+*Water - Âcua
+*Nine - Nôv (bolognese); növ (piacentino)
+*Sun - Såul (bolognese); sul (piacentino)
+*Language - Längua (bolognese); lëingua (piacentino)
+*God - Dìo (bolognese); diu (piacentino)
+*See you - A t salût
+*Excuse me - Scuśèm, ch'al scûśa bän (bolognese); scüsìm, scüsèm (piacentino)
+*Do you speak English/Emilian? - Dscårret in inglaiś/emigliàn?
+*Nation - Naziån
+*Father - Pèder
+*Mother - Mèder
+*Brother - Fradèl
+*Sister - Surèla
+*Son - Burdèl, bastérd (forlivese, romagnolo)
+*Doctor - Dutåur
+*America - Amêrica
+*Africa - Âfrica
+*Antarctica - Antàrrtide
+*Italy- Itâglia
+*Germany - Germâgna
+*Army - Esêrzit
+*World - Månnd
+*Peace - Pèś
+*War - Guèra
+==External links==
+{{Interwiki|code=eml}}
+* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eml Emiliano Romagnolo on Ethnologue]
+* [http://www.bulgnais.com A website on the Bolognese dialect]
+* [http://www.parmaindialetto.it/Dialetto/Dialetto.html A website on the Parmigiano dialect]
+* [http://bettolapc.interfree.it/dialetto/dialetto.html A website on the Piacentino dialect]
+* [http://ww2.comune.fe.it/dialetto/index.phtml?id=1 A website on the Ferrarese dialect]
+* [http://argaza.racine.ra.it/ A website on the Romagnolo dialect]
 {{Romance languages}}
@@ Line 26: / Line 135: @@
 [[Category:Gallo-Italic languages]]
 [[Category:Languages of Italy]]
+[[ca:Emilià-romanyol]]
+[[de:Emilianische Sprache]]
+[[eml:Langua emiglièna-rumagnôla]]
+[[es:Idioma emiliano-romañolo]]
+[[fr:Émilien-romagnol]]
+[[hr:Emilijano-romanjolo]]
+[[it:Lingua emiliano-romagnola]]
+[[lij:Lengua emiliæn]]
+[[lmo:Lengua Emiliana-Rumagnöla]]
+[[hu:Emilián–romanyol nyelv]]
+[[nl:Emiliano-Romagnolo]]
+[[ja:エミリア・ロマーニャ語]]
+[[oc:Emilian-romanhòu]]
+[[pms:Lenga emilian-romagneula]]
+[[pl:Język emilijski]]
+[[ru:Эмилиано-романьольское наречие]]
+[[stq:Emilianisk]]
+[[sv:Emiliano-romagnolo]]