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[[File:Ireland-St Patrick.jpg|thumb|190px|St. Patrick's Day 2004 in [[Cork (city)|Cork]],Ireland]]
[[File:Ireland-St Patrick.jpg|thumb|190px|St. Patrick's Day 2004 in [[Cork (city)|Cork]],Ireland]]
'''Saint Patrick's Day''' ({{lang-ga|Lá Fhéile Pádraig}}) colloquially '''St. Paddy's Day''' or simply '''Paddy's Day''', is an annual feast day that celebrates [[Saint Patrick]] (''[[circa]]'' AD 385–461), the most commonly recognised of the [[patron saint]]s of Ireland, and is generally celebrated on 17 March.The festivities usually begin very early in the morning by chugging a green beer that is luke warm which makes it easier to belch afterwards.
'''Saint Patrick's Day''' ({{lang-ga|Lá Fhéile Pádraig}}) colloquially '''St. Paddy's Day''' or simply '''Paddy's Day''', is an annual feast day that celebrates [[Saint Patrick]] (''[[circa]]'' AD 385–461), the most commonly recognised of the [[patron saint]]s of Ireland, and is generally celebrated on 17 March.The festivities usually begin very early in the morning by chugging a green beer that is luke warm which makes it easier to belch afterwards.Alot of people drink so much they poo their pants


The day is a [[National Day|national holiday]] of [[Ireland]]: it is a [[bank holiday]] in [[Northern Ireland]] and a [[public holidays in the Republic of Ireland|public holiday]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]]. It is also a public holiday in [[Montserrat]]. In [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom]] (excluding Northern Ireland), [[Australia]], the [[United States]], [[Argentina]] and [[New Zealand]], it is widely celebrated but is not an official holiday.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Federal Holidays Calendars from 1997 to 2010''|accessdate=17 March 2008|url=http://www.opm.gov/Operating_Status_Schedules/fedhol/index.asp}}</ref>
The day is a [[National Day|national holiday]] of [[Ireland]]: it is a [[bank holiday]] in [[Northern Ireland]] and a [[public holidays in the Republic of Ireland|public holiday]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]]. It is also a public holiday in [[Montserrat]]. In [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom]] (excluding Northern Ireland), [[Australia]], the [[United States]], [[Argentina]] and [[New Zealand]], it is widely celebrated but is not an official holiday.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Federal Holidays Calendars from 1997 to 2010''|accessdate=17 March 2008|url=http://www.opm.gov/Operating_Status_Schedules/fedhol/index.asp}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:29, 3 March 2010

Saint Patrick's Day
The Chicago River is dyed green each year for the St. Patrick's Day celebration, shown here in 2008.
Also calledSt. Paddy's Day
Observed by
TypeNational, Ethnic, Christian, Festive
Celebrations
Date17 March
St. Patrick's Day 2004 in Cork,Ireland

Saint Patrick's Day (Template:Lang-ga) colloquially St. Paddy's Day or simply Paddy's Day, is an annual feast day that celebrates Saint Patrick (circa AD 385–461), the most commonly recognised of the patron saints of Ireland, and is generally celebrated on 17 March.The festivities usually begin very early in the morning by chugging a green beer that is luke warm which makes it easier to belch afterwards.Alot of people drink so much they poo their pants

The day is a national holiday of Ireland: it is a bank holiday in Northern Ireland and a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland. It is also a public holiday in Montserrat. In Canada, United Kingdom (excluding Northern Ireland), Australia, the United States, Argentina and New Zealand, it is widely celebrated but is not an official holiday.[1]

St. Patrick's feast day was placed on the universal liturgical calendar in the Catholic Church due to the influence of the Waterford-born Franciscan scholar Luke Wadding[2] in the early part of the 17th century, although the feast day was celebrated in the local Irish church from a much earlier date. St. Patrick's Day is a holy day of obligation for Roman Catholics in Ireland. The feast day usually falls during Lent. The church calendar avoids the observance of saints' feasts during certain solemnities, moving the saint's day to a time outside those periods. St. Patricks Day is very occasionally affected by this requirement. Thus when 17th of March falls during Holy Week, as in 1940 when St. Patrick's Day was observed on 3 April in order to avoid it coinciding with Palm Sunday, and again in 2008, having been observed on 15 March. St. Patrick's Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160 - when it will fall on the Monday before Easter.[3][4]

Wearing of green

According to legend, St. Patrick used the shamrock, a three-leaved plant, to explain the Holy Trinity to the pre-Christian Irish people.

Green ribbons and shamrocks were worn in celebration of St Patrick's Day as early as the 17th century.[5] He is said to have used the shamrock, a three-leaved plant, to explain the Holy Trinity to the pre-Christian Irish, and the wearing and display of shamrocks and shamrock-inspired designs have become a ubiquitous feature of the day.[6][7] The phrase "the wearing of the green", meaning to wear a shamrock on one's clothing, derives from the song of the same name.

History in Ireland

Traditional Irish St. Patrick's day badges from the early 20th century, photographed at the Museum of Country Life.

In the past, Saint Patrick's Day was celebrated as a religious holiday. It became a public holiday in 1903, by the Money Bank. (Ireland) Act 1903, an Act of the United Kingdom Parliament introduced by the Irish MP James O'Mara.[8] O'Mara later introduced the law which required that pubs be closed on 17 March, a provision which was repealed only in the 1970s. The first St. Patrick's Day parade held in the Irish Free State was held in Dublin in 1931 and was reviewed by the then Minister of Defense Desmond Fitzgerald. Although secular celebrations now exist, the holiday remains a religious observance in Ireland, for both the Church of Ireland and Roman Catholic Church.

It was only in the mid-1990s that the Irish government began a campaign to use Saint Patrick's Day to showcase Ireland and its culture.[9] The government set up a group called St. Patrick's Festival, with the aim to:

— Offer a national festival that ranks amongst all of the greatest celebrations in the world and promote excitement throughout Ireland via innovation, creativity, grassroots involvement, and marketing activity.
— Provide the opportunity and motivation for people of Irish descent, (and those who sometimes wish they were Irish) to attend and join in the imaginative and expressive celebrations.
— Project, internationally, an accurate image of Ireland as a creative, professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal, as we approach the new millennium.[10]

The first Saint Patrick's Festival was held on 17 March 1996. In 1997, it became a three-day event, and by 2000 it was a four-day event. By 2006, the festival was five days long; over 675,000 people attended the 2009 parade.

The topic of the 2004 St. Patrick's Symposium was "Talking Irish," during which the nature of Irish identity, economic success, and the future were discussed. Since 1996, there has been a greater emphasis on celebrating and projecting a fluid and inclusive notion of "Irishness" rather than an identity based around traditional religious or ethnic allegiance. The week around Saint Patrick's Day usually involves Irish language speakers using more Irish during seachtain na Gaeilge ("Irish Week").[citation needed]

As well as Dublin, many other Irish cities, towns and villages hold their own parades and festivals, including Cork, Belfast, Derry, Galway, Kilkenny, Limerick, and Waterford.

The biggest celebrations outside Dublin are in Downpatrick, County Down, where Saint Patrick is rumoured to be buried following his death on 17 March, 461. In 2004, according to Down District Council, the week-long St. Patrick's Festival had over 2,000 participants and 82 floats, bands, and performers, and was watched by over 30,000 people.[citation needed]

Belfast City Council recently agreed to give public funds to its parade for the very first time.[citation needed] In previous years funding was refused by pro-British Unionist councillors in the city for not being inclusive of Unionist citizens, the refusal to fund it was labelled as "anti-Irish racism" by Nationalist Belfast councillors. Also the Ulster Schools Cup final is annually held on this day which is the 2nd oldest rugby cup in the world. [11]

Everyone's Irish on March 17th.
Sign on a beam in the Guinness Storehouse.

Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of St Patrick's Day. Writing in The Word magazine's March 2007 issue, Fr. Vincent Twomey stated that, "it is time to reclaim St Patrick's Day as a church festival". He questioned the need for "mindless alcohol-fuelled revelry" and concluded that, "it is time to bring the piety and the fun together".[12]

Outside Ireland

In Argentina

In Argentina, and especially in Buenos Aires, all-night long parties are celebrated in designated streets, since the weather is comfortably warm in March. People dance and drink only beer throughout the night, until seven or eight in the morning, and although the tradition of mocking those who do not does not exist, most people would wear something green. In Buenos Aires, the party is held in downtown street Reconquista, where there are several Irish pubs;[13][14] in 2006, there were 50,000 people in this street and the pubs nearby.[15] Curiously enough, the street is named that way ("Reconquest") remembering the takeover of the city after it had been invaded by the British in 1806, with a force consisting primarily in Irish soldiers.[16] Neither the Catholic Church nor the Irish community, the fifth largest in the world outside Ireland,[17] take part in the organization of the parties.

In Canada

Saint Patrick's Day Parade in Montreal

The longest-running Saint Patrick's Day parade in Canada occurs each year in Montreal, the flag of which has a shamrock in one of its corners. The parades have been held in continuity since 1824[18]; however, St. Patrick's Day itself has been celebrated in Montreal as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France.[19]

In the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, the date was observed as a public holiday until 1992,[20] although the provincial government itself continues to observe it as a paid holiday for government employees.[21] In any event, St. Patrick's Day is still widely celebrated throughout the province.

In the province of Manitoba, the Irish Association of Manitoba runs an annual three day festival of music and culture based around St Patrick's Day.[citation needed]

In 2004, the CelticFest Vancouver Society organized an annual festival in downtown Vancouver to celebrate the Celtic Nations and their culture. This event, which includes a parade, occurs the weekend closest to St. Patrick's Day.[22]

In the City of Toronto from 1919 to 1927, the Toronto Maple Leafs were known as the Toronto St. Patricks, wore green jerseys. In 1999 when the Leafs played on Hockey Night in Canada (national broadcast of the NHL) on St. Patrick's Day, the Leafs wore the green St. Pats retro jersey. There is a large parade in the city's downtown core that attracts over 100,000 spectators.[citation needed]

Although the baseball season is still in the spring training phase when St. Patrick's Day rolls around, the Toronto Blue Jays wear green uniforms for the occasion.[citation needed] The Toronto Raptors professional basketball team also wears a green alternate uniform to celebrate the holiday.

Some groups, notably Guinness, have lobbied to make Saint Patrick's Day a federal (national) holiday.[23]

In March 2009, the Calgary Tower had changed its top exterior lights to new green-coloured CFL bulbs just in time for St. Patrick's Day. The lights were in fact part of the environmental non-profit organization, Project Porchlight, and were Green to represent environmental concerns. Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for St. Patrick's Day and almost resemble a Leprechaun's hat during the evening light. After a week, regular white CFLs took their place, saving the Calgary Tower around $12,000 and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 104 metric tonnes in the process.[24]

In Great Britain

2006 St Patrick's Day celebrations in Trafalgar Square London

In Great Britain, the Queen Mother used to present bowls of shamrock flown over from Ireland to members of the Irish Guards, a regiment in the British Army consisting primarily of soldiers from both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Guards still wear shamrock on this day, flown in from Ireland.[25]

The horse racing at the Cheltenham Festival attracts large numbers of Irish people, both residents of Britain and many who travel from Ireland, and usually coincides with Saint Patrick's Day.[26]

Birmingham holds the largest Saint Patrick's Day parade's in Britain with a massive city centre parade [27] over a two mile (3 km) route through the city centre. The organisers describe it as the third biggest parade in the world after Dublin and New York.[28]

London, since 2002, has had an annual Saint Patrick's Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th, usually in Trafalgar Square. In 2008 the water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed green.

Liverpool with its geographical location as a major port leading to the Irish Sea has the largest per-capita Irish population of any English city.[citation needed] This has led to a long standing celebration on St Patrick's Day in terms of music, cultural events and the parade.

Manchester hosts a two week Irish festival in the weeks prior to St Patrick's Day. The festival includes an Irish Market based at the city's town hall which flies the Irish tricolour opposite the Union Flag, a large parade (claiming to be the biggest outside of Dublin and New York based on entrant and float numbers) as well as a large number of cultural and learning events throughout the two-week period. The festival promotes itself as the largest in the UK.[29]

The Scottish town of Coatbridge, where the majority of the town's population are of Irish descent,[citation needed] also has a St. Patrick's Day Festival which includes celebrations and parades in the town centre.

Glasgow began an annual St. Patrick's Day parade and festival in 2007.

In Montserrat

The tiny island of Montserrat, known as "Emerald Island of the Caribbean" due to its foundation by Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis, is the only place in the world apart from Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador in which St Patrick's Day is a public holiday. The holiday commemorates a failed slave uprising which occurred on 17 March 1798.[citation needed]

In New Zealand

As in Australia, Saint Patrick's Day is widely celebrated. It is tradition for people to wear green items of clothing, and the streets are often filled with revellers drinking and making merry from early afternoon until late at night. As many people in New Zealand are of Irish descent,it is widely seen as a day to celebrate individual links to Ireland and all things Irish. The Irish have made a large impact to New Zealand's social, political and education systems, as they immigrated in large numbers to the country during the 1800s. Saint Patrick's Day is seen as a way of remembering the input of the Irish that has made New Zealand the way it is today. Parades and celebrations are common, although it is not a public holiday.

In Uruguay

Celebrated in Montevideo and Punta del Este. The weather in March is warm. People dance and drink beer throughout the night until seven or eight in the morning. Most people wear something green. Irish music is played in Bartolome Mitre street and Sarandi street, downtown Montevideo, where there are several Irish pubs. [2]

In the United States

The White House fountain was dyed green in celebration of Saint Patrick's Day on March 17, 2009.

Early celebrations

Irish Society of Boston organized what was the first Saint Patrick's Day Parade in the colonies on 17 March 1737.[30][unreliable source?] The first celebration of Saint Patrick's Day in New York City was held at the Crown and Thistle Tavern in 1766, the parades were held as political and social statements because the Irish immigrants were being treated unfairly.[31] and New York's first Saint Patrick's Day Parade was held on 17 March 1762 by Irish soldiers in the British Army. In 1780, General George Washington, who commanded soldiers of Irish descent in the Continental Army, allowed his troops a holiday on 17 March “as an act of solidarity with the Irish in their fight for independence."[32][33] This event became known as The St. Patrick's Day Encampment of 1780.[30] [unreliable source?]

Postcard postmarked 1912 in the United States

Customs today

Today, Saint Patrick's Day is widely celebrated in America by Irish and non-Irish alike. Many people, regardless of ethnic background, wear green-coloured clothing and items. Traditionally, those who are caught not wearing green are pinched, usually affectionately.[34]

Seattle and other cities paint the traffic stripe of their parade routes green. Chicago dyes its river green and has done so since 1961 when sewer workers used green dye to check for sewer discharges and got the idea to turn the river green for St. Patrick's Day but it only lasts a few hours.[35] Indianapolis also dyes its main canal green. Savannah dyes its downtown city fountains green. Missouri University of Science and Technology - St Pat's Board Alumni paint 12 city blocks kelly green with mops before the annual parade.[citation needed] In Jamestown, New York, the Chadakoin River (a small tributary that connects Conewango Creek with its source at Chautauqua Lake) is dyed green each year.

Students at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign like to celebrate the holiday twice. The first, more popular celebration happens earlier in March and is known as Unofficial St. Patrick's Day, or more commonly "Unofficial."

The Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois on Saint Patrick's Day.

Parades

Many parades are held to celebrate the holiday. The longest-running of these are:

Savannah, Georgia

The parade organizers have claimed an expected attendance of around 400,000.[39] In 2006, the Tánaiste was featured in the parade. The parade travels through Savannah's Historic District. One tradition that has developed has been the official "dyeing of the fountains" which happens several days before the parade.

Hot Springs, Arkansas

Perhaps the smallest notable parade World's Shortest St. Patrick's Day Parade, is said to take place in Hot Springs, Arkansas in the United States annually held on historic Bridge Street which became famous in the 1940s when Ripley’s Believe It or Not designated it “The Shortest Street in the World.”

Syracuse, New York

In the city of Syracuse, NY, Saint Patrick's celebrations are traditionally begun with the delivery of green beer to Coleman's Irish Pub on the first Sunday of March. Coleman's is located in the Tipperary Hill section of the city. Tipperary Hill is home to the World famous "Green-on-Top" Traffic Light and is historically the Irish section in Syracuse. Saint Patrick's Day is rung in at midnight with the painting of a Shamrock under the Green-Over-Red traffic light. Syracuse boasts the largest St. Patrick's day celebration per-capita in the United States with their annual Syracuse St. Patrick's Parade ([6])[40], founded by Nancy Duffy, an honored journalist in the Central New York area and an active community leader. "The parade remains a major annual event, typically drawing an estimated crowd of more than 100,000 visitors to downtown Syracuse, as well as 5,000 to 6,000 marchers." [41]

New York City

The New York parade has become the largest Saint Patrick's Day parade in the world. In a typical year, 150,000 marchers participate in it, including bands, firefighters, military and police groups, county associations, emigrant societies, and social and cultural clubs, and 2 million spectators line the streets.[42] The parade marches up 5th Avenue in Manhattan and is always led by the U.S. 69th Infantry Regiment. The Commissioner of the parade always asks the Commanding Officer if the 69th is ready, to which the response is, "The 69th is always ready." New York politicians - or those running for office - are always found prominently marching in the parade. Former New York City Mayor Ed Koch once proclaimed himself "Ed O'Koch" for the day, and he continued to don an Irish sweater and march every year up until 2003, even though he was no longer in office.

The parade is organized and run by the Ancient Order of Hibernians.[citation needed] For many years, the St. Patrick's Day Parade was the primary public function of the organization. On occasion the order has appointed controversial Irish republican figures (some of whom were barred from the U.S.) to be its Grand Marshal.[citation needed] The parade has also drawn controversy for many years for its exclusion of openly gay organizations[43][44][45][46][47].

The New York parade is moved to the previous Saturday (March 16) in years where March 17th is a Sunday. The event also has been moved on the rare occasions when, due to Easter falling on a very early date, March 17th would land in Holy Week. This same scenario arose again in 2008, when Easter fell on March 23rd, but the festivities went ahead on their normal date and had record viewers.[48] In many other American cities (such as San Francisco), the parade is always held on the Sunday before March 17th, regardless of the liturgical calendar.

Holyoke, Massachusetts

This Western Mass factory town was the site of massive Irish immigration in the 19th Century, and hosts a Parade its organizers claim is the second largest in the United States. It is scheduled on the Sunday following St. Patrick's Day each year. Attendance exceeds 300,000, with over 25,000 marchers, through a 2.3 mile route in this city of 40,000. A 10K road Race and many events create a remarkable festival weekend.[49] Each year an Irish-American who has distinguished himself or herself in their chosen profession is awarded the John F. Kennedy National Award. JFK was a National Award Winner in the 1958 Holyoke Parade. Other winners include author Tom Clancy, Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge, and actor Pat O'Brien [50]

Scranton, Pennsylvania

Due to the rich history of Scranton participation in St. Patrick's Day festivities it is one of the oldest and most populated parades in the United States. It has been going on annually since 1862 by the St. Patrick's Day Parade Association of Lackawanna County and the parade has gotten attention nationally as being one of the better St. Patrick's Day parades. The parade route begins on Wyoming Ave. and loops up to Penn Ave. and then Lackawanna Ave. before going back down over Jefferson Ave. to get to Washington Ave. Scranton hosts the third largest St. Patrick's Day Parade in the United States. In 2008, up to 150,000 people attended the parade.

Seattle, Washington

Seattle's St. Patrick's Day Parade, [7] recognized by CNN in 2009 as one of the "Five places to get your green on" in America,[8] travels along a 1-mile route through the Emerald City's downtown financial and retail core the Saturday before St. Patrick's Day. Seattle's St. Patrick's Day Celebration is the largest and oldest in the Northwestern United States. In 2009, some 20,000 spectators and groups from throughout the Northwest turned out for the city's Irish shenanigans. Along with the annual "Laying 'O the Green" where Irish revelers mark the path of the next morning's procession with a mile-long green stripe, the Seattle parade marks the high-point of Seattle's Irish Week festivities. The week-long civic celebration organized by the city's Irish Heritage Club [9] includes the annual Society of the Friends of St. Patrick Dinner where a century-old Irish Shillelagh [10]has been passed to the group's new president for 70 years, an Irish Soda Bread Baking Contest, a Mass for Peace that brings together Catholics and others in a Protestant church, and the annual Irish Week Festival, which takes place around St. Patrick's day is enormous, including step dancing, food, historical and modern exhibitions, and Irish lessons. Many celebrities of Irish descent visit Seattle during it's St. Patrick's Day Celebration. In 2010 The Right Honourable Desmond Guinness, a direct descendant of Guinness Brewery founder Arthur Guinness, will serve as the parade's grand marshal. In 2009, The Tonight Show's Conan O'Brien made a guest appearance at the annual Mayor's Proclamation Luncheon at local Irish haunt F.X. McCrory's. And in 2008, European Union Ambassador to the U.S. and former Irish Prime Minister John Bruton served as the parade's grand marshal and marched alongside Tom Costello, the mayor of Galway, Seattle's Irish sister city.

Las Vegas, Nevada

The Southern Nevada, (formerly Las Vegas) Sons of Erin have put on a parade since 1966. It was formerly held on Fremont Street in downtown Las Vegas, later moved to 4th street. Since 2005, the parade has been held in downtown Henderson. It is one of the biggest parades in the state of Nevada. It also consists of a three day festival, carnival and classic car show in Old Town Henderson. THis year, 2010, the parade will be on March 13th. for more info go to www.snsoe.com

St. Pat's Board Alumni paint Pine Street green
Rolla, Missouri

Rolla is home to the Missouri University of Science & Technology (formerly known as University of Missouri-Rolla, and Missouri School of Mines), an engineering college. St. Patrick is the patron saint of engineers, and the school and town's celebrations last for a week or more, with a downtown parade held the Saturday before St. Patrick's. A royal court is crowned, and the streets in the city's downtown area are painted solid green. In 2008, Rolla celebrated its 100th St. Patrick's Day celebration.

In previous years, a pit of green liquid was made by students as part of the festivities, and named 'Alice' -- stepping into Alice was a rite of bravery. In recent years, however, the university faculty has banned the practice out of health concerns.[51]

Baseball

Although the baseball season is still in the spring training phase when St. Patrick's Day rolls around, some teams celebrate by wearing St. Patrick's Day themed uniforms. The Cincinnati Reds were the first team to ever wear St. Patrick's Day hats in 1978. The Boston Red Sox were the second team to start wearing St. Patrick's Day hats in 1990.[52] Many teams have since started wearing St. Patrick's day themed jerseys, including the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1980s and Boston Red Sox in 2004.[53] Since then it has become a tradition of many sports teams to also wear special uniforms to celebrate the holiday. The Los Angeles Dodgers also have a history with the Irish-American community. With the O'Malley family owning the team and now Frank McCourt, the Dodgers have had team celebrations or worn green jerseys on St. Patrick's Day.[54] The Detroit Tigers and Philadelphia Phillies also wear St. Patrick's Day caps and jerseys.[55] Other teams celebrate by wearing kelly green hats. These teams include: the Chicago Cubs, the Chicago White Sox, the New York Mets, the San Diego Padres, the Atlanta Braves, the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Kansas City Royals, the Seattle Mariners and the St. Louis Cardinals.[56] The Washington Nationals have fan green hat day on September 17 to represent 6 months to St. Patrick's Day.

Nearly all major league baseball teams now produce St. Patrick's day merchandise, including Kelly green hats, jerseys, and t-shirts.[57]

Basketball

Between March 15 and 17th of 2009, a number of NBA teams wore green jerseys in recognition of St. Patrick's Day including the New York Knicks, Chicago Bulls, Toronto Raptors and Dallas Mavericks. The Boston Celtics, whose home jersey is green, wore a specially designed green and gold jersey.

See also

External articles and references

Citations and notes

  1. ^ "Federal Holidays Calendars from 1997 to 2010". Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  2. ^ "The Catholic Encyclopedia: Luke Wadding". Retrieved 15 February 2007.
  3. ^ "St. Patrick's Day, Catholic Church march to different drummers". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-03-11. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ Nevans-Pederson, Mary (2008-03-13). "No St. Pat's Day Mass allowed in Holy Week". Dubuque Telegraph Herald. Woodward Communications, Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  5. ^ The Wearing of the Green: A History of St. Patrick's Day. Routledge. 2002. ISBN 9780415180047. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "St. Patrick's Day: Fact vs. Fiction". Retrieved 2009-03-31.
  7. ^ "Holiday has history". Retrieved 2009-03-21.
  8. ^ Humphry's Family Tree - James O'Mara
  9. ^ "The History of the Holiday." History Channel. (URL accessed March 15, 2006)
  10. ^ "St. Patrick's Day". St. Patrick's Festival. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  11. ^ BBC News NORTHERN IRELAND | St Patrick's day parade refused funding
  12. ^ "More piety, fewer pints 'best way to celebrate'", The Irish Independent, March 12, 2007
  13. ^ "Saint Patrick´s Day in Argentina".
  14. ^ Saint Patrick´s Day in Argentina on YouTube. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
  15. ^ "Clarín newspaper".
  16. ^ "The Guardian".
  17. ^ "The Irish Times special report".
  18. ^ "St. Patrick's Day Parades Roundup, 2005". The Wild Geese Today. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  19. ^ Don Pidgeon (2007-07-03). "Montreal's Saint Patrick's Day Parade: History". United Irish Societies of Montreal.
  20. ^ Reminder of Cabot 500 Day Holiday (Government of Newfoundland and Labrador press release referencing the removal), June 19, 1997
  21. ^ Government Holidays for 2009, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Human Resource Policy Manual
  22. ^ http://www.celticfestvancouver.com
  23. ^ http://www.proposition317.com/Gateway.aspx Guinness - Proposition 3-17
  24. ^ http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Calgary+Tower+gets+full+green+bulb+treatment/1378992/story.html Calgary Herald - Calgary Tower gets full green bulb treatment
  25. ^ "In pictures: St Patrick's Day around the world". 1st Battalion Irish Guards marching in a St Patrick"s Day parade held at the Victoria Barracks in Windsor. BBC. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
  26. ^ BBC News - The day the world turns green 14 March 1998
  27. ^ Connecting Histories - St Patrick's Day Parade
  28. ^ [1]
  29. ^ Manchester Irish Festival
  30. ^ a b "Saint Patrick’s Day". Encarta (URL accessed 19 March 2007) Cite error: The named reference "Washington" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  31. ^ "March 17, 1756 in History." Brainy History. (URL accessed 17 March 2006)
  32. ^ Washington's St. Patrick's Day Ball
  33. ^ The original proclamation is available from the Library of Congress: page 1 - page 2
  34. ^ BBC - h2g2 - St Patrick's Day
  35. ^ MSN - View of Celebrations of St. Patrick's Day in the U.S.
  36. ^ Kunz, Virginia Brainard. Saint Paul: The First One Hundred and Fifty Years. Bookmen. p. 33. ISBN 0-9630690-0-4.
  37. ^ "History of Pittsburgh's St. Patrick's Day Parade." (URL accessed October 5, 2006)
  38. ^ http://www.kcirishparade.com/Parade/History/printable_modern.htm
  39. ^ Savannah, Georgia - Saint Patrick's Day Celebration
  40. ^ "Syracuse St. Patrick's Parade". Retrieved 17 June 2008.
  41. ^ "Nancy Duffy". Retrieved 17 June 2008.
  42. ^ Hajela, Deepti, Associated Press article, March 18, 2008, New York City dateline ("The parade typically draws 2 million spectators and 150,000 marchers [...] New York boasts the nation's largest parade [...]")
  43. ^ Quinn to Mark St. Patrick’s Day Elsewhere, New York Times, March 16, 2009
  44. ^ Inclusive St. Patrick's Parade Faces Exclusion New York Times, March 3, 2001
  45. ^ St. Patrick Parade Sponsor May Quit Over Gay Dispute, New York Times, Jan 20, 1993
  46. ^ Judge Refuses to Order Gay Group Admitted to St. Patrick's Parade, New York Times, March 17, 1992
  47. ^ Gay Group Rebuffed in Bid To Join St. Patrick's Parade
  48. ^ St. Patrick's Day causing Catholic dilemma - CNN.com
  49. ^ Holyoke's St. Patrick's Day showcases more than Irish pride Associated Press
  50. ^ http://newsite.holyokestpatricksparade.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=27
  51. ^ Careaga, Andrew (Winter 2007). "Go ask Alice? We would if we could". UMR Magazine Vol. 81 No. 4. mst.edu.
  52. ^ "The Official Site of The Boston Red Sox: News: Boston Red Sox News" (URL accessed 29 March 2007)
  53. ^ "The Official Site of Major League Baseball: News: Major League Baseball News" (URL accessed 29 March 2007)
  54. ^ Dodgers Auctions - LA Dodger's St. Patrick's Day Jersey
  55. ^ "St. Patrick's Day on Yahoo! News Photos" (URL accessed 29 March 2007)
  56. ^ "The Official Site of The St. Louis Cardinals: News: St. Louis Cardinals News" (URL accessed 29 March 2007)
  57. ^ "MLB.com shop" (URL accessed 29 March 2007)

Websites

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Patrick's Day.
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