Jump to content

Bihari languages: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 35: Line 35:
! No. of Speakers <ref name= "Dhanesh"/>
! No. of Speakers <ref name= "Dhanesh"/>
! Geographical Distribution
! Geographical Distribution
⚫
|-
⚫
| '''[[Angika language|Angika]]''' || anp || Anga, [[Kaithi]], [[Devanagari]] || 700,000 || Eastern [[Bihar]]
|-
|-
| '''[[Bhojpuri]]''' || bho || [[Kaithi]], [[Devanagari]] || 29,384,562 || Western [[Bihar]] and Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| '''[[Bhojpuri]]''' || bho || [[Kaithi]], [[Devanagari]] || 29,384,562 || Western [[Bihar]] and Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]]
⚫
|-
⚫
| '''[[Fiji Hindi]]<ref>"Form of Bihari and Awadhi, spoken by [[Fiji Indian]]s"</ref>''' || || [[Roman alphabet|Roman]] and [[Devanagari]]|| 460,000 || [[Fiji]] Inlands
⚫
|-
| '''[[Kudmali]]''' || kyw || N.A.|| 37,000 || [[Bihar]] [[West Bengal]] [[Orissa]] [[Assam]].
|-
|-
| '''[[Magahi]]''' || mag || [[Kaithi]], [[Devanagari]] || 11,362,000 || Southern [[Bihar]]
| '''[[Magahi]]''' || mag || [[Kaithi]], [[Devanagari]] || 11,362,000 || Southern [[Bihar]]
Line 42: Line 48:
| '''[[Maithili]]''' || mai || [[Mithilakshar|Maithili]], [[Devanagari]] || 7,500,000 || Northern [[Bihar]]
| '''[[Maithili]]''' || mai || [[Mithilakshar|Maithili]], [[Devanagari]] || 7,500,000 || Northern [[Bihar]]
|-
|-
| '''[[Angika language|Angika]]''' || anp || Anga, [[Kaithi]], [[Devanagari]] || 700,000 || Eastern [[Bihar]]
| '''[[Majhi language|Majhi]]''' ||mjz || N.A || 21,841 || Eastern [[Bihar]], [[Nepal]]
⚫
|-
⚫
| '''[[Musasa language|Musasa]]''' ||smm|| N.A || 50,000|| Eastern [[Bihar]], [[Nepal]]
|-
|-
| '''[[Sadri language|Sadri, Oraon]]''' || sdr || N.A.|| 1,965,000 || [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bangladesh]]
| '''[[Sadri language|Sadri, Oraon]]''' || sdr || N.A.|| 1,965,000 || [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bangladesh]]
|-
|-
⚫
| '''[[Panchpargania]]''' || tdb || N.A.|| 274,000 || [[West Bengal]] [[Jharkhand]] [[Assam]]
⚫
| '''[[Fiji Hindi]]<ref>"Form of Bihari and Awadhi, spoken by [[Fiji Indian]]s"</ref>''' || || [[Roman alphabet|Roman]] and [[Devanagari]]|| 460,000 || Fiji Inlands
|-
|-
| '''Kudmali''' || kyw || N.A.|| 37,000 || N.A.
| '''[[Sadri language|Sadri]]''' || sdr || N.A.|| 165,683 || [[Jharkhand]] [[Bihar]] and [[Bangladesh]]
⚫
|-
⚫
| '''Panchpargania''' || tdb || N.A.|| 274,000 || N.A.
|-
|-
| '''[[Sarnami|Sarnami Hindustani]]'''<ref>"Form of Bihari with Awadhi influence spoken by [[Suriname]]rs of Indian descent"</ref> || hns || N.A.|| 150,000 || Suriname
| '''[[Sarnami|Sarnami Hindustani]]'''<ref>"Form of Bihari with Awadhi influence spoken by [[Suriname]]rs of Indian descent"</ref> || hns || N.A.|| 150,000 || Suriname
|-
|-
| '''Surajpuri''' || sjp || N.A.|| 273,000 || Kishanganj, katihar & Araria.
| '''Surajpuri''' || sjp || N.A.|| 273,000 || [[Kishanganj]], [[Katihar]] & [[Araria]].
|-
|-
| '''[[Vajjika language|Vajjika]]''' || || N.A || N.A || Eastern [[Bihar]]
| '''[[Vajjika language|Vajjika]]''' || || N.A || N.A || Eastern [[Bihar]]
⚫
|-
⚫
| '''[[Majhi language|Majhi]]''' ||mjz || N.A || N.A || Eastern [[Bihar]]
⚫
|-
⚫
| '''[[Musasa language|Musasa]]''' ||smm|| N.A || N.A || Eastern [[Bihar]]
⚫
|-
| '''[[Sadri language|Sadri]]''' || sdr || N.A.|| N.A. || [[Jharkhand]] [[Bihar]] and [[Bangladesh]]
|}
|}


Revision as of 07:43, 19 March 2009

Bihari
Geographic
distribution		Bihar
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Language codes
ISO 639-2 / 5bih

Bihari is a name given to the western group of Eastern Indic languages, spoken in Bihar and neighboring states in India. Bhojpuri and Maithili are spoken in Nepal as well. The Bhojpuri and Maithili speaking population form more than 20% of Nepalese population. Despite of large number of speakers of these languages, they have not been constitutionally recognized in India. Even in Bihar, Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters.[1] These languages were legally absorbed under the subordinate lebel of HINDI in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerments.[2] Nalanda Open University offers various courses on Bihari Languages (Magahi, Bhojpuri, Maithili)[3]. The first success for spreading Hindi occurred in Bihar in 1881, when Hindi displaced Urdu as the sole official language of the province. In this struggle between competing Hindi and Urdu, the potential claims of the three large mother tongues in the region - Magahi, Bhojpuri and Maithili were ignored. After independence Hindi was again given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950. [4]

Speakers of Bihari Languages

The number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness. The uneducated and the rural population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language. [5]

The relationship of Maithili community with Bhojpuri and Magahi communities – the immediate neighbors have been neither very pleasant nor very hostile. These two groups have rather been very envious of the series of achievements – both literary and socio-political. But Maithili has been the only one among them which has been trying to constantly deny superimposition of Hindi over her identity. The other two have given up their claims and have resigned to accept the status of dialects of Hindi.

Languages included in Bihari group

Language [6] ISO 639-3 Scripts No. of Speakers [5] Geographical Distribution
Angika anp Anga, Kaithi, Devanagari 700,000 Eastern Bihar
Bhojpuri bho Kaithi, Devanagari 29,384,562 Western Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh
Fiji Hindi[7] Roman and Devanagari 460,000 Fiji Inlands
Kudmali kyw N.A. 37,000 Bihar West Bengal Orissa Assam.
Magahi mag Kaithi, Devanagari 11,362,000 Southern Bihar
Maithili mai Maithili, Devanagari 7,500,000 Northern Bihar
Majhi mjz N.A 21,841 Eastern Bihar, Nepal
Musasa smm N.A 50,000 Eastern Bihar, Nepal
Sadri, Oraon sdr N.A. 1,965,000 Jharkhand and Bangladesh
Panchpargania tdb N.A. 274,000 West Bengal Jharkhand Assam
Sadri sdr N.A. 165,683 Jharkhand Bihar and Bangladesh
Sarnami Hindustani[8] hns N.A. 150,000 Suriname
Surajpuri sjp N.A. 273,000 Kishanganj, Katihar & Araria.
Vajjika N.A N.A Eastern Bihar

References and footnotes

  1. ^ http://www.diehardindian.com/demogrph/moredemo/histlang.htm
  2. ^ Verma, Mahandra K. "Language Endangerment and Indian languages : An exploration and a critique". Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia. {{cite conference}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ http://www.nalandaopenuniversity.com/courses.html
  4. ^ Brass Paul R., The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge University Press, pp. 183
  5. ^ a b Jain Dhanesh, Cardona George, The Indo-Aryan Languages, pp500, "..the number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness. The uneducated and the rural population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language."
  6. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90424 Bihari Languages
  7. ^ "Form of Bihari and Awadhi, spoken by Fiji Indians"
  8. ^ "Form of Bihari with Awadhi influence spoken by Surinamers of Indian descent"

See also

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bihari_languages&oldid=278289234"