Jump to content

Afridi: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
A historical image of Afridi tribesmen during the second afghan war was more suited as a thumbnail to this article. The 'Flag' has no real life political image tracing to it, rather fan made just like the 'Bangash' one.
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Mohmands and Shinwaris arent karlani
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 20: Line 20:
| languages = [[Pashto]], [[Apridi]]
| languages = [[Pashto]], [[Apridi]]
| rels = [[Sunni Islam]]
| rels = [[Sunni Islam]]
| related = [[Shinwari]]s{{·}}[[Mohmandi]]s{{·}}[[Khattak]]s{{·}}[[Orakzai]]s{{·}}[[Wazir (tribe)|Wazir]]s{{·}}[[Banuchi|Bannuzai]]s<br>and other [[Karlani|Karlani Pashtun]] tribes
| related =[[Khattak]]s{{·}}[[Orakzai]]s{{·}}[[Wazir (tribe)|Wazir]]s{{·}}[[Banuchi|Bannuzai]]s<br>and other [[Karlani|Karlani Pashtun]] tribes
}}
}}


Revision as of 11:56, 3 June 2023

For other uses, see Afridi (disambiguation).

Afridi
افریدی‎
Group of Afridi fighters in 1878
Languages
Pashto, Apridi
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Khattaks · Orakzais · Wazirs · Bannuzais
and other Karlani Pashtun tribes

The Afrīdī (Pashto: اپريدی Aprīdai, plur. اپريدي Aprīdī; Urdu: آفریدی) are a Pashtun tribe present in Pakistan, with substantial numbers in Afghanistan.[1]

The Afridis are most dominant in the Spin Ghar range west of Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, covering most of the Khyber Pass and Maidan in Tirah.[2] Afridi migrants are also found in India, mostly in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and in the Kupwara district of Jammu and Kashmir.[3]

Etymology and origins

Further information: Theories of Pashtun origin

Etymology

Herodotus in his Histories, mentions a tribe named Aparytai (Ἀπαρύται) inhabiting the Achaemenid satrapy of Arachosia.[4] Thomas Holdich and Olaf Caroe have linked them with the Afridi tribe:[5][6][7][8]

The Sattagydae, Gandarii, Dadicae, and Aparytae (Ἀπαρύται) paid together a hundred and seventy talents; this was the seventh province

— Herodotus, The Histories, Book III, Chapter 91, Section 4

Aurel Stein described Afridis with more lighter/fair features, similar to their Dardic neighbors, in contrast to Afghan Pashtuns living on the other side of the KhyberPass, whom he described as darker/swarthier.[9]

Theory of Afridi descent from Israelites

See also: Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites, Ten Lost Tribes, and Ten Lost Tribes

The Afridis, along with other tribes of Pashtuns have also been alleged to be the descendants of the lost Jewish tribes. However, DNA and other research towards validating such claims has been inconclusive.[10][11][12]

History

Resistance against the Mughals

The Afridis and their allies Khalils were first mentioned in the memoirs of Mughal Emperor Babar as violent tribes in need of subduing.[13] The Afridi tribes controlled the Khyber Pass, which has served as a corridor connecting the Indian subcontinent with Afghanistan and Central Asia. Its strategic value was not lost on the Mughals to whom the Afridis were implacably hostile.[14]

Over the course of Mughal rule, Emperors Akbar and Jahangir both dispatched punitive expeditions to suppress the Afridis, to little success.[15]

Under the leadership of Darya Khan Afridi, they engaged in protracted warfare against the Mughal army in the 1670s.[16] The Afridis once destroyed two large Mughal armies of Emperor Aurangzeb: in 1672, in a surprise attack between Peshawar and Kabul, and in the winter of 1673, in an ambush in the mountain passes.[17] The emperor sent his Rajpoot general Rai Tulsidas with reinforcements into the mountains to suffocate the revolt and liberate the mountain.[17][18] Allegedly, only five Mughal soldiers made it out of the battle alive the rest of Mughal were brutally slaughtered.[19][20][21]

British Raj

During the First, Second, and Third Anglo-Afghan Wars, Afridis fought against the British; these skirmishes comprised some of the fiercest fighting of the Anglo-Afghan Wars.[22] Ajab Khan Afridi was a well-known independence activist against the British Raj.

The British colonial administration regarded the Pashtun Afridi tribesmen as "martial tribe" under the martial races theory.[23] Different Afridi clans also cooperated with the British in exchange for subsidies, and some even served with the Khyber Rifles, an auxiliary force of the British Indian Army.[23][24]

First Kashmir War

Shortly after the Partition of India and the creation of Pakistan, Afridi tribesmen were among the ranks of the Pashtun militias that invaded the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947, sparking the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 and the ongoing Kashmir conflict.[25] Today, Afridis make use of their dominant positions along the Durand Line in areas of Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province by controlling transport and various businesses, including trade in armaments, munitions and goods.[1]

Clans

The Afridi Tribe is subclassified into eight sub-tribes (khels):[26]

Religion

All Afridis follow the Sunni sect of Islam. Their conversion to Islam is attributed to Sultan (Emperor) Mahmud of Ghazni by Denzil Ibbetson[27] and Haroon Rashid.[28](The majority are Sunnis, but there are also Shias who live in Gilgit Nagar, Hunza, North Pakistan)

List of notable Afridis

See also: Category:Afridi people
Shahid Afridi at the County Ground, Taunton, during Pakistan's 2010 tour of England
  • Ahmad Kamal Faridi (Colonel Fareedi, Colonel Faridi), internationally famous character of Ibn-e-Safi, world renowned mystery writer/novelist of Pakistan. Ibn-e-Safi showed in his two novels (out of 125 novels) of Jasoosi Dunya (The Spy World) novel number 52 and novel number 117 that Colonel Fareedi belongs to Afridi tribe.


  • Malik Sher Muhammad Khan Afridi, Chief of Sepah. He along with the Maliks of Khyber Agency visited Kolkatta on train from Peshawar along with Political Agent, Colonel Robert Warburton.[30] He also was a key figure in the relations between the Pathans especially the Afridis and the British Government during the 19th century, also mentioned in the book Eighteen Years in the Khyber.[31]
File:Sher Muhammad Khan Afridi Sipah.jpg
Malik Sher Muhammad Khan Afridi Sipah, then at the age of 9 (young boy sitting on the ground), serving under major Roos-Keppel (back row, center)


References

  1. ^ a b Afridi demographics in Pakistan and Afghanistan The excessive figure sometimes mentioned in Afghanistan reflects in a particular way the Afghan claim to Pashtunistan and actually represents an estimate of the whole of the Afridi tribe on both sides of the frontier.
  2. ^ Ramachandran (26 January 2023). Red Jihad: Islamic Communism in India 1920-1950. Indus Scrolls Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-93-90981-33-5.
  3. ^ Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India, Khyber.org (retrieved 30 January 2008)
  4. ^ "The History of Herodotus Chapter 3, Verse 91; Written 440 B.C.E, Translated by G. C. Macaulay". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  5. ^ "Herodotus, The Histories, Book 3, chapter 91, section 4". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  6. ^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007). History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages. Sang-e Meel Publications. p. 77. ISBN 978-969-35-2020-0.
  7. ^ Holdich, Thomas (12 March 2019). The Gates of India, Being an Historical Narrative. Creative Media Partners, LLC. pp. 28, 31. ISBN 978-0-530-94119-6.
  8. ^ Caroe, Olaf (1957). The Pathans, 550 B.C.-A.D. 1957. Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-19-577221-0.
  9. ^ Stewart, J. (2007). The Savage Border: The Story of the North-West Frontier. History Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7524-9607-8. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  10. ^ Amir Mizroch (9 January 2010). "Are Taliban descendants of Israelites?". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011.
  11. ^ Sachin Parashar (11 January 2010). "Lucknow Pathans have Jewish roots?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.
  12. ^ Rory McCarthy (17 January 2010). "Pashtun clue to lost tribes of Israel". The Observer.
  13. ^ A. S. Beveridge, Babor-nama London, 1922 [repr. 1969], p. 412
  14. ^ History of Khyber Agency: Gateway to the Subcontinent Archived 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Office of the Political Agent, Khyber Agency
  15. ^ C.M. Kieffer, Afridi, Encyclopædia Iranica
  16. ^ Momand, Ahmad Gul. The Bare Language of Khoshal's Poetry. Nangarhar University. p. 13.
  17. ^ a b Richards, John F. (1996), "Imperial expansion under Aurangzeb 1658–1869. Testing the limits of the empire: the Northwest.", The Mughal Empire, New Cambridge history of India: The Mughals and their contemporaries, vol. 5 (illustrated, reprint ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 170–171, ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2
  18. ^ Khyber Agency Khyber.org, 3 July 2005
  19. ^ Geoffrey Powell; J. S. W. Powell (1983), Famous regiments (illustrated ed.), Secker & Warburg, p. 69, ISBN 978-0-436-37910-9
  20. ^ Robert E. L. Masters; Eduard Lea (1963). Perverse crimes in history: evolving concepts of sadism, lust-murder, and necrophilia from ancient to modern times. Julian Press. p. 211. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  21. ^ Robert E. L. Masters; Eduard Lea (1963). Sex crimes in history: evolving concepts of sadism, lust-murder, and necrophilia, from ancient to modern times. Julian Press. p. 211. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  22. ^ L. Thomas, Beyond Khyber Pass, London, n.d. (ca. 1925)
  23. ^ a b Clarke, Alexander (30 October 2020). Tribals, Battles & Darings: The Genesis of the Modern Destroyer. Seaforth Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-5267-7291-6.
  24. ^ Stewart, Dr Jules (22 June 2006). The Khyber Rifles: From the British Raj to Al Qaeda. The History Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-7524-9558-3.
  25. ^ M.K. Teng (2001) Kashmir: The Bitter Truth Archived 26 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Kashmir Information Network
  26. ^ Nirvan, Kiran (20 May 2019). 21 Kesaris: The Untold Story of the Battle of Saragarhi. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-93-89000-41-2.
  27. ^ Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H. A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Castes of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 217, Vol. III, Published by Asian Educational Services
  28. ^ History of the Pathans by Haroon Rashid Published by Haroon Rashid, 2002 Item notes: v. 1 Page 45 Original from the University of Michigan
  29. ^ M. Fahim Jemadar Mir Mast Khan Afridi: An Unsung Afridi Pashtun Hero Who Refused to Fight against Ottoman Army and Deserted the British Raj (2020) Pakistan Info
  30. ^ "Eighteen Years in the Khyber, 1879-1898 — Viewer — World Digital Library".
  31. ^ "Review of Eighteen Years in the Khyber, 1879–1898 by Col. Sir Robert Warburton"
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Afridi".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afridi&oldid=1158332751"