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Gujarāt (Gujarātī: ગુજરાત, IPA: [gudʒ(ə)rat̪]^ⓘ) is a state in the Republic of India. With 19.8% of the country's total industrial output, it is the most industrialized state in India. Gujarat borders Pakistan, and the states of Rajasthan to the north-east, Madhya Pradesh to the east, Maharashtra and the Union territories of Diu, Daman, Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the south. The international border with Pakistan is to the north-west. The Arabian Sea makes up the state's western coast. Its capital, Gandhinagar is a planned city and is located near Ahmedabad, the former state capital and the current commercial center of Gujarat.

History

Indus Valley Civilization

Many settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, have been found in Gujarat. The most important of these are the trade port of Lothal in south eastern Gujarat and Dholavira in western Gujarat.

Migration and Hindu Kingdoms

The name of the state is derived from Gujarāta (Gurjar Rāshtra), which means Gurjar nation. According to one theory, Gurjars were one of the Central Asian tribes that migrated to India beginning from around the first century BC, according to another, they are an old clan that was already present in India in the Mahabharata period. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch, served as ports and trading centres for the Maurya and Gupta empires. After the collapse of the Gupta empire in the sixth century, Gujarat flourished as an independent Hindu kingdom. The Maitraka dynasty, descended from a Gupta general, ruled from the sixth to the eighth centuries from their capital at Vallabhi, although they were ruled briefly by Harsha during the seventh century. In 775 the first Parsi (Zoroastrian) refugees arrived in Gujarat from Iran. The Arab rulers of Sind sacked Vallabhi in 770, bringing the Maitraka dynasty to an end. A branch of the Pratihara clan ruled Gujarat after the eighth century.From eighth century to until the invasion by the muslim rulers of Delhi, it was ruled by the Solanki dynasty.

1297 AD – 1850 AD

In 1297 to 1298 Ala ud din Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, destroyed Anhilwara and incorporated Gujarat into the Delhi Sultanate. After Timur's sacking of Delhi at the end of the fourteenth century weakened the Sultanate, Gujarat's Muslim governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar asserted his independence, and his son, Sultan Ahmed Shah (ruled 1411 to 1442), restructured Ahmedabad as the capital that was early established by Karndev Solanki of Solanki clan and named "Karnavati" after his name. Cambay eclipsed Bharuch as Gujarat's most important trade port. The Sultanate of Gujarat remained independent until 1576, when the Mughal emperor Akbar conquered it and annexed it to the Mughal Empire. It remained a province of the Mughal empire until the Marathas conquered eastern and central Gujarat in the eighteenth century; Western Gujarat (Kathiawar and Kutch) were divided among numerous local rulers.

1614 AD - 1947 AD

Portugal was the first European power to arrive in Gujarat, acquiring several enclaves along the Gujarati coast, including Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The British East India Company established a factory in Surat in 1614, which formed their first base in India, but it was eclipsed by Bombay after the British acquired it from Portugal in 1668. The Company wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas during the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Many local rulers, notably the Maratha Gaekwads of Baroda (Vadodara), made a separate peace with the British, and acknowledged British sovereignty in return for retaining local self-rule. Gujarat was placed under the political authority of Bombay Presidency, with the exception of Baroda state, which had a direct relationship with the Governor-General of India. From 1818 to 1947, most of present-day Gujarat, including Kathiawar, Kutch, and northern and eastern Gujarat were divided into dozens of princely states, but several districts in central and southern Gujarat, namely Ahmedabad, Broach (Bharuch), Kaira, Panch Mahals, and Surat, were ruled directly by British officials.

Indian independence movement

The people of Gujarat were the most enthusiastic and influential participants in India's struggle for freedom. The country of India is indebted to the heroism of Gujaratis and to the soil and water of the land that gives them strength. India would not be as it is now without the strength of the people of this state. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Morarji Desai, K.M. Munshi, Narhari Parikh, Mahadev Desai, Mohanlal Pandya and Ravi Shankar Vyas all hailed from Gujarat. In addition, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Pakistan's first Governor-General, spoke Gujarati as his mother tongue and his father was from what later became Gujarat. Gujarat was also the site of some of the most popular revolts, including the Satyagrahas in Kheda, Bardoli, Borsad and the Salt Satyagraha.

Post independence

After Indian independence and the partition of India in 1947, the new Indian government grouped the former princely states of Gujarat into three larger units; Saurashtra, which included the former princely states on the Kathiawar peninsula, Kutch, and Bombay state, which included the former British districts of Bombay Presidency together with most of Baroda state and the other former princely states of eastern Gujarat. In 1956, Bombay state was enlarged to include Kutch, Saurashtra, and parts of Hyderabad state and Madhya Pradesh in central India. The new state had a mostly Gujarati-speaking north and a Marathi-speaking south. Agitation by Marathi nationalists for their own state led to the split of Bombay state on linguistic lines; on 1 May 1960, it became the new states of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The first capital of Gujarat was Ahmedabad; the capital was moved to Gandhinagar in 1970. Surat is known as Diamond or Silk city of India and business city of India.

2001 Gujarat earthquake

Gujarat was hit with a devastating earthquake on January 26, 2001 at 8:46, which claimed 10,000 lives, injured another 30,000 people and severely affected the lives of forty million people in the region.^{[citation needed]}

Geography

Gujarat is the westernmost state of India. It is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west and southwest, and Pakistan to the north. The state of Rajasthan is to the northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and Maharashtra and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the south and southeast of Gujarat.

Climate and natural features

The relief is low in the most parts of the state and involves diverse climate conditions.The winters are mild, pleasant, and dry with average daytime temperatures around 83F(29C) and nights around 53F(12C). The summers are extremely hot and dry with day temperatures around 115F(46C) and at night no lower than 90F(34C). The time just before the monsoon the temperature are similar to above but now there is high humidity which makes the air feel hotter. Relief comes when the monsoon season starts around in mid June. The day temperatures are lower to around 100F(38C) but humidity is very high and nights are around 80F(27C). Most of the rainfall occurs in this season. Though mostly dry, it is desertic in the north-west, and wet in the southern districts due to heavy monsoon season. With the construction of Sardar Sarovar on Narmada River, a result of the largest dam in India,^[1] irrigation facilities have improved immensely, with water being provided to the most dry areas of Kutch and Saurashtra through a 550 km long canal. With the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Cambay, Gujarat has about 1600 km of coastline, which is the longest coastline of all Indian states.

Rivers

The major rivers flowing through the state include the Narmada, Sabarmati, and Mahi in central and northern Gujarat; Mithi, Khari, Bhadar, Shetrunji and Bhogavo in Saurashtra;Narmada,Tapi, Purna, Ambika, Auranga and Damanganga in the southern part of the state.

Dams

A number of large dams has been built in Gujarat over last 30-35 years, many of them partly funded by the World Bank. These dams were built with the promise of irrigation, power generation, enhanced food production and other benefits. The major Dams flowing throuth the state inclue the Narmada River,Tapi, Mahi, Damanganaga, Dantiwada- Sipu Dams, Sabarmati, Indrasee Hatmati, Wanakbori.

National parks

Gujarat is home to four national parks, including Gir Forest National Park, near Junagadh, Blackbuck National Park in Bhavnagar District, Vansda National Park in Navsari District, and Marine National Park on the Gulf of Kutch in Jamnagar District. The last remaining Asian lions, famous for their dark black manes, live in the area surrounding Girnar. In addition to these, there are twenty one wildlife sanctuaries.

Major cities

The major cities in Gujarat are Ahmedabad, Vadodara (Baroda), Surat, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar and Junagadh. Gandhinagar is the capital of Gujarat. Ahmedabad, the commercial capital of the state, is the sixth largest city of India. It is famous for its enterprising people. Surat is ninth largest city of India and also known as the diamond city. Vadodara is also known as a cultural city and is the most cosmopolitan city in Gujarat. Other important cities include Nadiad, Anand and Ankleshwar in central Gujarat, Bharuch, Navsari, Vapi, and Valsad in the south; and Bhuj, Mundra (Kutch) and Surendranagar, Morbi, Dwarka in Saurastra in the west.

Demographics

Its official and primary language is Gujarati. The religion of the majority of its residents is Hinduism, in addition to significant percentages following Islam, Jainism, Zoroastrianism and Christianity. Most of the Gujarati people are strict vegetarians. Amongst Hindus the deity of Krishna is famously worshipped in His form of Shrinathji throughout Gujarat. Gujarat is birthplace of Ghandhiji. Gujarat is also the birthplace of the Swaminarayan sect of Hinduism.

People

Gujarat is home to number of groups that settled from outside including Huns, Sakas, Muslims, Parsis. Gujarat is devided mostly along caste lines. The larges caste is Koli or Koli Patel which makes up 20% of the population. The second largest is Patidar or Kanbi which makes up roughly 15% of the population. Other major groups are Adivasi, Rajput, Vaniya, Harijan, Lohana, and number of other small sub-castes. The two largest caste, Koli and Kanbi, are distributed throughout Gujarat while other are found only in certain areas of Gujarat. e.g. Anavil are mainly found in South Gujarat while Lohanas are found in Saurashtra region..

The Jats in Gujarat have come from Chaudhary is a surname that denotes either Jat or Rajput. Some of these people have also given up their clan names and adopted titles as their surname, the most common being Thakker, Patel, Khoja or another occupation or religion based name. Jats are located mainly in the Mehsana district and surrounding districts. The Sagar Milk Dairy is their creation. Rajputs are concentrated around the Baroda area. Jats have the following clans, as given in list below. (Gujarati pronunciation is given between parenthesis)^[2]

List of Jat clans:

Antal - Utpal (Uplana)
Atwal (Ant)
Bhatti (Bhatiya)
Chauhan, Chawan, Chahar (Chauhan)
Dal, Dhal, Dudee (Del)
Dhaliwal, Dhariwal (Dholiya)
Gaur, Goru (Gaur, Gor)
Godara-Godha (Goda)
Gulia (Galia)
Henga, Haga (Hun)
Kshatriya (Katotariya)
Maan (Manar)
Mahla, Mahlawat (Mahiya)
Nauhwar (Nauwar)
Pallwal (Pilatar)
Parihar (Parihar, Padhiyar)
Pauniya (Paun)
Pawar (Parmar)
Punia (Pooliya)
Rathor (Rathor, Rathod)
Rawat (Rawat)
Sikarwar, Sakarwar (Sakariya)
Singhmar (Singh)
Sirohi, Saroha (Siroha)
Solanki, Solgi (Solanki)

The Meghwals are masters of weaving cotton and wool as also embroidery and appliqué work.

The Ahirs came with Lord Krishna from Gokul in Uttar Pradesh. Most of the communities of Ahirs began with selling ghee and milk and are now spread all over the state.

The Rabaris are a nomadic tribe always wandering with their herds. The origin of this tribe has been traced back to Sind and Afghanistan though many aspects of this tribe still remain a puzzle for anthropologists. They have been classified into three distinct groups, namely Vagadia, Dhabaria, and Kachhi. Women of this tribe engage themselves in making elaborate embroidery pieces while the men spend their time tending to their camels and sheep.

Moreover Gujarat being a heavily industrialized state of India, attracts lots of outsiders from various parts of India.

Economy

Macro-economic trend

This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Gujarat at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.

Year	Gross state domestic product
1980	74,270
1985	139,880
1990	279,960
1995	718,860
2000	1,084,840

The economy of Gujarat is one of the most prosperous states of the country, having a per-capita GDP 2.47 times India's average. Gujarat controls some of the largest businesses in India. According to the data published by Punjab and Maharashtra, at Rs. 15,800.^[3] Major Agricultural produce of the state include cotton, peanuts, dates, sugar cane, milk & milk products. Industrial products include cement, and petrol.

The worlds largest ship breaking yard is in Gujarat near Bhavnagar at Alang. Reliance Petroleum Limited, one of the group companies of Reliance Industries Limited founded by Dhirubhai Ambani operates the oil refinery at Jamnagar which is the world's largest grass roots refineries.^[4]

Gujarat ranks first nationwide in gas-based thermal electricity generation with national market share of over 18% and second nationwide in nuclear electricity generation with national market share of over 16%.

Over 4% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Gujarat.

Industrial growth and advantage

During the period 1960-90, Gujarat established itself as a leader in various industrial sectors - Textiles, Engineering, Chemicals,Petrochemicals. Drugs & Pharmaceuticals. Dairy, Cement & Ceramics. Gems & Jewellery, etc.
Post-liberalization period saw Gujarat's State Domestic Product (SDP) rising at an average growth rate of 12.4% per annum in real terms (from 1994 -2002).
Gujarat achieved as much as 35% of augmentation in its power generation capacity during the period 1995-96 and 2000-01. TheProducers (IPPs) have contributed significantly in this addition. Gujarat in fact, is one of the first few states in India to have encouraged private sector investment are already in operation. In addition. the liquid cargo (Chemicals) handling port at Dahej is also set up in joint sector and made operational.
In an investor's summit entitled Vibrant Gujarat arranged between January 10 2007 to January 13 2007, at Science City, Ahmedabad, the state government signed 104 Memoranda of Understandings for Special Economic Zones totalling worth Rs 2.5 lakh crore. ^[5]. However, most of the investment was from domestic industry.^[6]

Amul

Anand,Gujarat is the birthplace of the Amul milk co-operative federation. Started by Verghese Kurien this movement has served as a model for other co-operative movements throughout India. It has now become a global brand as "Operation Flood" .

Government and politics

On 1960-05-01, Gujarat was created out of the 17 northern districts of former State of Bombay. These districts were further subdivided later on. There are 25 administrative districts in the state (as of 2006).

Gujarat is governed by a Legislative Assembly of 182 members. Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) are elected on the basis of adult suffrage from one of 182 constituencies, of which 13 are reserved for scheduled castes and 26 for scheduled tribes. The term of office for a member of the Legislative Assembly is five years. The Legislative Assembly elects a speaker, who presides over the meetings of the legislature. A governor is appointed by the President of India, and is Assembly, and to address the House after every general election and the commencement of each year's first session of the Legislative Assembly. The Leader of the Legislative Assembly is the leader of the majority party or coalition in the legislature (Chief Minister), or his or her designee. The Leader setwhat business is to be transacted in the legislature and what order it is taken up. The administration of the state is led by the Chief Minister.

After independence in 1947, the Indian National Congress party (INC) ruled the Bombay state (which included present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra). Congress continued to govern Gujarat after the state's creation in 1960. During and after India's State of Emergency of 1975-1977, public support for the Congress Party eroded, but it continued to hold government until 1995. In the 1995 Assembly Polls, the Congress lost to the BJP and Keshubhai Patel came to power. His Government lasted only 2 years. The fall of that government was provoked by a split in the BJP led by [[Shankersinh Vagheland has won most of the subsequent polls. In 2001, following the loss of 2 assembly seats in by-elections, Keshubhai Patel resigned and handed over power to Narendra Modi. The BJP retained a majority in the 2002 election, and Narendra Modi has since served as Chief Minister of the state.Since then Gujarat has progressed by leaps and bounds under the chief-ministership of Shri Narendrabhai Modi.

Revenues of government

This is a chart of trend of own tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) of the Government of Gujarat assessed by the Finance Commissions from time to time with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.

Year	Own tax revenues
2000	104,818
2005	138,964

This is a chart of trend of own non-tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) of the Government of Gujarat assessed by the Finance Commissions from time to time with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.

Education

Gujarat has 13 universities and 4 agricultural universities.

Institute for Plasma Research is an autonomous Physics research institute localted in the capital city Gandhinagar, involved in research in various aspects of plasma science including basic plasma physics, research on magnetically confined hot plasmas and plasma technologies for industrial applications. Ahmedabad Textile and Industries’ Research Association is also located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Other institutes

Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute has been established under Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Govt. of India at Bhavnagar. It was inaugurated by Late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the First Prime Minister of India on 10 April, 1954 with a view to carry out research on marine salt, and salt from inland lakes and sub-soil brine. It is working on Reverse Osmosis, Electro Membrane Process, Salt and Marine Chemicals, Analytical Science, Marine Biotechnology and other related fields.

Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, one of the internationally reputed management research institute is located in Gujarat's commercial capital Ahmadabad. Indian Institute of Management Ahmadabad is one of the best management institutes in the world.^{[citation needed]} Charutar Vidya Mandal's Commerce and Management College, SEMCOM, Vallabhvidyanagar, District of Anand.is the upcoming institute^{[citation needed]} and is an ISO:9000: 2001 certified college.

Gujarat Science City

Gujarat Science City [4], is a government initiative to draw more students towards education in science, which hosts India's first IMAX 3D theatre, an energy park, a hall of science, an amphitheatre, and dancing musical fountains among others.

Tourism

Gujarat has a wealth of tourist spots. It has several temples,sunny beaches,the rann of kachchh,historic sites, beautiful cities,national parks and sanctuaries.

Temples and religious sites

Dwarkanath Temple is situated at Dwarka and is one of the important temples dedicated to lord Krishna.It is on the tip of the Arabian Sea and is famous for being the legendary home of Lord Krishna, the eighth Avatara of Vishnu, hero of the Mahabharata epic. Ancient ruins of a city and temple complex found underwater suggest a historical basis for the legend. The Rann of Kutchch covers a large portion of western Gujarat, and is world-famous for its rare ecosystem, fossils, wildlife and terrain.

Palitana Temples are a complex of Jain temples situated 51 km south west of Bhavnagar. There are 863 temples from base to the peak of the Shatrunjaya hill, where the Palitana temples are located. Cows are worshiped daily in mud baths. Some parts of Gujarat sacrifice their newborn inorder to bring good fortune for the rest of the year.

Somnath Temple located in the Prabhas Kshetra near Veraval in Saurashtra, on the western coast of Gujarat, India is one of the twelve Jyotirlings (golden lingas)or symbols of the God Shiva. It is mentioned in the Rig Veda. Somnath means "The Protector of Moon God". The Somnath Temple is known as 'the Shrine Eternal', as the temple has been destroyed six times, but was rebuilt on each occasion.

Akshardham Temple in Gandhinagar is one the famous temples in Gujarat.

Vataman Temple located an hour from Ahmedabad is a beautiful derasar dedicated to Bhagwan Adinath

Ashoka's Major Rock Edictis a Jain pilgrimage site, it is an uneven rock with a circumference of seven metres by ten metres in height bears insciptions in Brāhmī script etched with an iron pen.^[7]

Modhera Sun Temple is famous for its rare position as specifically and uniquely designed for the worship of the Sun, Lord Surya. While the main temple is beautifully and intricately designed with complex architecture, painting and sculptures, there is a central pond and surrounding it stand 108 small temples for each of the Sun God's 108 names.

National parks and sanctuaries

Gujarat has 4 National parks and 21 sanctuaries which include: Nal Sarovar, Anjal, Balaram-Ambaji, Barda, Jambughoda, Jessore, Kachchh Desert, Khavda, Narayan Sarovar, Paniya, Purna, Rampura, Ratanmahal, and Surpaneshwar.

Gujarat is the only home of Asiatic Lions. Outside Africa, Gujarat is the only natural habitat of lions. Gir National Park in south-west part of the state covers only the part of lion's habitat. Besides lions, the other big cat can be found in the state are Panthers. Panthers are spread across large plains of Saurashtra and mountains of South Gujarat.

Historic sites

Lothal is the site of the ancient ruins of the first Indian port, dating from the time of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Dholavira, the ancient city, locally known as Kotada Timba, is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India, belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. It is located on the Khadir island in the Kutch district of Gujarat - the island is surrounded by water in the monsoon season. The site was occupied from about 2900 BC for about a millennium, declining slowly after about 2100, briefly abandoned and then reoccupied, finally by villagers among its ruins, until about 1450.

While the city of Ahmedabad is a large and fast-growing modern metropolis, it was also the home of the Indian Independence Movement, with the Sabarmati Ashram of Mahatma Gandhi a standing legacy. Other major tourist sites include Palitana, Diu, Kutch, Jamnagar, Junagadh, and Rajkot in the region of Saurastra; and Champaner and Pavagarh in the Panchmahal district.

References

^ Sardar Sarovar, the Report of the Independent Review, Bradford Morse and Thomas Berger, Edited by The Independent Review, 1992.
^ Mahaveer Singh Verma: Jat Veer Smarika 1992 – “Jat Samaj Ahmedabad”
^ Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
^ Reliance Industries Limited - see section headed '1999-2000'
^ [1]
^ Vibrant Gujarat sees one foreign investor, the Business Standard
^ Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Press. pp. pp 129-131. ISBN 0802137970. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

External links

Official website

Official portal of Gujarat Government

Weather of Gujarat

Weather information of Gujarat

History of Gujarat

Further information

Transportation in Gujarat

Gujarat Transportation

Progress of Gujarat

Template:Gujarat state linkbox Template:India

[1] Sardar Sarovar, the Report of the Independent Review, Bradford Morse and Thomas Berger, Edited by The Independent Review, 1992.

[2] Mahaveer Singh Verma: Jat Veer Smarika 1992 – “Jat Samaj Ahmedabad”

[3] Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy

[4] Reliance Industries Limited - see section headed '1999-2000'

[5] [1]

[6] Vibrant Gujarat sees one foreign investor, the Business Standard

[keay-7] Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Press. pp. pp 129-131. ISBN 0802137970. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

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@@ Line 241: / Line 241: @@
 *[[Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Akshardham Temple]] in Gandhinagar is one the famous temples in Gujarat.
+* [[Vataman]] Temple located an hour from [[Ahmedabad]] is a beautiful [[derasar]] dedicated to Bhagwan [[Adinath]]
 *[[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict]]is a Jain pilgrimage site, it is an uneven rock with a circumference of seven metres by ten metres in height bears insciptions in [[Brāhmī script]] etched with an iron pen.<ref name="keay">{{cite book