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{{Short description|10th century Sunni Imam and theologian}}
{{Short description|10th century Sunni Imam and theologian}}
{{Infobox religious biography|religion=[[Islam]]
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| era = [[Islamic golden age]]
| image =
| region =
| image =
| caption =
| name = Ibn Furak
| name = Ibn Fūrāk<br/>({{lang|ar|ابن فورك}})
| title = Imam
| title = [[Imam]]<br/>[[Hafiz (Quran)|Al-Ḥāfiẓ]]
| birth_name = Abu Bakr Muhammad
⚫
| birth_date = 941
| other_names = Abu Bakr Muhammad bin al-Hasan bin Furak al-Shafi'i al-Ansari al-Isbahani
⚫
| birth_place = [[Isfahan]]
⚫
| birth_date = 330 AH / 941 CE
| death_date = {{death year and age|1015|941}}
⚫
| birth_place = [[Isfahan]]
| death_date = 406 AH / 1015 CE
| death_place = Nishapur
⚫
| death_cause = assassinated
| death_place = Nishapur
| resting_place = [[al-Hira]]
⚫
| death_cause = assassinated
| resting_place = [[al-Hira]]
| ethnicity =
|denomination =[[Sunni Islam]]
| region = [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
|jurisprudence = [[Shafi`i]]<ref name="Brill">{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=B. |last2=Menage |first2=V.L. |last3=Pellat |first3=Ch. |last4=Schacht |first4=J. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=III (H-Iram) |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Netherlands |date=1986 |orig-year=1st. pub. 1971 |isbn=9004081186 |page=767|edition=New }}</ref>
|creed =[[Ash'ari]]<ref name="jacb2">{{cite book|last1 = A.C. Brown|first1 = Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown|title = Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World ''(Foundations of Islam)''|date = 2009|publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn = 978-1851686636|page = 154}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=B. |last2=Menage |first2=V.L. |last3=Pellat |first3=Ch. |last4=Schacht |first4=J. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=III (H-Iram) |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Netherlands |date=1986 |orig-year=1st. pub. 1971 |isbn=9004081186 |page=766|edition=New }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Adang |first1=Camilla |last2=Fierro |first2=Maribel |last3=Schmidtke |first3=Sabine |title=Ibn Hazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker (Handbook of Oriental Studies) (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 1; The Near and Middle East) |volume=I (A-B) |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Leiden, Netherlands |date=2012 |isbn=978-90-04-23424-6 |page=384}}</ref>
| jurisprudence = [[Shafi'i]]<ref name="Brill">{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=B. |last2=Menage |first2=V.L. |last3=Pellat |first3=Ch. |last4=Schacht |first4=J. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=III (H-Iram) |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Netherlands |date=1986 |orig-year=1st. pub. 1971 |isbn=9004081186 |page=767|edition=New }}</ref>
|creed = [[Ash'ari]]<ref name="jacb2">{{cite book|last1 = A.C. Brown|first1 = Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown|title = Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World ''(Foundations of Islam)''|date = 2009|publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn = 978-1851686636|page = 154}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=B. |last2=Menage |first2=V.L. |last3=Pellat |first3=Ch. |last4=Schacht |first4=J. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=III (H-Iram) |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Netherlands |date=1986 |orig-year=1st. pub. 1971 |isbn=9004081186 |page=766|edition=New }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Adang |first1=Camilla |last2=Fierro |first2=Maribel |last3=Schmidtke |first3=Sabine |title=Ibn Hazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker (Handbook of Oriental Studies) (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 1; The Near and Middle East) |volume=I (A-B) |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Leiden, Netherlands |date=2012 |isbn=978-90-04-23424-6 |page=384}}</ref>
| main_interests = [[Theology]] ([[Kalam]]), [[Logic]], [[Fiqh|Islamic Jurisprudence]], [[Hadith]], [[Arabic grammar]]
| main_interests = [[Theology]] ([[Kalam]]), [[Logic]], [[Fiqh|Islamic Jurisprudence]], [[Hadith]], [[Arabic grammar]]| notable_ideas =
| notable_works = '''''[[Mujarrad Maqalat al-Shaykh Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari]]''''' ("Summary of Shaykh Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari's Treatises/Articles"), '''''Mushkil al-Hadith wa Bayanuh''''' ("Ambiguity of the Hadith and its Explanation")
| notable_works = '''''[[Mujarrad Maqalat al-Shaykh Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari]]''''' ("Summary of Shaykh Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari's Treatises/Articles"), '''''Mushkil al-Hadith wa Bayanuh''''' ("Ambiguity of the Hadith and its Explanation")
| influences = [[Al-Shafi'i]]<br/>[[Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari]]<br/>[[Baqillani]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
| influences = [[Al-Shafi'i]]<br/>[[Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari]]<br/>[[Baqillani]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
| influenced = [[Qushayri]]<ref name="Brill"/><br/>[[Al-Bayhaqi]]
| influenced = [[Qushayri]]<ref name="Brill"/><br/>[[Al-Bayhaqi]]
}}
}}
{{Ash'arism}}
{{Ash'arism}}


'''Ibn Furak''' or '''Ibn Faurak''' ({{lang-ar|ابن فورك}}); c. 941–c. 1015 [[Common Era|CE]] / 330–406 [[Hijri year|AH]]) was a Sunni [[Imam]], foremost leading [[Ash'ari]] [[kalam|theologian]] and [[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|legal theoretician]], a specialist of [[Arabic language]], [[arabic grammar|grammar]] and poetry, an [[orator]], a [[faqih|jurist]], and a [[hadith studies|traditionist]] from the [[Shafi'i]] [[Madhhab]] in 10th century.<ref name="page26-7">{{cite book|author=[[Al-Bayhaqi]]|translator=[[Gibril Fouad Haddad]]|title=Allah's Names and Attributes|date=1999|publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America]]|isbn=9781930409033|volume=4 of Islamic Doctrines & Beliefs|page=26-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Ibn Fūrak|first=Vanessa|last=Van Renterghem|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-furak-COM_0321|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|volume=|ISBN= 9789004161214 |year=2012|pages=|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_032}}</ref>
'''Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Fūrāk, Abū Bakr al-Asbahānī al-Shāfi`ī''', commonly known as '''Ibn Fūrāk''' ({{lang-ar|ابن فورك}}); c. 941–c. 1015 [[Common Era|CE]] / 330–406 [[Hijri year|AH]]). The [[Imam]], a leading authority on [[kalam]] and usul, the transmitter of [[Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari|Al-Ash`ari's]] school, an expert in [[Arabic language]], [[arabic grammar|grammar]] and [[poetry]], an [[orator]], a [[faqih|jurist]], and a [[Muhaddith|Hadith master]] from the [[Shafi'i]] [[Madhhab]] in 10th century.<ref name="Biography26">{{Harvnb|Al-Bayhaqi|1999|p=26}}</ref>


==Life==
==Life==
===Birth and Education===
===Birth and Education===
Abu Bakr Muhammad bin al-Hasan bin Furak al-Shafi'i al-Ansari al-Isbahani was born in around 941 CE (330 AH) in [[Isfahan]]. He studied Ash'arite creed and kalam under Abu 'l-Hasan al-Bahili along with [[Al-Baqillani]] and al-Isfara'ini in [[Basra]] and [[Baghdad]], and also traditions under 'Abd Allah bin Ja'far al-Isbahani. From 'Iraq he went to [[Rayy]], then to [[Nishapur]], where a madrasa was built for him beside the Khanqah of the Sufi al-Bushandji. He was in Nishapur before the death of the Sufi [[Abu Usman Al-Maghribi|Abu 'Uthman al-Maghribi]] in 373/983, and probably remained there until shortly before his death."<ref name="page26-7" />
Ibn Furak was born in around 941 CE (330 AH) in [[Isfahan]]. He studied Ash'arite creed and kalam under Abu 'l-Hasan al-Bahili along with [[Al-Baqillani]] and [[Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini]] in [[Basra]] and [[Baghdad]], and also Prophetic traditions under 'Abd Allah bin Ja'far al-Isbahani. From 'Iraq he went to [[Rayy]], then to [[Nishapur]], where a madrasa was built for him beside the Khanqah of the Sufi al-Bushandji. He was in Nishapur before the death of the Sufi [[Abu Usman Al-Maghribi|Abu 'Uthman al-Maghribi]] in 373/983, and the [[wali|saint]] would instruct Ibn Furak to lead the burial prayer over him prior to his death.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gibril Fouad Haddad|2015|p=155}}</ref><ref name="Biography26" /><ref name="furak">{{cite web| url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ei2/furak.htm| title=Furak|access-date=August 28, 2014}}</ref>


===Career===
===Scholarly Career===
Ibn Furak was the master and teacher of [[Al-Qushayri]] and [[Al-Bayhaqi]], who both often mention Ibn Furak and praising him: "He (Ibn Furak) fought and defeated the deviant [[tashbih|Anthropromorphists]], the [[Karramiyya]], then he travelled to [[Nishapur]] where he trained and taught generations of scholars. In Nishapur, he brought the transmissions of the narrators of [[Basra]] and [[Baghdad]], both from [[Iraq]], and also authored a number of books in various fields and Islamic sciences.<ref name="page155-6">{{cite book |last1= Ayub |first1=Zulfiqar |title=THE BIOGRAPHIES OF THE ELITE LIVES OF THE SCHOLARS, IMAMS & HADITH MASTERS Biographies of The Imams & Scholars | publisher=Zulfiqar Ayub Publications| date=2 May 2015 |isbn= |page=155-6}}</ref>
Ibn Furak was the teacher and master of [[al-Qushayri]] and [[al-Bayhaqi]] who both would frequently cite in their popular works [[Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya|Al-Risala]] and [[Al-Asma' wa al-Sifat]], respectively. He debated and won against the anthropomorphist [[Karramiyya]] in Rayy, then he travelled to [[Nishapur]] where he trained and taught the next generation of [[faqih|jurists]] at a school established in his honour, which was an extension of the previous Sufi school ([[Khanqah]]) built by Abû al-Hasan al-Bushanji. In Nishapur, he brought the transmissions of the narrators of [[Basra]] and [[Baghdad]], both from [[Iraq]], and also authored a number of books in various fields and Islamic sciences.<ref name="Biography26" /><ref name="Biography27">{{Harvnb|Al-Bayhaqi|1999|p=27}}</ref>


===Dispute and Death===
===Dispute and Death===
⚫
The [[Karramiyya]] tried to initially have him executed by the Sultan [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] but failed after the Sultan summoned him to [[Ghazni]] and questioned him then exonerated him of the erroneous charges they had brought against him as Ibn Furak was found innocent from the false accusations laid out by his enemies. However, upon returning from Ghazni, he was poisoned by the angered Karramiyya, fell on the road, and died in 1015 CE (406 AH) while another version says that he was attacked from behind from them. He was carried back to Nishapur and buried in [[al-Hira]]. According to [[Ibn Asakir]], the grave of Ibn Furak is a place where people go to seek healing (istishfâ') and have their prayers granted.<ref name="Biography27" />

⚫
The [[Karramiyya]] tried to initially have him executed by the Sultan [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] but failed after the Sultan summoned him to [[Ghazni]] and questioned him then exonerated him of the charges they had brought against him. However, upon returning from Ghazni, he was poisoned by the [[Karramiyya]], fell on the road, and died in 1015 CE (406 AH) while another version says that he was attacked from behind from them. He was carried back to Nishapur and buried in [[al-Hira]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/ibn_furak.htm| title=Ibn Furak| author=G.F. Haddad| access-date=August 28, 2014| archive-date=February 10, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210013939/http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/ibn_furak.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="furak">{{cite web| url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ei2/furak.htm| title=Furak|access-date=August 28, 2014}}</ref>


==Controversy over Ibn Furak==
==Controversy over Ibn Furak==
[[Al-Dhahabi]] mentions Ibn Furak in a short reference stating some inaccurate and defaming reports from [[Ibn Hazm]], without questioning their intent where Ibn Furak was unjustly accused of claiming the prophethood ends after the death of [[Muhammad]] and other slanders that accuse him of disbelief. Despite this, Al-Dhahabi goes on to say: "Ibn Furak was better than Ibn Hazm, of a greater stature (rank among scholars) and better belief (creed)."<ref name="page155-6" />
[[Al-Dhahabi]] mentions Ibn Furak in a short reference stating some inaccurate and defaming reports from [[Ibn Hazm]], without questioning their intent where Ibn Furak was unjustly accused of claiming the prophethood ends after the death of [[Muhammad]] and other slanders that accuse him of disbelief. Despite this, Al-Dhahabi goes on to say: "Ibn Furak was better than Ibn Hazm, of a greater stature (rank among scholars) and better belief (creed)."<ref name="page155-156">{{Harvnb|Gibril Fouad Haddad|2015|p=155-156}}</ref>


[[Ibn al-Subki]] provided evidence that this statement by [[Ibn Hazm]] were "anti-Ash'ari fabrications and forgeries" falsely attributed to Ibn Furak. He showed how these reports were refuted by [[Al-Qushayri]] and [[Ibn al-Salah]]. Ibn al-Subki then quotes Ibn Furak's own words testifying his true creed. Ibn Furak says:<ref name="page155-6" />
[[Ibn al-Subki]] provided evidence that this statement by [[Ibn Hazm]] were "anti-Ash'ari fabrications and forgeries" falsely attributed to Ibn Furak. He showed how these reports were refuted by [[Al-Qushayri]] and [[Ibn al-Salah]]. Ibn al-Subki then quotes Ibn Furak's own words testifying his true creed. Ibn Furak says:<ref name="page155-156" />


<blockquote>"The Ash'ari belief (creed) is that our prophet (PBUH) is alive in his Blessed Grave and is the Messenger of Allah (God), forever until the End of times, this is literally, not metaphorically or symbolically, and the correct Belief is that he (Prophet Muhammad PBUH) was a Prophet when Adam (AR) was between Water and Clay, and his Prophethood remains until now, and shall ever remain."</blockquote>
<blockquote>“The Ash'ari belief (creed) is that our prophet (ﷺ) is alive in his Blessed Grave and is the Messenger of Allah (God), forever until the End of times, this is literally, not metaphorically or symbolically, and the correct Belief is that he (Prophet Muhammad ﷺ) was a Prophet when Adam (ﷺ) was between Water and Clay, and his Prophethood remains until now, and shall ever remain.”</blockquote>


==Influences==
==Character==
According to the martyred Imam Abu al-Hajjaj Yusuf ibn Dunas al-Findalawi al-Maliki, Ibn Furak would always sleep elsewhere out of reverence for a house that cantained a volume of the [[Qur'ân]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Al-Bayhaqi|1999|p=28}}</ref>
⚫
Ibn Furak's works in "[[Usul al-Din]]" ''(foundation of religion)'', "[[Usul al-fiqh]]" ''(foundation of jurisprudence)'', and the meanings of the [[Quran]] count nearly one hundred volumes. Among them are ''Mujarrad Maqâlât al-Ash`arî'' and ''Kitab Mushkil al-hadith wa-bayanihi'' (with many variants of the title), in which he refuted both the [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphist]] tendencies of karramis and the over-interpretation of the [[Mu'tazila]]. Ibn Furak said that he embarked on the study of [[kalam]] because of the hadîth reported from the Prophet.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Canonization of Al-Bukhari and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Hadith Canon|last = Brown|first = Jonathan|publisher = BRILL|year = 2007|isbn = 978-9-004158399|pages = 190|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nyMKDEAb4GsC&q=ibn+furak&pg=PA190|edition = reprint}}</ref>

==Works==
⚫
Ibn Furak's works in "[[Usul al-Din]]" ''(foundation of religion)'', "[[Usul al-fiqh]]" ''(foundation of jurisprudence)'', and the meanings of the [[Quran]] count nearly one hundred volumes. Among them are ''[[Mujarrad Maqalat al-Ash'ari]]'' and ''Kitab Mushkil al-hadith wa-bayanihi'' (with many variants of the title), in which he refuted both the [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphist]] tendencies of karramis and the over-interpretation of the [[Mu'tazila]]. Ibn Furak said that he embarked on the study of [[kalam]] because of the hadîth reported from the Prophet.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Canonization of Al-Bukhari and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Hadith Canon|last = Brown|first = Jonathan|publisher = BRILL|year = 2007|isbn = 978-9-004158399|pages = 190|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nyMKDEAb4GsC&q=ibn+furak&pg=PA190|edition = reprint}}</ref>


His main work in the eyes of later generations is ''Tabaqat al-mutakallimin'' which is the main source to study [[al-Ash'ari]] theology.<ref name="furak"/>
His main work in the eyes of later generations is ''Tabaqat al-mutakallimin'' which is the main source to study [[al-Ash'ari]] theology.<ref name="furak"/>
Line 53: Line 57:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{EI2|first1=Ebied|last1=R. Y.|first2=Vanessa|last2=Van Renterghem|title=Ibn Fūrak|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_032}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Al-Bayhaqi]]|translator=[[Gibril Fouad Haddad]]|title=Allah's Names and Attributes|date=1999|publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America]]|isbn=9781930409033|volume=4 of Islamic Doctrines & Beliefs|page=26-28}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Gibril Fouad Haddad]]|title=The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams & Hadith Masters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwPnCAAAQBAJ|date=2 May 2015|publisher=[[As-Sunnah Foundation of America]]|chapter=Ibn Furak (330 AH – 406 AH, 73-74 years old)|pages=155–158}}


{{Shafi'i scholars}}
{{Shafi'i scholars}}

Revision as of 11:03, 29 May 2024

Ibn Fūrāk
(ابن فورك)
TitleImam
Al-Ḥāfiẓ
Personal
Born941
Isfahan
Died1015 (aged 73–74)
Nishapur
Cause of deathassassinated
Resting placeal-Hira
ReligionIslam
EraIslamic golden age
RegionKhorasan
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceShafi'i[1]
CreedAsh'ari[2][3][4]
Main interest(s)Theology (Kalam), Logic, Islamic Jurisprudence, Hadith, Arabic grammar
Notable work(s)Mujarrad Maqalat al-Shaykh Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari ("Summary of Shaykh Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari's Treatises/Articles"), Mushkil al-Hadith wa Bayanuh ("Ambiguity of the Hadith and its Explanation")
Muslim leader
Influenced by
Influenced
Part of a series on
Ash'arism
Rock carved with al-'Aqida al-Murshida by Ibn Tumart
Background
Eminent scholars
3rd AH/9th AD
4th AH/10th AD
5th AH/11th AD
6th AH/12th AD
7th AH/13th AD
8th AH/14th AD
9th AH/15th AD
10th AH/16th AD
11th AH/17th AD
12th AH/18th AD
13th AH/19th AD
14th AH/20th AD
Theological works
Institutions
Events
Related groups
Classic
Modern

Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Fūrāk, Abū Bakr al-Asbahānī al-Shāfi`ī, commonly known as Ibn Fūrāk (Arabic: ابن فورك); c. 941–c. 1015 CE / 330–406 AH). The Imam, a leading authority on kalam and usul, the transmitter of Al-Ash`ari's school, an expert in Arabic language, grammar and poetry, an orator, a jurist, and a Hadith master from the Shafi'i Madhhab in 10th century.[5]

Life

Birth and Education

Ibn Furak was born in around 941 CE (330 AH) in Isfahan. He studied Ash'arite creed and kalam under Abu 'l-Hasan al-Bahili along with Al-Baqillani and Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini in Basra and Baghdad, and also Prophetic traditions under 'Abd Allah bin Ja'far al-Isbahani. From 'Iraq he went to Rayy, then to Nishapur, where a madrasa was built for him beside the Khanqah of the Sufi al-Bushandji. He was in Nishapur before the death of the Sufi Abu 'Uthman al-Maghribi in 373/983, and the saint would instruct Ibn Furak to lead the burial prayer over him prior to his death.[6][5][7]

Scholarly Career

Ibn Furak was the teacher and master of al-Qushayri and al-Bayhaqi who both would frequently cite in their popular works Al-Risala and Al-Asma' wa al-Sifat, respectively. He debated and won against the anthropomorphist Karramiyya in Rayy, then he travelled to Nishapur where he trained and taught the next generation of jurists at a school established in his honour, which was an extension of the previous Sufi school (Khanqah) built by Abû al-Hasan al-Bushanji. In Nishapur, he brought the transmissions of the narrators of Basra and Baghdad, both from Iraq, and also authored a number of books in various fields and Islamic sciences.[5][8]

Dispute and Death

The Karramiyya tried to initially have him executed by the Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni but failed after the Sultan summoned him to Ghazni and questioned him then exonerated him of the erroneous charges they had brought against him as Ibn Furak was found innocent from the false accusations laid out by his enemies. However, upon returning from Ghazni, he was poisoned by the angered Karramiyya, fell on the road, and died in 1015 CE (406 AH) while another version says that he was attacked from behind from them. He was carried back to Nishapur and buried in al-Hira. According to Ibn Asakir, the grave of Ibn Furak is a place where people go to seek healing (istishfâ') and have their prayers granted.[8]

Controversy over Ibn Furak

Al-Dhahabi mentions Ibn Furak in a short reference stating some inaccurate and defaming reports from Ibn Hazm, without questioning their intent where Ibn Furak was unjustly accused of claiming the prophethood ends after the death of Muhammad and other slanders that accuse him of disbelief. Despite this, Al-Dhahabi goes on to say: "Ibn Furak was better than Ibn Hazm, of a greater stature (rank among scholars) and better belief (creed)."[9]

Ibn al-Subki provided evidence that this statement by Ibn Hazm were "anti-Ash'ari fabrications and forgeries" falsely attributed to Ibn Furak. He showed how these reports were refuted by Al-Qushayri and Ibn al-Salah. Ibn al-Subki then quotes Ibn Furak's own words testifying his true creed. Ibn Furak says:[9]

“The Ash'ari belief (creed) is that our prophet (ﷺ) is alive in his Blessed Grave and is the Messenger of Allah (God), forever until the End of times, this is literally, not metaphorically or symbolically, and the correct Belief is that he (Prophet Muhammad ﷺ) was a Prophet when Adam (ﷺ) was between Water and Clay, and his Prophethood remains until now, and shall ever remain.”

Character

According to the martyred Imam Abu al-Hajjaj Yusuf ibn Dunas al-Findalawi al-Maliki, Ibn Furak would always sleep elsewhere out of reverence for a house that cantained a volume of the Qur'ân.[10]

Works

Ibn Furak's works in "Usul al-Din" (foundation of religion), "Usul al-fiqh" (foundation of jurisprudence), and the meanings of the Quran count nearly one hundred volumes. Among them are Mujarrad Maqalat al-Ash'ari and Kitab Mushkil al-hadith wa-bayanihi (with many variants of the title), in which he refuted both the anthropomorphist tendencies of karramis and the over-interpretation of the Mu'tazila. Ibn Furak said that he embarked on the study of kalam because of the hadîth reported from the Prophet.[11]

His main work in the eyes of later generations is Tabaqat al-mutakallimin which is the main source to study al-Ash'ari theology.[7]

Early Islam scholars

Early Islamic scholars
Muhammad, The final Messenger of God(570–632 the Constitution of Medina, taught the Quran, and advised his companions
Abdullah ibn Masud (died 653) taughtAli (607–661) fourth caliph taughtAisha, Muhammad's wife and Abu Bakr's daughter taughtAbd Allah ibn Abbas (618–687) taughtZayd ibn Thabit (610–660) taughtUmar (579–644) second caliph taughtAbu Hurairah (603–681) taught
Alqama ibn Qays (died 681) taughtHusayn ibn Ali (626–680) taughtQasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (657–725) taught and raised by AishaUrwah ibn Zubayr (died 713) taught by Aisha, he then taughtSaid ibn al-Musayyib (637–715) taughtAbdullah ibn Umar (614–693) taughtAbd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (624–692) taught by Aisha, he then taught
Ibrahim al-Nakha’i taughtAli ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (659–712) taughtHisham ibn Urwah (667–772) taughtIbn Shihab al-Zuhri (died 741) taughtSalim ibn Abd-Allah ibn Umar taughtUmar ibn Abdul Aziz (682–720) raised and taught by Abdullah ibn Umar
Hammad bin ibi Sulman taughtMuhammad al-Baqir (676–733) taughtFarwah bint al-Qasim Jafar's mother
Abu Hanifa (699–767) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar and Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni Sufi, Barelvi, Deobandi, Zaidiyyah and originally by the Fatimid and taughtZayd ibn Ali (695–740)Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir (702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great great grand son, jurisprudence followed by Shia, he taughtMalik ibn Anas (711–795) wrote Muwatta, jurisprudence from early Medina period now mostly followed by Sunni in Africa, Sunni Sufi and taughtAl-Waqidi (748–822) wrote history books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn AnasAbu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and history books, student of Malik ibn Anas
Abu Yusuf (729–798) wrote Usul al-fiqhMuhammad al-Shaybani (749–805)al-Shafi‘i (767–820) wrote Al-Risala, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and taughtIsmail ibn IbrahimAli ibn al-Madini (778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge of the CompanionsIbn Hisham (died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography
Isma'il ibn Ja'far (719–775)Musa al-Kadhim (745–799)Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) wrote Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and hadith booksMuhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) wrote Sahih al-Bukhari hadith booksMuslim ibn al-Hajjaj (815–875) wrote Sahih Muslim hadith booksDawud al-Zahiri (815–883/4) founded the Zahiri schoolMuhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi (824–892) wrote Jami` at-Tirmidhi hadith booksAl-Baladhuri (died 892) wrote early history Futuh al-Buldan, Genealogies of the Nobles
Ibn Majah (824–887) wrote Sunan ibn Majah hadith bookAbu Dawood (817–889) wrote Sunan Abu Dawood Hadith Book
Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864- 941) wrote Kitab al-Kafi hadith book followed by Twelver ShiaMuhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923) wrote History of the Prophets and Kings, Tafsir al-TabariAbu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna
Ibn Babawayh (923–991) wrote Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih jurisprudence followed by Twelver ShiaSharif Razi (930–977) wrote Nahj al-Balagha followed by Twelver ShiaNasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wrote jurisprudence books followed by Ismaili and Twelver ShiaAl-Ghazali (1058–1111) wrote The Niche for Lights, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, The Alchemy of Happiness on SufismRumi (1207–1273) wrote Masnavi, Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi on Sufism
Key: Some of Muhammad's CompanionsKey: Taught in MedinaKey: Taught in IraqKey: Worked in SyriaKey: Travelled extensively collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadithKey: Worked in Persia

References

  1. ^ a b Lewis, B.; Menage, V.L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (1986) [1st. pub. 1971]. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (H-Iram) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 767. ISBN 9004081186.
  2. ^ A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2009). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World (Foundations of Islam). Oneworld Publications. p. 154. ISBN 978-1851686636.
  3. ^ a b Lewis, B.; Menage, V.L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (1986) [1st. pub. 1971]. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (H-Iram) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 766. ISBN 9004081186.
  4. ^ Adang, Camilla; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine (2012). Ibn Hazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker (Handbook of Oriental Studies) (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 1; The Near and Middle East). Vol. I (A-B). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 384. ISBN 978-90-04-23424-6.
  5. ^ a b c Al-Bayhaqi 1999, p. 26
  6. ^ Gibril Fouad Haddad 2015, p. 155
  7. ^ a b "Furak". Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  8. ^ a b Al-Bayhaqi 1999, p. 27
  9. ^ a b Gibril Fouad Haddad 2015, p. 155-156
  10. ^ Al-Bayhaqi 1999, p. 28
  11. ^ Brown, Jonathan (2007). The Canonization of Al-Bukhari and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Hadith Canon (reprint ed.). BRILL. p. 190. ISBN 978-9-004158399.

Bibliography

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