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Notice that these patterns are quite similar to Japanese [[pitch accent]] patterns. Tone sandhi of polysyllabic compounds in the Shanghai dialect has attracted the interest of many scholars, who have previously given only careful consideration to the tone of the monosyllable while trying to describe the rules of tone sandhi for polysyllabic compounds. It has been argued that the number of tones of the Shanghai dialect, generally held to be five under previous analyses, can be reduced to only two underlying tone patterns, or tonemes, by recognizing the existence of the phoneme "voiced h" (Xiaowen Shen, University of Tokyo).
Notice that these patterns are quite similar to Japanese [[pitch accent]] patterns. Tone sandhi of polysyllabic compounds in the Shanghai dialect has attracted the interest of many scholars, who have previously given only careful consideration to the tone of the monosyllable while trying to describe the rules of tone sandhi for polysyllabic compounds. It has been argued that the number of tones of the Shanghai dialect, generally held to be five under previous analyses, can be reduced to only two underlying tone patterns, or tonemes, by recognizing the existence of the phoneme "voiced h" (Xiaowen Shen, University of Tokyo).


<!-----
==Phonetics-alphabet of Shanghainese (the Latin phonetic method of shanghainese)==

This system's right of use is opens to the entire society; the related statement requests an audience:《上海吴语手册》

===Initial consonants===
*1. b, d, g, dj, dz, z, v, m, l, s, f, pronounce as in French or English. But "G" is always hard, never like J, "S" is always deaf, never like Z I.e. "Ge" pronounces "/ge/", "gue" pronces "/gwe/".
*2. p, t, k, are the voiceless sounds unaspirated, suitable French, Spanish these sounds.
*3. Ci, like "tchi", not aspired.
*4. h is aspired as in English or German.

When h follows p, t, k, c, (the occlusive ones), h indicates the surds aspired. For example: ph, th, kh, ch, correspond to p, t, k, ch, English.

When h follows the nonocclusive sound consonants, h indicates les surds it acts of l, m, n, v, z; lh, mh, nh, are the surds of l, m, n. The vh, zh, approximating them and are the surds of v and Z.

*5. R is the sonant consonant of H, it resembles the R French, but in more glottale.
*6. gn have even value that in French and Italian, the surd of gn is kn.
*7. tz correspond to tz French and English not aspired, ts is its aspired counterpart.
*8. X pronounces English sh, like X in Basque, Portuguese and Mandarin.
*9. W, y (except there if it follows S and Z), are regarded as sonants, i.e.: donyi (d'accord) pronounces don+yi, not do+ nyi. Their counterparts surds are U and I. The values of Y and I are different, they correspond to "J" and "I" Dutch , just as W and U.
*10. J is pronounced according to the "J" in French and Portuguese. On the other hand, in unaccented syllables, "J" is often converted like "J" in German.
*11. ng, equalize "Vietnamese ng", is N velar.
*12. The syllable separator '/□/, uses in the association puts together in the situation, in front of a, e, o, i, u five vowels. Y, W treat as the consonant, its before does not need to use sound-insulated.


===Vowels===
1, A, I, O, U, E, are the 5 most frequent vowels; they correspond to the vowels in Spanish, Japanese, Italian and Rumanian. E is between é and è rather /e/ opened, (except for E in the closed syllables), O is always open (like "O" in or), U pronounce mainly like "ou" in French, "u" is pronounced as in Spanish, except if it follow i, y, j, dj, ch, x (then it is pronounced as the French "u" or German "ü") (c.f. point 5).

2, “E” is pronounced as "er" in English, for closed syllables (except with -r which indicates a tone).

3, "eu", as in French: deux, peu, in Detch et in German: banlieue, operateur.

4, "au", as in French: saut, taux. "au" is sometimes transcribed as "oo".

5, "oe", resembles /oe/ French in "oeil" and "oe" German in "goetze", but occurs at the base of the throat, like the English oe in "toe, hoe," but it is a simple vowel (monophtongue).

6, "ü (iu and yu)" resembles the French "U", but there are difficulties in use ü, because it there not of means of laying the stresses to indicate to him the tone, then normally we use "iu", in the place. If “iu” follows: j, dj, x, ch, gn, we use there U simple, because in shanghainese: djou, jou, gnou, xou(chou), chou(tchou), you do not exist.

7, “-y” is used as vowel only when it follows: S or Z (included tz, ts, dz), that is equivalent to "si" in Mandarin, "su" in Japanese, and resembles –y in Polish. The vowel - y is almost quiet or resembles Z repeated.

===Final consonants===
1, "-n" has even value that in French and in Japanese, it indicates the nasal vowels, an, on pronouce as “an” “on” in French, “in” as in, iun(ün) is ü+in, “en” resembles “en” in “open”.

2, "-q" is one "k" glottal, resembles q Arab, Hebrew and Mongolian. It indicates the English short vowels. Aq, Iq are a, i, short, iuq(Üq), Oq and Eq are the short vowels of ü German, O opened, and Er.

3, -l final as English -l final, exite only in the case of: el(êl). This E is an er.


===Tones===
Shanghainese has only two tonal contrasts: bin and chî, because the tones shanghaineses are determined by conditions of sonant or surd consonants and long or short vowels.

The syllables with the short vowels (indicated by -q) have a tone which is called zaq (short). The others are: bin (natural or flat) or chî (whistled or oblique).

With the surds consonants (including deafened: lh, mh, nh, kn, nk, vh, zh), the tone higher, are classified like the tone female (in), the contaires are the tone masculines (yan).

The accent ^ to indicate the tone chî. With a surd consonant, the inchî (the female whistled tone), this tone is a little lower and length that its contrast, the inbin (the female natural tone); with a sound consonant, the yanchî (the male whistled tone), this tone in modern language is already confused with its contrast: the yanbin (the male natural tone).

==The Latin method and the confusion of the romanisations of Shanghainese==

Shanghainese is a dialect representative of Chinese Wu which is spoken in the Yangtse delta region. It was estimated to be the tenth most spoken language in the world by the UNO in 1980. It is also one of the the non-official languages in the world with the the greatest number of speakers, before Punjabi. Wu has 80 million speakers, a long way below the Mandarin dialects group (not ''putonghua/guoyu'') and just above Cantonese (Yue).

Shanghainese (Chinese Wu) is regarded as a Chinese Han dialect by linguists, because it shares a common descent from Middle Chinese with other modern Chinese varieties. Unlike minority languages such as Tibetan, Uigour, Mongolian, regional Han languges including Wu does not have the protection of linguistic law in China, In Hongkong or Taiwan the Yue dialect (Cantonese) and the Min dialect (spoken in Taiwan and Fujian), the Hokka dialect (spoken in Taiwan, in Hongkong) profit from a particular situation political, which is not the case for the area shanghainese. In the less developed areas, because the rate of education is weak and there are few immigrants, with the result that the dialects Gan, Xiang remain stable. On the contrary, in the area shanghainese, the locals are obliged to speak Mandarin with many interior immigrants.

In 2001, "上海闲话abc", the author of the " shanghainese dialect ABC", faithful of its mother tongue benefitted from Internet to mobilize the shanghainese, the speakers of Chinese Wu and the communities of the other Chinese dialects in order to defend the mother tongue. For the first time, starting from the cultural value, a need for the shanghainese is introduced for existing and for continuing. What is immediately approved by more and more of people.

The author of the " shanghainese dialect ABC" also carried out the first dictionary of shanghainese on Internet. To facilitate the teaching of the shanghainese, it proposed the project of a system of romanisation of the shanghainese. It is the first system of romanisation of the modern shanghainese adapted Western practices. It claimed that the system of romanisation of the shanghainese must adopt world conventions, not those of Mandarin. This system is known by the public like "Fawu, the French way of the shanghainese", ("Fawu" means also the Method), because it borrowed French orthographies, does it of it is a system based on the orthographies of the Latin languages.

At the beginning, the number of the subscribers of Fawu increases quickly, but the good moments do not last. From the second part of 2002, more and more of Net surfers start to invent their own systems in competition. Among the competitor systems much are modified editions of Fawu. Certain people have even carried out several systems.

The reasons for which Net surfers propose systems of romanisation are very varied. Apart from the personal ambition, the principal causes are:

1, people do not respect the world practices.
*They invent new ways of transcription, for example: gn, rh, kn, for "ng".

2, the Western orthographies are varied
*To describe "gn" French-Italian, ñ Spanish, nh Portuguese, ny Catalan, nj Dutch, jn are proposed moreover.

3, French and the other Latin languages are not quite widespread in China.
*People naturally use an English way or that of Mandarin. In more the German or Dutch way are also proposed. But, the pinyin Mandarin, English and German are not sufficient to describe the phonemes shanghainese. This problem arises for the phonemes which do not exist in English. For example: Zr, rz, zh, shj, zj, X, zs, jz are given like an English orthography to pronounce the "J" French-Portuguese. For the letter J, unquestionable adverse support the use of the pronunciation "tj" to the way of Mandarin, "dj" with English or "y" with allemande.

4, the influences of English and Pinyin of Mandarin play an important part.
*Fawu employs b, p, ph like International Phonetic Alphabets (API). This way corresponds well to French and with the other Latin languages, also it is largely accepted by languages of Asia of the South, But it runs up against English and Mandarin. To adapt Pinyin Mandarin, there are systems which employ B for "p" not aspired and p for "p" aspired, bh for "B". There are other systems adapted to English and German: p for "p" aspired, pb, ph, pp, pf. .. for "p" not aspired. Moreover, ph in Western languages pronounces "F", then <p', t’, k', ch'> are proposed for the aspired consonants (in the competitor systems).

5, the English irregularity complicate the situation.
* <au> with the American accent can pronounce "O" opened, with the accent Australian or English often pronounces "O" closed. In a system suggested like English way, the same letter O describes the various vowels and the same open vowel "O" is transcribed in various letters. One employs the letter O for "O" closed ("au" French), <on> for "ən" as in English amon, <ong> for "an" in French as in long in English. On the other hand the short orthography oc for "O" open, "O" open nasal ("on" French) is transcribed in ung, "O" open long is transcribed in with like "au" in "English auction".

6, the influence of the International Phonetic Alphabets (API).
*For example, to define "O" open and "O" closed, API uses O open (C reverses) for the vowel O opened, the O closed for that closed. Therefore, the competitors persist in using O for O closed (with the Frenchwoman). In fact, O closed (with) is employed very little in shanghaïen, the open vowel O is more widespread in the world. For example, O Spanish and O Japanese are O between O open and O closed, but rather open. With the influence of Mandarin, the competitors préférent the orthographies with or ao for "O" open.

7, people imagine a more Western way.
*- Q is employed little in English. Certain Chinese believes that it is absolutely unacceptable by the Westerners. In shanghainese, the consonant - q/?/ is occlusive a glottale near to - Q Arab, orthography - Q is largely used for the transcriptions of Arabic, Hebrew, Mongolian. With the place of - Q, the concurrent orthographies are - e, -ch, - ck, -c, -r, - y, - t, -h, - ', double letters for open vowels etc.

8, the Chinese community opened with the Western languages only tardily.
*For example, orthography Ci for tch not aspired, a Italian way, had difficulties important to be accepted by the participants of the movement of romanisation who in the beginning did not live the town of Shanghai. The provincial ones preferred to employ Ci for "X" Portuguese and Mandarin (French ch).

9, an incompatibility with the other dialects of this group.
*Fawu employs "deu" which pronounces like “deux” in French, "doe" for a pronunciation close to English “doe”. But, a Net surfer makes an inversion of the two orthographies. He uses have for indiquer"欧" in shanghainese, this pronunciation resembles "oe" in English doe. This Net surfer mentions the orthography “eu” which can correspond perfectly to the alternatives of this vowel in various accents. Does the Welsh orthography “eu” pronounce "/e/" who corresponds to "欧" in accent of Wuxi-Changzhou. This is why, the dialect shanghaïen ABC answered the orthography “oe” in Latin pronounce /e/. In any event, the negotiation is useless, a new edition which is said of a more compatible system is put in competition.


Today, Fawu after which modifications suggested by the partners (Hisahara & Key etc.) is already developed definitively in "the Latin phonetic method of shanghaïen", adapted well to world conventions. Until today, there remains the single system which practical and is adapted to world conventions for the modern shanghainese. In spite of the difficulties of disturbance of competition, it nevertheless succeeded in being accepted by many partisans, more than each system of its competitors, especially at people who have a design of French, Spanish, Portuguese or Italian (Latin languages). In 2003, the only keyboard of input shanghaïen of computer is produced on the basis of Fawu "the Latin phonetic method of shanghainese" per Mr. ZXC, a partisan.

The Latin phonetic method of shanghainese seeks international supports.
---->


==Common Words and Phrases in Shanghainese==
==Common Words and Phrases in Shanghainese==

Revision as of 09:23, 2 June 2007

error: ISO 639 code is required (help) Shanghainese (上海言话 [zɑ̃˨.'he˦.ɦɛ˨.ɦʊ˩] in Shanghainese), sometimes referred to as the Shanghai dialect, is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in the city of Shanghai. Shanghainese, like other Wu dialects, is not mutually intelligible with other Chinese dialects such as Standard Mandarin (see Mutually intelligible languages). Shanghainese is the representative dialect of Northern Wu; it contains vocabulary and expressions from the entire Northern Wu area (southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang). With nearly 14 million speakers, Shanghainese is also the largest single coherent form of Wu Chinese. In Western sources, the term "Shanghainese" often refers to all Wu dialects and not specifically the particular Wu dialect spoken in Shanghai. The total number of Wu speakers is over 80 million, the second largest Chinese language after Mandarin.

Shanghainese is rich in consonants and pure vowels [i y ɪ ɥ e ø ɛ ə ɐ a ɑ ɔ ɤ o ʊ u]. Like other northern Wu dialects, the Shanghai dialect has voiced initials [b d g ɦ z v ʥ ʑ] (although technically these are slack voiced, adding a slightly breathy quality to a following vowel). Neither Mandarin nor Cantonese has voiced initials. The Shanghainese tonal system is significantly different from other Chinese languages. Shanghainese is a language with two live tonal contrasts (high and low), while Mandarin and Cantonese are contour tonal languages.

Language policy

Shanghainese is not encouraged to be spoken in schools and written in newspapers, and the media are strongly discouraged from broadcasting in contemporary Shanghainese. There is a lot of uncertainty between what gets aired in Shanghainese and what becomes censored (due to government fears of regionalism), thus most producers do not take this risk and only produce in Mandarin. Several television advertisements in Shanghainese have been removed shortly after airing. But there have been some TV series in Shanghainese that were approved since the mid-1990s. Back in 1995, a TV play series called "Nie Zhai" (the Evil Debt) was in Shanghainese; when it was broadcast in other places in China, mainly in adjacent Wu-speaking provinces, subtitles in Mandarin were added rather than make a Mandarin version of the TV series. Another TV comedy programme "Lao Niang Jiu" (Old Uncle) has been broadcast since 1999, and is still quite popular among Shanghainese residents. In 2004, a Tom and Jerry cartoon program dubbed with Shanghainese was blocked from broadcasting. Older and more rural forms of Shanghainese are still heard on the radio (catering to farming communities in the suburbs). But the Shanghainese are strongly encouraged by the government to speak Mandarin and celebrities are put on billboards with slogans like "Be a modern Shanghai person, speak Mandarin."

In August 2005, there was media coverage reporting that Shanghainese would be taught in secondary school. This introduced great controversy. Proponents argue that this will make the students know their hometown better and help preserve local culture. Opponents argue that this will encourage discrimination based on people's origin.

In September 2005, the Shanghai municipal government also launched a campaign to encourage Mandarin speaking in Shanghai. Among other requirements, all service-industry workers in Shanghai will be required to greet customers in Mandarin only, and pass Mandarin-fluency test by 2010. Those with bad or heavily-accented Mandarin must enroll in remedial Mandarin classes.

Sounds

The sounds of Shanghainese are categorized in initials and rimes. Initial is the first part of syllable, usually a consonant, and rime is the part that follows. Tone is also a phonological feature in Shanghainese. Syllabic tone, which is typical to the other Sinitic languages, has largely become verbal tone in Shanghainese.

Initials

  Labials Dentals Sibilants Palatals Velars Glottals
Unvoiced unaspirated stops p t ʦ ʨ k ʔ
Aspirated stops pʰ tʰ ʦʰ ʨʰ kʰ  
Slack voiced stops b̻ d̻ (ʣ̻) ʥ̻ g̻  
Nasals m n   ɲ ŋ  
Unvoiced fricatives f   s ɕ   h
Slack voiced fricatives v̻   z̻ ʑ̻   ɦ̻
Liquids (w) l   (j)    

Shanghai dialect has a set of voiced initials and exhibits unvoiced unaspirated and aspirated stops. Moreover, there are unvoiced and voiced sets of fricatives. Palatalized initials also feature in Shanghai dialect. The /l/ consonant is also particular in that there is a slight flapping of the tongue during speech, somewhat similar to the Japanese /ɺ/ (which is romanized as r). The sound may be made by lightly placing the tongue on the back of the upper set of teeth. However this flapping is not present when each character is individually pronounced.

Rimes

monophthong dipthong with
unrounded onglide		 diphthong with
rounded onglide
pure checked nasal pure checked nasal pure checked nasal
a ɐʔ ã ia iɐʔ iã ua uɐʔ uã
ɛ əʔ əɲ iɛ iəʔ iəɲ uɛ uəʔ uɛɲ
ɔ ɔʔ oŋ iɔ iɔʔ ioŋ uo
i ɪʔ iɲ iɪʔ y yɪʔ yɪɲ
ø yø
ɤ iɤ ɯ

The Middle Chinese [-m] ending rimes in Shanghai dialect have merged with [-n], some of which subsequently dropped off. Some Middle Chinese [-ŋ] ending rime characters have become rimes with a nasalised ending, [iã, uã, uɒ̃]. Middle Chinese [-p -t -k] rimes have become glottal stops [-ʔ].

In certain variants, the [u] is pronounced unrounded (close back unrounded, [ɯ]).

Tones

Yin ([陰] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)) Yin Ping ([陰平] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)) Yin Shang Qu ([陰上去] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)) Yin Ru ([陰入] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help))
52 335 5
Yang ([陽] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)) Yang Shu (Yang Qu) ([陽舒（陽去）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)) Yang Ru ([陽入] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help))
113 23

The Yang Shu tone is composed of Yang registers of the Ping, Shang and Qu tone characters. The Yin Ru and Yang Ru tones are abrupt tones, and apply only to those rimes in Shanghai dialect, which end in the glottal stop [ʔ]. If the Ru tone and tones automatically related to the voiced initials (b d g z v dʑ ʑ) are not considered (as they are fixed into the syllabic structure), then the Shanghai dialect has 2 live tonal contrasts (/52/ and /335/).

Advanced tone sandhi and argument for pitch accent classification:

In polysyllabic words or set phrases, all syllables after the first lose their original tones and are pronounced based on the table below as "neutral" syllables. Even the first syllable that determines subsequent pitches is altered in a polysyllabic word. The patterns vary depending on the number of syllables in the word or set short phrase.

1st syllable original tone　 2 syllables 3 syllables 4 syllables 5 syllables
52 55 - 21 55 - 22 - 21 55 - 22 - 22 - 21 55 - 22 - 22 - 22 - 21
H - L H - L - L H - L - L - L H - L - L - L - L
335 33 - 44 33 - 55 - 21 33 - 55 - 22 - 21 33 - 55 - 22 - 22 - 21
L - H L - H - L L - H - L - L L - H - L - L - L
113 22 - 44 22 - 55 - 21 22 - 55 - 22 - 21 22 - 55 - 22 - 22 - 21
L - H L - H - L L - H - L - L L - H - L - L - L
5 3 - 44 3 - 55 - 21 3 - 55 - 22 - 21 3 - 55 - 22 - 22 - 21
L - H L - H - L L - H - L - L L - H - L - L - L
23 2 - 34 2 - 22 - 34 2 - 22 - 22 - 34 2 - 22 - 22 - 22 - 34
L - H L - L - H L - L - L - H L - L - L - L - H

Note: H = relative high pitch; L = relative low pitch.

Notice that these patterns are quite similar to Japanese pitch accent patterns. Tone sandhi of polysyllabic compounds in the Shanghai dialect has attracted the interest of many scholars, who have previously given only careful consideration to the tone of the monosyllable while trying to describe the rules of tone sandhi for polysyllabic compounds. It has been argued that the number of tones of the Shanghai dialect, generally held to be five under previous analyses, can be reduced to only two underlying tone patterns, or tonemes, by recognizing the existence of the phoneme "voiced h" (Xiaowen Shen, University of Tokyo).

Common Words and Phrases in Shanghainese

Note: Chinese characters for Shanghainese are not standardized and are provided for reference only. IPA transcription is for the Middle period of modern Shanghainese ([中派上海话] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)), pronunciation of those between 20 and 60 years old.

Translation Latin method Northern Wu Lumazi IPA Chinese character
Shanghainese (language) Zanhêreroo/zanhêrerau Zanheghaewo Zanheireiwo [zɑ̃.'he.ɦɛ.ɦʊ] [上海言话] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help) or [上海闲话] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
Shanghainese (people) Zanhegnin Zanhegnin Zanheinin [zɑ̃.'he.ɲɪɲ] [上海人] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
I ngû ghoo, gnou wo, ngu [ɦʊ], [ŋu] [我] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
we or I aqlaq álá aelae [ɐˑ.lɐʔ] [阿拉（我拉）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
he/she yi ji yi [ɦi] [伊（其）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
they yila jila yila [ɦi.la] [伊拉] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
you (sing.) non non non [noŋ] [侬] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（儂）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
you (plural) na na na [na] [乃] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help) or [亻那] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hani (help)
hello non hô non ho non ho [noŋ hɔ] [侬好] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（儂好）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
good-bye tzêwê tsewe tzeiwei [ˈtse.ɦue] [再会] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（再會）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
thank you jaja non ziaja non zhaya non [ʑ̻iaja noŋ]or[ʑ̻iaʑ̻ia noŋ] [谢谢侬] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（謝謝儂）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
sorry têveqchî tevéchi teivechi [te.vəˑ.ʨʰi] [对勿起] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（對勿起）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
but, however dêzŷ, dêzŷ ni daezu, daezu ni deizi, deizi ni [dɛ.zɿ], [dɛ.zɿ.ni] [但是, 但是呢] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
please tsîn tshin chin [ʨʰɪɲ] [请] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（請）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
that one etzaq, itzaq etsá, itsá eitzae, itzae [ˈe.tsɐʔ], [i.tsɐʔ] [哎只, 伊只] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
there etaq, itaq etá, itá eitae, itae [ˈe.tɐʔ], [i.tɐʔ] [哎垯, 伊垯] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
over there emîtaq, imîtaq emitá, imitá eimitae, imitae [ˈe.mi.tɐʔ], [i.mi.tɐʔ] [哎面垯, 伊面垯] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
here geqtaq gétá getae [gəˑ.tɐʔ] [箇垯（搿垯）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
to have yoeteq jeuté youte [ɦiɤɯ.təʔ] [有得] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
to exist, here, present laqhê láhe laehei [lɐˑ.he] [辣嗨] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
now, current yî(d）zê jieze yizei [ɦi.ze] [现在] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（現在）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
what time is it? yîzê cîtî tzon? jieze citie tson? yizei citi tzon? [ɦi.ze ʨi.ti 'tsoŋ] [现在几点钟？] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（現在幾點鐘?）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
where ralîtaq, sâdîfan ghalitá, sadifan ralitae, sadifan [ɦa.ɺi.tɐʔ], [sa.di.fɑ̃] [何里耷] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（何裏耷）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)[, 啥地方] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
what sâreq saré sare [sa ɦəʔ] [啥个,做啥] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
who sâgnin sagnin sanin [sa.ɲɪɲ] [啥人] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
why wêsâ wesa weisa [ɦue.sa] [为啥] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（為啥）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
when sâzenkuan sazencuan sazenkuan [sa.zəɲ.kuɑ̃] [啥辰光] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
how nânen, nânenka nanen, nanenca nanen, nanenka [na.nəɲ, na.nəɲ.ka] [哪能, 哪能介] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
how much? cîdî? cidie? cidi? [ʨi.di] [几钿?几块洋钿?] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（幾鈿?幾塊銀頭?）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
yes e eh ei [ˈe] [哎] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
no m, veqzŷ, m'meq, vio m, vézu, mmé, vio m, vezi, mme, vio [m̩], [vəˑ.zɿ], [m̩məʔ], [viɔ] [呒、弗是、呒没] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
telephone number dîraû rôdoê diewo ghodeu diwo rodou [di.ɦʊ ɦɔ.dɤɯ] [电话号头] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（電話號頭）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
home oq lîxiân ólihian oelishan [oˑ.ɺi.ɕiã] [屋里向] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（屋裏向）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
Come to our house and play. to aqlaq oqlîxiân le beqsiân. to álá ólihian le bésian. to aelae oelishan lei beshan. [tɔ ɐˑ.lɐʔ oˑ.ɺi.ɕiɑ̃ le bəˑ.ɕiã] [到阿拉屋里向来孛相（白相）！] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（到阿拉屋裏向來孛相!）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
Where's the restroom? dâsoêke leqlaq ralîtaq? daseucae lélá ghalitá? dasoukei lelae ralitae? [da.sɤɯ.kɛ ɺəˑ.ɺɐʔ ɦa.ɺi.tɐʔ] [汏手间勒勒阿里耷?] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（汏手間勒勒阿裏耷?）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
Have you eaten dinner? yâvê chîkûleq va? javae chícoulé va? yavei chiekule va? [ɦia.vɛ ʨʰɪˑ.ku.ləʔ va] [夜饭吃过了𠲎?] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（夜飯吃過了𠲎?）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
I don't know ngû veqxioteq. ghoo véhioté. wo veshote. [ŋɯ; vəˑ.ɕiɔ.təʔ] [我弗晓得.] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（我弗曉得.）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
Do you speak English? non Inven kânteqle va? non Inven cantéle va? non Inven kantelei va? [noŋ ˈɪn.vəɲ kãtəʔle va] [侬英文讲得来𠲎?] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
I love you ngû ê non! ghoo e non! wo ei non. [ŋɯ; e noŋ] [我爱侬！] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（我愛儂!）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
I adore you ngû êmu non. ghoo emu non. wo eimu non. [ŋɯ; e.mɯ noŋ] [我爱慕侬.] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（我愛慕儂!）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
I like you a lot ngû lô hueûxî non req. ghoo lo huoehi non ghé! wo lo hueushi non re. [ŋɯ; ɺɔ ˈhuø.ɕi noŋ ɦəʔ] [我老欢喜侬个！] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（我老歡喜儂個）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
news sinven sinven shinven [ɕɪɲ.vəɲ] [新闻] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)[（新聞）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hant (help)
dead sîtheqleq sithélé shithele [ɕi.tʰəˑ.ləʔ] [死脱了] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
alive weqlaqhê wéláhe welaehei [ɦuəˑ.lɐˑ.he] [活辣海（活着）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
very ciokue (ziachî) [交关（邪气）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
very bad ciokue wâ (ziachî wâ) [交关坏（邪气坏）] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
inside, within lîxiân lihian lishan [ɺi.ɕiã] [里向] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)
outside ngâdoe [外頭] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hans (help)


References

  • Lance Eccles, Shanghai dialect: an introduction to speaking the contemporary language. Dunwoody Press, 1993. ISBN 1-881265-11-0. 230 pp + cassette. (An introductory course in 29 units).

See also

External links

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