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The Philippines, Guam, Samoa, the Marshall Islands, most of the United States, and many other nations were never part of the British Empire. They are in the Anglosphere because of the United States. The very term "Anglosphere" was created in the US by an American. It has nothing to do with the British Empire.
Tag: Reverted
Undid revision 1146195238 by 021120x (talk) That line is a summary of the main. The term was *defined* by British journalist John Lloyd. The article is clear that anglosphere != anglophone, and th epoint here is that typically it is these. A larger discussion is possible about the *whole* concept but messing with the lead doesn't help. Please take to talk.
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{{Legend|#0099FF|Outer sphere (English-using states of other civilisations)}}
{{Legend|#0099FF|Outer sphere (English-using states of other civilisations)}}
{{Legend|#bdd3f9|Periphery (states where English is widely used but is not an official governmental language)}}]]
{{Legend|#bdd3f9|Periphery (states where English is widely used but is not an official governmental language)}}]]
The '''Anglosphere''' is a group of [[English-speaking world|English-speaking]] nations that share cultural or historical ties with the [[United Kingdom]], and which today maintain close political, diplomatic and military co-operation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with [[anglophone]].
The '''Anglosphere''' is a group of [[English-speaking world|English-speaking]] nations that share cultural or historical ties with the [[United Kingdom]], and which today maintain close political, diplomatic and military co-operation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with [[anglophone]], though the nations that are commonly included were all once part of the [[British Empire]].


The five core countries of the Anglosphere are usually taken to be [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]]. These countries enjoy close cultural and diplomatic links with one another and are aligned under military and security programmes.
The five core countries of the Anglosphere are usually taken to be [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]]. These countries enjoy close cultural and diplomatic links with one another and are aligned under military and security programmes.

Revision as of 12:05, 23 March 2023

This article is about countries with cultural and linguistic connections to England and the United Kingdom. For usage of English worldwide, see English-speaking world.

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Anglosphere_Geometry.svg
The Anglosphere, according to James Bennett (The Anglosphere Challenge)[1]
  Core Anglosphere
  Middle Anglosphere (states where English is one of several official languages)
  Outer sphere (English-using states of other civilisations)
  Periphery (states where English is widely used but is not an official governmental language)

The Anglosphere is a group of English-speaking nations that share cultural or historical ties with the United Kingdom, and which today maintain close political, diplomatic and military co-operation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with anglophone, though the nations that are commonly included were all once part of the British Empire.

The five core countries of the Anglosphere are usually taken to be Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries enjoy close cultural and diplomatic links with one another and are aligned under military and security programmes.

Definitions and variable geometry

The term Anglosphere was first coined, but not explicitly defined, by the science fiction writer Neal Stephenson in his book The Diamond Age, published in 1995. John Lloyd adopted the term in 2000 and defined it as including English-speaking countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, and the British West Indies.[2] The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".[3][a] However the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with anglophone, though the nations that are commonly included were all once part of the British Empire.[4]

Core Anglosphere

The definition is usually taken to include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States[5] in a grouping of developed countries called the core Anglosphere. This term can also encompass Ireland[6] and less frequently Malta and the Commonwealth Caribbean countries.[2]

The five core countries in the Anglosphere are developed countries that maintain close cultural and diplomatic links with one another. They are aligned under such military and security programmes as:[7][2][8][9]

Public opinion research has found that people in the five core Anglosphere countries consistently rank each other's countries as their country's most important allies in the world.[citation needed] Relations have traditionally been warm between Anglosphere countries, with bilateral partnerships such as those between Australia and New Zealand, the United States and Canada and the United States and the United Kingdom (the Special Relationship) constituting the most successful partnerships in the world.[10][11][12]

In terms of political systems, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have Charles III as head of state, form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and use the Westminster parliamentary system of government. Most of the core countries have first-past-the-post electoral systems, though Australia and New Zealand have reformed their systems and there are other systems used in some elections in the UK. As a consequence, most core Anglosphere countries have politics dominated by two major parties.

Below is a table comparing the five core countries of the Anglosphere (data for 2021/2022):

Country Population Land area
(km2)[13] 		GDP PPP
(USD bn)[14] 		GDP PPP per capita
(USD)[14] 		National wealth PPP (USD bn)[15][14][16] Military spending PPP
(USD bn)[17]
Australia 26,009,249[18] 7,692,020 1,346 52,675 7,661 22.0
Canada 38,708,793[19] 9,984,670 1,932 51,477 9,971 23.3
New Zealand 5,130,623[20] 262,443 218 43,686 1,229 3.1
United Kingdom 67,081,234[21] 241,930 3,246 48,599 16,208 70.2
United States 332,718,707[22] 9,833,520 21,373 65,052 114,932 734.3
Core Anglosphere 469,648,606 27,329,350 28,115 60,668 150,001 852.9
... as % of World 5.9% 18.4% 20.8% 3.4× 24.9% 32.9%
Further information: § Comparing core Anglosphere

Culture and economics

Due to their historic links, the Anglosphere countries share many cultural traits that still persist today. Most countries in the Anglosphere follow the rule of law through common law rather than civil law, and favour democracy with legislative chambers above other political systems.[23] Private property is protected by law or constitution.[24]

Market freedom is high in the five core Anglosphere countries, as all five share the Anglo-Saxon economic model – a capitalist model that emerged in the 1970s based on the Chicago school of economics with origins from the 18th century United Kingdom.[25] The shared sense of globalisation led cities such as New York, London, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Toronto to have considerable impacts on the financial markets and the global economy.[26] Global popular culture has been highly influenced by the United States and the United Kingdom.[24]

Proponents and critics

Proponents of the Anglosphere concept typically come from the political right (such as Andrew Roberts of the UK Conservative Party), and critics from the centre-left (for example Michael Ignatieff of the Liberal Party of Canada).

Proponents

As early as 1897, Albert Venn Dicey proposed an Anglo-Saxon "intercitizenship" during an address to the Fellows of All Souls at Oxford.[27]

Further information: 19th-century Anglo-Saxonism

The American businessman James C. Bennett,[28] a proponent of the idea that there is something special about the cultural and legal (common law) traditions of English-speaking nations, writes in his 2004 book The Anglosphere Challenge:

The Anglosphere, as a network civilization without a corresponding political form, has necessarily imprecise boundaries. Geographically, the densest nodes of the Anglosphere are found in the United States and the United Kingdom. English-speaking Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and English-speaking South Africa (who constitute a very small minority in that country) are also significant populations. The English-speaking Caribbean, English-speaking Oceania and the English-speaking educated populations in Africa and India constitute other important nodes.[7]

Bennett argues that there are two challenges confronting his concept of the Anglosphere. The first is finding ways to cope with rapid technological advancement and the second is the geopolitical challenges created by what he assumes will be an increasing gap between anglophone prosperity and economic struggles elsewhere.[29]

British historian Andrew Roberts claims that the Anglosphere has been central in the First World War, Second World War and Cold War. He goes on to contend that anglophone unity is necessary for the defeat of Islamism.[30]

According to a 2003 profile in The Guardian, historian Robert Conquest favoured a British withdrawal from the European Union in favour of creating "a much looser association of English-speaking nations, known as the 'Anglosphere'".[31][32]

CANZUK

Main article: CANZUK

Favourability ratings tend to be overwhelmingly positive between countries within a subset of the core Anglosphere known as CANZUK (consisting of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom),[33][34][35][36] whose members form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and retain Charles III as head of state. In the wake of the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union (Brexit) as a result of a referendum held in 2016, there has been mounting political and popular support for a loose free travel and common market area to be formed among the CANZUK countries.[37][38][39]

Criticisms

In 2000, Michael Ignatieff wrote in an exchange with Robert Conquest, published by the New York Review of Books, that the term neglects the evolution of fundamental legal and cultural differences between the US and the UK, and the ways in which UK and European norms drew closer together during Britain's membership in the EU through regulatory harmonisation. Of Conquest's view of the Anglosphere, Ignatieff writes: "He seems to believe that Britain should either withdraw from Europe or refuse all further measures of cooperation, which would jeopardize Europe's real achievements. He wants Britain to throw in its lot with a union of English-speaking peoples, and I believe this to be a romantic illusion".[40]

In 2016, Nick Cohen wrote in an article titled "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit" for The Spectator's Coffee House blog: "'Anglosphere' is just the right's PC replacement for what we used to call in blunter times 'the white Commonwealth'."[41][42] He repeated this criticism in another article for The Guardian in 2018.[43] Similar criticism was presented by other critics such as Canadian academic Srđan Vučetić.[44][45]

In 2018, amidst the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, two British professors of public policy Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce published a critical scholarly monograph titled Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics (ISBN 978-1509516612). In one of a series of accompanying opinion pieces, they questioned:[46]

The tragedy of the different national orientations that have emerged in British politics after empire—whether pro-European, Anglo-American, Anglospheric or some combination of these—is that none of them has yet been the compelling, coherent and popular answer to the country's most important question: How should Britain find its way in the wider, modern world?

They stated in another article:[47]

Meanwhile, the other core English-speaking countries to which the Anglosphere refers, show no serious inclination to join the UK in forging new political and economic alliances. They will, most likely, continue to work within existing regional and international institutions and remain indifferent to – or simply perplexed by – calls for some kind of formalised Anglosphere alliance.

Opinion polls

A 2020 poll by YouGov revealed that all four of the other core Anglosphere countries were among the top 10 most positively viewed countries by Americans, with Australia and Canada ranking behind only the United States itself in the poll.[48] Another 2020 poll by YouGov showed that New Zealand, Canada and Australia were the most positively viewed countries by the British.[49]

A 2018 poll by the Lowy Institute similarly indicated that New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom were the three most positively viewed countries by Australians.[50] Their 2020 version of the poll again put Canada and the United Kingdom at the top, but New Zealand was not included as an option.[51] A 2020 poll by the Macdonald–Laurier Institute suggested that Australia was the most positively viewed country by Canadians.[52] Australia and the U.S. were ranked as having the most favorable view of Canada's influence to the outside world, according to a 2012 GlobeScan survey of 22 countries.[53] In a 2019 Pew Research Center poll, a plurality of Canadians and Australians named the United States as their country's closest ally.[54]

Comparing core Anglosphere

Comparing core Anglosphere
Country Australia[55] Canada[56] New Zealand[57] United Kingdom[58] United States[59]
Flag Australia Canada New Zealand United Kingdom United States
Coat of arms Australia Canada New Zealand United Kingdom United States
Population 25,522,169
(as of 2019)[60] 		37,971,020
(as of 2020)[61] 		5,124,850
(as of July 2021)[62] 		66,796,807
(as of 2019)[63] 		332,718,707[22]
Area 7,741,220 km2[16] 9,984,670 km2[13] 268,838 km2[17] 243,610 km2[24] 9,833,520
Population density 3.3/km2 3.9/km2 18.3/km2 270.7/km2 33.8/km2
Exclusive Economic Zone[64] 8,505,348 km2 5,559,077 km2 4,420,565 km2 6,805,586 km2 11,351,000 km2
Capital city Canberra Ottawa Wellington London Washington, D.C.
Largest urban areas
(2021)

[13][16][17][24]

  • Auckland: 1.630 million
  • Wellington: 417,000
Form of government Federal parliamentary
constitutional monarchy[16] 		Federal parliamentary
constitutional monarchy[13] 		Unitary parliamentary
constitutional monarchy[17] 		Unitary parliamentary
constitutional monarchy[24] 		Federal presidential
constitutional republic
Head of State King Charles III
(Governor-General David Hurley) 		King Charles III
(Governor General Mary Simon) 		King Charles III
(Governor-General Cindy Kiro) 		King Charles III President
Joe Biden
Head of government Prime Minister
Anthony Albanese 		Prime Minister
Justin Trudeau 		Prime Minister
Chris Hipkins 		Prime Minister
Rishi Sunak
Governing party (international affiliation) Labor Party (PA) Liberal Party (LI) Labour Party (PA) Conservative Party (IDU) Democratic Party
Largest opposition party (international affiliation) Liberal Party (IDU) Conservative Party (IDU) National Party (IDU) Labour Party (PA) Republican Party (IDU)
Official languages None (de facto Australian English) Canadian English
Canadian French 		Māori
New Zealand Sign Language
(de facto New Zealand English[b]) 		None (de facto British English) None (de facto American English)
Main religions
(As of 2021)[c]
(As of 2021)[d]
(As of 2018)[e]
(As of 2021)[68]
(As of 2020)[f]
Currency Australian dollar Canadian dollar New Zealand dollar Pound sterling United States dollar

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The group of countries where English is the main native language." (Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2 ).
  2. ^ English is a de facto official language due to its widespread use[66]
  3. ^ Australian religions are 2021 estimates.[16]
  4. ^ Canadian religions are 2021 estimates.[67]
  5. ^ New Zealand religions are "based on the 2018 census of the usually resident population; percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one."[17]
  6. ^ American religions are 2020 estimates.[71][74]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Browning, Christopher S. and Tonra, Ben (2010) "Beyond the West and towards the Anglosphere?" In: Browning, Christopher S. and Lehti, Marko, (eds.) The struggle for the West: a divided and contested legacy. Abingdon, Oxfordshire; New York: Routledge, pp. 161–181. ISBN 9780415476836: https://www.academia.edu/341929/Beyond_the_West_and_Towards_the_Anglosphere
  2. ^ a b c Lloyd 2000.
  3. ^ *Merriam-Webster Staff (2010). "Anglosphere". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
  4. ^ "The Anglosphere and its Others: The 'English-speaking Peoples' in a Changing World Order – British Academy". British Academy.
  5. ^ "The Anglosphere: Past, present and future". The British Academy.
  6. ^ Kuper, Simon (21 November 2014). "Which way is Ireland going?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  7. ^ a b Bennett 2004, p. 80.
  8. ^ Legrand 2015.
  9. ^ Legrand 2016.
  10. ^ "The Trans-Tasman Relationship: A New Zealand Perspective" (PDF).
  11. ^ "U.S. and Canada: The World's Most Successful Bilateral Relationship". RealClearWorld. 9 March 2016.
  12. ^ Marsh, Steve (1 June 2012). "'Global Security: US–UK relations': lessons for the special relationship?". Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 10 (2): 182–199. doi:10.1080/14794012.2012.678119. S2CID 145271477.
  13. ^ a b c d "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  14. ^ a b c "World Economic Outlook Database: October 2021". IMF. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  15. ^ "Credit Suisse Global Wealth Databook 2021" (PDF).
  16. ^ a b c d e Credit Suisse figures adjusted using IMF WEO Oct 2021 GDP-PPP exchange rates.
  17. ^ a b c d e Robertson, Peter E. (2022). "The Real Military Balance: International Comparisons of Defense Spending". Review of Income and Wealth. 68 (3): 797–818. doi:10.1111/roiw.12536. ISSN 1475-4991. S2CID 240601701.
  18. ^ "Population clock". www.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  19. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (11 July 2018). "Canada's population clock (real-time model)". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  20. ^ "Population clock". archive.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  21. ^ "Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2020". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  22. ^ a b "Population Clock". www.census.gov. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  23. ^ "The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  24. ^ a b c d e Michael Chertoff; et al. (2008). Building an Americanization Movement for the Twenty-first Century: A Report to the President of the United States from the Task Force on New Americans (PDF). Washington D.C. ISBN 978-0-16-082095-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ Kidd, John B.; Richter, Frank-Jürgen (2006). Development models, globalization and economies : a search for the Holy Grail?. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230523555. OCLC 71339998.
  26. ^ "Global Cities Index 2019". A.T. Kearney.
  27. ^ L. Dyer, "Anglo-Saxon Citizenship," The Barrister 3 (1897):107. Cited in Dimitry Kochenov (2019) Citizenship ISBN 9780262537797, page 139.
  28. ^ Reynolds, Glenn (28 October 2004). "Explaining the 'Anglosphere'". The Guardian.
  29. ^ Bennett 2004[page needed]
  30. ^ Roberts 2006[page needed]
  31. ^ Brown 2003.
  32. ^ "The power of the Anglosphere in Eurosceptical thought". 10 December 2015.
  33. ^ "Sharp Drop in World Views of US, UK: Global Poll – GlobeScan". 4 July 2017.
  34. ^ "From the Outside In: G20 views of the UK before and after the EU referendum'" (PDF).
  35. ^ "Poll: Who's New Zealand's best friend?". Newshub. 22 June 2017 – via www.newshub.co.nz.
  36. ^ "Poll". Lowy Institute. 2018.
  37. ^ "CANZUK, Conservatives and Canada: Marching backward to empire – iPolitics". 24 February 2017.
  38. ^ "UK public strongly backs freedom to live and work in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  39. ^ "Survey Reveals Support For CANZUK Free Movement". CANZUK International.
  40. ^ Conquest & Reply by Ignatieff 2000.
  41. ^ Cohen, Nick (12 April 2016). "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit - Coffee House".
  42. ^ "The Guardian view on the EU debate: it's about much more than migration | Editorial". The Guardian. 1 June 2016 – via www.theguardian.com.
  43. ^ Cohen, Nick (14 July 2018). "Brexit Britain is out of options. Our humiliation is painful to watch - Nick Cohen". The Guardian.
  44. ^ Vucetic, Srdjan (24 February 2017). "CANZUK, Conservatives and Canada: Marching backward to empire - iPolitics".
  45. ^ Vucetic, Srdjan (26 April 2016). "Canada and the Anglo World – where do we stand?". OpenCanada.
  46. ^ Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (13 July 2018). "Opinion – Britain, Time to Let Go of the 'Anglosphere'". The New York Times.
  47. ^ Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (11 May 2018). "In the shadows of empire: how the Anglosphere dream lives on – UK in a changing Europe".
  48. ^ "What countries do Americans like most? | YouGov". today.yougov.com.
  49. ^ "New Zealand is Britons' favourite country | YouGov". yougov.co.uk.
  50. ^ "2018 Lowy Institute Poll". www.lowyinstitute.org.
  51. ^ "Feelings towards other nations". Lowy Institute Poll 2020.
  52. ^ "Canada's Role in the World – Part One: A Macdonald-Laurier Institute poll (November 2020)" (PDF).
  53. ^ "Canada viewed as positive influence by other countries: poll". vancouversun.
  54. ^ "Countries where the U.S. is seen as top ally". Pew Research.
  55. ^ "Australia". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 August 2020. (Archived 2020 edition.)
  56. ^ "Canada". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 June 2020. (Archived 2020 edition.)
  57. ^ "New Zealand". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 June 2020. (Archived 2020 edition.)
  58. ^ "United Kingdom". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 June 2020. (Archived 2020 edition.)
  59. ^ "United States". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  60. ^ "Main Features - Key statistics". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  61. ^ Statistics Canada (18 June 2020). "Population estimates, quarterly". Statistics Canada. doi:10.25318/1710000901-eng. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  62. ^ "Estimated Resident Population (Mean Quarter Ended)". Statistics New Zealand. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  63. ^ "Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland". Office for National Statistics. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  64. ^ "Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity". www.seaaroundus.org. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  65. ^ "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019. Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.
  66. ^ [1], (PDF) (Report). p. 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015. "In addition to the Māori language, New Zealand Sign Language is also an official language of New Zealand. The New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006 permits the use of NZSL in legal proceedings, facilitates competency standards for its interpretation and guides government departments in its promotion and use. English, the medium for teaching and learning in most schools, is a de facto official language by virtue of its widespread use. For these reasons, these three languages have special mention in the New Zealand Curriculum.".
  67. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  68. ^ "Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  69. ^ "About Three-in-Ten US adults Are Now Religiously Unaffiliated," Pew Research Center, 2021/12/14
  70. ^ Pew Research Center, 2021/12/14
  71. ^ "PRRI — American Values Atlas". The American Values Atlas. Public Religion Research Institute. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  72. ^ "B16001LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER". data.census.gov. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  73. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  74. ^ The United States does not measure religion during its censuses. However, the 2021 American Community Survey found that 318,588 Americans spoke Punjabi at home.[72] The 2021 Canadian census found that 520,390 Canadians spoke Punjabi at home, and 771,790 were Sikhs.[73][67] Thus, it can be roughly estimated that there are around 472,498 Sikhs in the United States, using the ratio of Punjabi speakers to Sikhs.

Bibliography

External links

Look up anglosphere in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&oldid=1146206853"