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* Dr.[[Karan Singh Yadav]], Ex-M.P. from [[Alwar]], Rajasthan
* Dr.[[Karan Singh Yadav]], Ex-M.P. from [[Alwar]], Rajasthan
* Dr.[[Karumuri Venkata Nageswara Rao]], [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Tanuku]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* Dr.[[Karumuri Venkata Nageswara Rao]], [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Tanuku]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* HIND KESARI YADAV,Former Minister of bihar government


===Military===
===Military===

Revision as of 14:53, 15 April 2010

यादव / Yadav
ClassificationChandravanshi Kshatriya
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesHindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Marathi and dialects of these languages
Populated statesNorthern India, Western India, Central India , South India
SubdivisionsAhir, Dhangars, Jadon, Bhati, Maniyani, Konar, Gaur, Jadeja, etc. 57 sub-castes/clans
yaduvanshi कृष्ण

Yadav/Ahir or Jhadhav (Hindi: यादव, yādava) is an Indian caste that claims descent from Yadu. Sometimes they are also called Madhav because Madhu was ancestor of Yadu. Yadavas have been mentioned as one of the panchjanya tribes in ancient Vedic texts [1].

Yadavs (Ahir)s, who are located in many different parts of India and Nepal, generally follow Vaishnav traditions, and share Dharmic religious beliefs. Traditionally, the Yadavs are classified under the Kshatriya varna in Hinduism.[2][3][4][5]

Classification of Yadavs

Yadavas of East are divided into three major clans called Shakhas[6]:

  • Krishnauth or Kishnauth meaning descendants of Krishna
  • Madhauth or Majhauth meaning descendants of Madhu, ancestor of Yadu.
  • Gaur, Gor or Gorya, a very ancient Yadav clan of Epic Mahabharata.[7]

Yadavas of West also known as Ahir, divided into three major clans called Khanap[8]:

Asia in 1200 AD, showing the Yadava Dynasty and its neighbors.
  • Yaduvanshi - Descendants of Yadu
  • Nandvanshi - Descendants of Nanda
  • Gwalvanshi - Descendants of Holy Gwals (Original word Gaur becomes Gwar and then Gwal)
          Yayati  [9]
             |
           Yadu (Ancestor of Madhu)
            |
          Madhu ---- Nanda ----Nandavanshi, Madhauth(Majhauth)
            |
          yadu  (Successor of Madhu)
            |
          Krishna 
             |
          Krishnauth,Yaduvanshi

Yadav Origin

In Hindu ancient history, Yadvas are the descendants of Yadu, the eldest son of King Yayati. From his line was born Madhu, who ruled from Madhuvana, situated on the banks of river Yamuna, which extended up to Saurastra and Anarta (Gujrat). His daughter Madhumati married Harinasva of Ikshvaku race, from whom Yadu was born again, this time being ancestor of Yadavas. Nanda the foster father of Krishna was born in the line of succession of Madhu and ruled from the same side of Yamuna.[10] Jarasandh, Kansa's father-in-law, and king of Magadha attacked Yadavas to avenge Kansa's death. Yadavas had to shift their capital from Mathura (central Aryavart) to Dwaraka (on the western coast of Aryavart) on the Sindhu. Yadu was a legendary Hindu king, believed to be an ancestor of the god Krishna, who for this reason is sometimes referred to as Yadava. Genetically, they are in Indo-Caucasoid family,[11]. A study in East of India shows their gene structure is similar to Brahmin, Kayastha & Rajput living in the same area.[12]

Origin of Ahirs

Avar warrior with captive.[13]

According to Ethnographers and historians like Cunningham, Todd, Ibbetson, Elliot, Ephilstone, Dahiya, Dhillon, Banerjea, etc the agrarian and artisan communities of North west India were classified as "Jat" fom "Gatae", "Ahir" from "Avar" (Eurasian Avars), "Saka" from "Scythii", "Gujjar and Khatri" from "Khazar".[14][15][16][17] The Ahirs, also referred to as Abhira or Abhir, are one of the ancient martial tribes of India,who ruled over different parts of India and Nepal since ancient times. The word Abhira means "fearless". From the times of the Shakyas, the Kushans and the Scythians (600 BC), Ahirs have been warriors. Some were agriculturists and farmers. Ahirs comprise a subgroup of the Dhangar caste of India.

The people of the Ahir tribe are traditionally cow herders and farmers. Formerly the Ahirs had the exclusive right to milk cows, so even the lowest caste person had to hire an Ahir for this purpose. Their role with the sacred cows gave them special status. Ahir caste widespread in northern and central India. Considerable historical interest attaches to this caste, because its members are thought to be identical with the Ābhīras of Sanskrit literature,[18][19] who are mentioned repeatedly in the great epic the Mahābhārata. Some scholars contend that these cattlemen, scattered over southern Rājasthān and Sind (now part of Pakistan), played a role of importance in the early development of the god Krishna as the cowherd, which has continued to be a significant aspect of the Krishna legend.[20] They always claimed descent from Krishna and were a powerful race of nomad cowherds from eastern or central Asia who entered India from the Punjab in large hordes about the same time as the Sakas and the Yuechis in the first or second century BC and gradually spread over large parts of Northern, Eastern and Central India. The term 'Ahir' was used for cowherds or gopas initially but has been extended to include Yaduvanshi and Nandavanshis too by its corrupt version Ahir. Abhiras appears in most ancient historical references dating back to the Abhira kingdom of the Saraswati Valley, who spoke Abhiri until the Buddhist period.[21] Analysis of Hindu scriptural references of the Abhira kingdoms has led some scholars to conclude that it was merely a term used for Holy Yadava Kingdoms. In Bhagavata Purana, the Gupta dynasty has been called Abhir.

Other views are that they came from Syria or Asia Minor about the beginning of the Christian era; were Dravidians; sprang from the Aayars of Tamil Nadu; lived in India long before the Aryan invasion; were descendants of the Yadavas of the Lunar Dynasty of Pururavas Aila; and that their original habitat was the region between the Sutlej and the Yamuna from where they migrated beyond Mathura in the East and beyond Gujarat and Maharashtra in the South. The British Rulers of India classified the Ahir amongst the "martial races" or ethnic groups. The Ahirs may be seen to have continued their warrior tradition by their extensive participation in the Indian Army and police forces.[22]

See also: Abhira Kingdom

Yadav and Ahir as an ethnic category

Ceramic goblet from Navdatoli, Malwa, 1300 BCE.

Yadav/Ahir caste is found in different parts of India, Burma, Nepal and Sri Lanka and are known as the "Ahir" in the Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Rajasthan; the "Goalas" and "Sadgopa" or Gauda in Bengal and Orissa; Dhangar in Maharashtra; Yadava and Kurubas in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka and Idayan and Konar in Tamil Nadu. There are also several sub-regional names such as Thetwar and Rawat in Madhya Pradesh, and Mahakul (Great Family) in Bihar.

Two things are common to these cognate castes. First, they claim to be descendants of the Yadu Dynasty (Yadava) to which Lord Krishna belonged. Secondly, many castes in this category have occupations relating to cattle.

Besides this ancient origin of the Yadavas, historical evidence exists for equating the Ahirs with the Yadavas. It is argued that the term Ahir comes from Abhira (Behandarkar, 1911;16), who where once found in different parts of India, and who in several places wielded political power. Ancient Sanskrit classic, Amarkosa, calls gwal, gopa & ballabh to be the synonym of Abhira.A Chudasama prince styled Grahripu and Ruling at Vanthali near Junagarh described in the Dyashraya kavya of Hemachandra, describes him both as a Abhira and a Yadav[23]. Further,in their Bardic traditions as well as in popular stories Chudasmas are still called Ahir Ranas[24]. Again, many remains of Khandesh (historical stronghold of abhiras) are popularly believed to be of Gawli Raj, which archaeologically belongs to the Yadvas of Devgiri[25]. Hence, it is concluded that Yadvas of Devgiri were actually Abhiras. Moreover, there are sufficient number of clans within Ahirs, who trace their lineage from Yadu and Lord Krishna, some of which are mentioned in Mahabharata as Yadav Clans, like Gaur, Krishnauth etc. Vātsyāyana also mentions the Abhira kingdoms in the Kama Sutra.[26][27][28] Ahir’s also ruled beyond the geographical borders of present day India, as king of the hilly terrain of Nepal. Eight kings of the first Ahir dynasty ruled Nepal, the first being Bhuktaman and the last Yaksha Gupta. Owing to pastoral disputes, this dynasty was then replaced by another Ahir dynasty. This second Ahir dynasty had a succession of three kings, they were Badasimha, Jaymati Simha and Bhuban Simha and their rule ended when the Kirati invaders defeated Bhuban Simha, the last Ahir king of Nepal.[29]

M.S.A Rao further states that the Allahabad iron pillar inscription of Samudragupta (fourth century A.D) mentions the Abhiras as one of the tribal states of west and south west India, who paid homage to the emperor (churn, 1943:81). A fourth century (A.D) inscription found in Nashik speaks of an Abhira king, and there is proof that in the middle of the fourth century the Abhiras were settled in eastern Rajputana and Malwa. Similarly, when the Kathis arrived in Gujarat in the eighth century, they found the greater part of the country in the possession of the Ahirs. The Mirzapur district of the United Provinces has a tract known as Ahraura, named after the Ahir, and near Jhansi, another piece of country was called Ahirwar. The Ahirs were also kings of Nepal at the beginning of the Christian era. Khandesh and the Tapti valley were other regions where they were kings.

This indicates that the Abhiras, who rose to political prominence in the second century B.C., had a chequered political career until the fourteenth century A.D when their importance was over-shadowed by the Mughals, but even during the Mughal period the Ahir and Golla rajahs were a power to be reckoned with. The Gawlis rose to political power in Deogarh, on the Chhindwara Plateau in the central provinces. The Saugar traditions trace the Gawli supremacy to a much later date, as the tracts of Etawa and Khurai are held to have been governed by chieftains till the close of the seventeenth century (Russell, 1916:II, 20).

Yadav dynasty

A statue of Jijabai and young Shivaji

James Tod demonstrated that Ahirs were included into the list of 36 royal races of Rajasthan(Tod,1829,Vol1,p69 ii,p358)[30]Historical works of Smith and James Tod can be relied on in this regard. Moreover, in the records of the British empire, Ahirs are sub-castes of Yadav clan. As per the most authentic 1931 Census condcuted by the British Indian Government in India, which was the only census conducted on the basis of castes prevalent in India at that time. Yaduvanshi is one of the sub-divisions of Chandravanshi kshatriya. In vedic books of ancient times there is no mentioning of Rajputs. The first Rajput kingdom is attested in the 6th century. The fact that Lord Krishna was born to Yadu kshatriyas was the son of Vasudeva and Devaki and for fear of being killed by Kansa of Mathura, Vasudeva had taken him to his friend Nanda Baba and his wife Yasoda who belonged to Ahir caste they became his followers and used to revere the Lord Krishna. The Ahirs believe that their ancestors walked together with Lord Krishna. Ahirs synonyms are Yadav and Rao Sahab. Rao Sahab is only used in Ahirwal region consisting of territories of few villages of Delhi,Southern Haryana & Behrod area of Alwar district (Rajasthan). Historically, Ahir laid the foundation of Ahir Batak town which was later called Ahrora and Ahirwar in Jhansi district in A.D.108. Rudramurti Ahir became the chief of the Army and later on, the king. Madhuriputa, Ishwarsen and Shivdatta were well known kings from the lineage who mingled with Yadav Rajputs,[31] Ahirs were exclusively found in northern Alwar and Jaipur. They worship Dahmi Mata and go to her shrine at the time of jadula (head shaving ceremony of the child) and gathjoda (after marriage, to get the blessings of the deity). Likewise, Biladi Mata, Shyamji,Shivji,Ram and other gods and goddesses of Hindu religion are worshipped by the Ahirs with great reverence and devotion.[31]

[32]Sainis, who are now found by their original name only in Punjab and in the neighbouring states of Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. They claim descent from Yaduvanshi Rajputs[33][34] of the Yaduvanshi [35][36] Surasena lineage, originating from Yadav King Shoorsen, who was the grandfather of both Krishna and the legendary Pandava warriors. Sainis relocated to Punjab from Mathura and surrounding areas over different periods of time.[37][38]

See also: Rajput Clans

Trikuta Hill under Yaduvanshi king

Rawal Jaisal laid the foundation stone of Jaisalmer in 1156 A.D. He hailed from the Yaduvanshi Rajput kin group.[39] The city has an interesting legend associated with it, according to which, Lord Krishna, the head of the Yadav Clan, foretold Arjuna, one of the Pandava brothers of the Mahabharata that a remote descendent of the Yadav Clan would build his kingdom atop the Trikuta Hill. His prophecy was fulfilled in 1156 AD when Rawal Jaisal, abandoned his fort at Lodurva and founded a new capital Jaisalmer, perched on the Trikuta Hill.[39] [40] [41] However, historical facts contradicts this claim, because Trikuta Hill is actually near Deccan, a range of hills bordering Nashik[42], where one Abhira dynasty, Traikuta, directly claiming descent from ancient Haihai [43] Yadav King, Nala[44], in 5th century A.D., had built kingdom on original Trikuta Hill, and hence assumed the title Traikuta[45].

See also: Bhati

Hamir Dev, a descendant of Prithviraj Chauhan ruled Ranthambor. Seventeen kilometers from Sawaimadhopur stands a fort, encompassing in its stately walls, a glorious history of the Rajputs. Ranathambhor's venerable structure, rapturous beauty and sublime expressiveness seem to be continuously vocalizing the great legends of Hamir Dev, the Rajput king, who ruled in the 13th century.His wife was an Ahir lady, Raj Kaur.[46] She was also a brave warrior. In those days, the warrior and his wife would choose each other in the Svayamvar.Raj Kaur would also ride a horse, and support her husband in battle. The lady would pray and blow her conch shell while climb her horse. Together they successfully fought over seven battles. Both husband and wife wore armour in battle.

See also: Bharatpur,_India

Yadavs of Delhi NCR

Swami Ramdev (Ramkishen Yadav) born in Mahendragarh Haryana

The name of the State of Haryana may have been derived from its ancient inhabitants: Abhirayana. The name `Abhira` may stem from a-bhira meaning fearless.[32] [47].Rao Birender Singh Yadav was the second chief minister of Haryana and Chaudhary Brahm Prakash Yadav was the first chief minister of Delhi. At the beginning of the Christian era, the invading Scythians and Kushans forced most of them out of their land to lower Rajasthan in the Arbuda (Aravali region). In Marubhumi (Marwar), Saurashtra and Maharashtra they served the local rulers and established their own rule. Ishwarsena, a great Ahir general, became master of Western Deccan in place of the famous Satava-hanas. He took the title of Rajan and an era was named after him. His descendants continued to rule for nine generations.

Pran Sukh Yadav (1802-1888) was an extraordinary military commander of his time. He was a close friend of Hari Singh Nalwa and famous Punjab ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh.In his early career he trained Sikh Khalsa army. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh he fought in both the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars, due to his extreme hatred towards Britishers after the defeat of Sikhs he started giving military training to the farmers of Narnaul and Mahendragarh region.Another king Rao Tula Ram was born on 9 December 1825 in a Royal Rao Bhadur Nirpur Yadav family which belonged to "RAO BHADUR GHARI-BOLNI" in village Rampura (Rewari). His father was Puran Singh and his mother's name was Gyan Kaur who was daughter of Great Jat ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh.[48][49] In 1857, Rao Tula Ram led the rebellion in Haryana along with his brother Rao Bhadur Tula Ram of Ghari Bolni and Rao Gopal Dev of Nirpur.For centuries the Ahirs were eclipsed as a political power in Haryana until the time of the Pratihara dynasty. In time they became independent rulers of Southwest Haryana.[47] Although the Ahirs and Yadavas form one group, the former are an important community of Haryana, but numerically they constitute less than 10% of the total population.[47][50] Most of them live in the region around Rewari, Narnaul, Mahendragarh and Gurgaon which is therefore known as Ahirwal or the abode of Ahirs.[47][51]Some of the famous Yadav dominated villages in Ahirwal are:-

Delhi has Jwala Heri, Rajokri,Madipur,Surehra,Samaypur,Badli,Najafgarh,Todapur,Khaira,Sakarpur,Bagdola,Gudhana and Kapashera etc.

Gurgaon has Wazirabad,Samaspur,Kanhai,Badshapur,Islampur,Sukhrali,Hyatpur,Shilokhra,Tikri,Teekli,Sahraul,Khedki Daula,Fazilpur,Sikohpur,Nathupur,Chakkarpur,Sikanderpur,Nawada,Mohmmadpur,,Dundahera,Iqbalpur,Smalkha,Bamdoli,Mirpur,Sashand,and Manesar etc.

Noida has Sarfabad,Chaukhandi,Zahilabad,Partha,Sorkhla,Naharpur etc, however it has more of Gujjar villages[52][53]

Ancient Yadav Kingdoms

Devagiri fort-The capital of Yadavs

Ancient Yadav empires and rulers

Temple of Radha and Krishna in Barsana, (Mathura) yadavs go there for blessings

Some scholars, such as Robert Sewell, believe that the rulers of Vijayanagara Empire were Kurubas (also known as Yadavas).[54]

Some early inscriptions, dated 1078 and 1090, have implied that the Hoysalas of Mysore were also the descendants of the original Yadava clan, by referring to the Yadava vansa (clan) as Hoysala vansa. But there are no records directly linking the Hoysalas to the Yadavas of North India. Calling it 'poetic fancy', William Coelho, author of Hoysala Vansa, 1950, argues that there is no evidence of even a tradition that traces back their lineage to one of northern origin. S.U. Kamath argues that it was a common practice in royal families of medieval South India to build puranic genealogies.[55] However, J.N. Singh Yadav, a famous historian, gives the following account in his YADAV'S THROUGH THE AGES, " he Hoysalas ruled illustriously for over three centuries and have left in the country imperishable monuments of art and culture. They were family of kings who ruled over practically the whole of the Kannada country at the height of their power. They scheduled the hill tribes known as Malepas in the Western Ghats and they assumed the title 'Maleparoleganda'. The account of their origin can be traced in some of their inscriptions. They claimed Sosevura (Sasakapura of Sanskrit writers) as their birthplace. This place has been identified with Angadi of Mudigere Taluk in chikamanglura district. It has been mentioned as the seen of the incident between Sala and the tiger. When Sala,' an ornament of the Yaduvamsa' (Yaduvamsojvala tilakan) was worshiping the goddess Vasantike of Sasakapura, a tiger came from the forest. The holiman Sodutta, who was there gave him his fan saying 'Poysala' (Strike, Sala). Sala killed the tiger. From that time the name of Poysala become the designation of the Yadava kings (E.C. VOL. VI, Cm. 20.). Almost the same account, though differing in certain details, is found in many of their inscriptions. According to another version, when Sala was hunting along the slopes of the Sahya mountains (or the Western Ghats), he was astonished to see a hare (SKt. Sasa) pursuing a tiger, while he was walking alone saying to himself, 'this is heroic soil', a holy muni near by, being afraid of the tiger, called out 'Poy-Sala' and before it could proceed the length of a span Sala slew it with his sword (E.C., VOL. V, PART I B1. 171.). It is after this incident that the place came to be known as Sasakapura.[56] The founder of the Wodeyar dynasty, Vijaya, also claimed descent from the Yadu and took on the name Yadu-Raya. According to S.C. Raychoudhary (author of Social, Cultural and Economic History of India), a noted historian, "The Pandya kingdom generally associated with the Pandus of the Mahabarata covered the districts of Madura and Tinnivelly as well as certain portions of south Travancore."[57]

Dr. V. Manickam in his path-breaking work Kongu Nadu gives an expanded version of his doctoral thesis submitted to the university of Madras as follows, "It was noted that the pastoral people (Ayar) of the mullai land in Kongu formed the major component of the Vellalar community of the medieval period. It is Dr. V. Manickam thesis that the Vellalar of Kongu were nothing but the pastoral people of Kongu, of course,with some additions (p 553). However, We come across references to Idaiyar of Kiranur, alias Kolumam Konda Cholanallur (SII : 5:283), Kon from the same place (SII : 5: 265,267,269), and Yatavar in two epigraphs from Chevur (Eye Copy 94,98). Further, there are also references to Tiruvayappadi nattar, which indicate the supra-local activities of the herdsmen discussed in chapter 15. The presence of the herdsmen, with the titles as found in the macro region, may be explained as survivors of the pastoral people of the pre-chola period who were reluctant to integrate themselves in the new setup or new additions.[58]

Left king porus and Right Alexander the great

Dynastic background of Great King Porus

See also: King Porus

Ancient Greek traveller and ambassdor to India, Megasthenes, also came across this clan in its glory days as the ruling tribe with its capital in Mathura. There is also an academic opinion that the ancient king Porus, the celebrated opponent of Alexander the Great, belonged to this once most dominant Yadav sept.[59][60][61] King Porus was said to be "5 cubits tall", either the implausible 2.3 m (7½ ft) assuming an 18-inch cubit, or the more likely 1.8 m (6 ft) if a 14-inch Macedonian cubit was meant. There were no known Hindu textual sources regarding Porus indicating the tribe or ethnic group he belonged to. Several ethnic groups in the Indian subcontinent have tried to claim him as their own ancestor. However, an academic opinion seems to be that he was a Yadava or Yaduvanshi king.[62][63][64] Col. Tod was the proponent of this view which was also held by Dr. Ishwari Prashad, another renowned historian.[65]

Col. Tod went on further to specifically point out Shoorsainis as the Puru tribe whose king was called Porus, the legendary Indian adversary of Alexander the Great:

Puru became the patronymic of this branch of the Lunar race. Of this Alexander's historians made Porus. The Suraseni of Methoras (descendants of the Soor Sen of Mathura) were all Purus, the Prasioi of Megasthenes...

— James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan [66]

Yadavs of Maharashtra

Daulatabad Fort -- Devagiri (Deogiri).

The Seuna, Sevuna or Yadava dynasty (850 - 1334) was an Indian dynasty, which at its peak ruled a kingdom stretching from the Tungabhadra to the Narmada rivers, including present-day Maharashtra, north Karnataka and parts of Madhya Pradesh, from its capital at Devagiri (present-day Daulatabad in Maharashtra).

Pune under Yadav Dynasty

With the downfall of the Rashtrakutas which ruled Pune from the 8th century AD to the middle of the 10th century.It went under the control of the Yadavs.The Yadavs ruled Maharashtra from 10th century AD to the end of the 13th century. Singhania, the Yadav ruler was a lover of literature and art. Sant Dnyaneshwar, a Bhakti saint lived during this period. The Yadav rule came to an end with the coming of Ala-ud-din Khilji.

See also: devagiri

Yadav - Jadhav – Jadhavrao

Yadav - Solaskar

Solaskars are basically Kshatriya Yadav the then Marathas and successions of Great God Krishna and Yadavas of “Devgiri".

Solaskar are the protectors of sixteen Shiva temples situated in the hillside region of Satara. Solashi (place of Solaskar) is in North Koregaon Area on the South East side of Khambatki Ghat while coming from Pune to Satara. The village is recognized by an old and nice temple of Shul-Pateshwar. On the North side of the village is a large mountain (same one of Khambati ghat) on which temples of Hareshwar and Dhareshwar were built. It has a height of 4000 meters. Solashi is one of the villages situated on the northern side of Koregaon. It is famous for the God Hareshwara. There are sixteen small temples of Lord Shiva around the entire village. All Solaskar families in Solashi are vegetarians.

See also: jijabai
See also: Jadhav

Yadavs of Tamil Nadu and Kerala

File:Maha veeran Alagu muthu kone.jpg
Veeran Azhagu Muthu Kone (Freedom Fighter)
Konar

Konar or Idaiyar or Tamil Yadavar[67] is a caste from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is a sub-division of Yadava community. They are also known as Ayars. Konars are distributed throughout the state of Tamil Nadu. They are one of the ancient Tamil castes.[68]

Konar in ancient literature

Ilango Adigal had mentioned Konars of Madurai in his Tamil epic Silapathikaram, which is considered to be one of the five famous epics of Tamil literature. According to this epic, they gave accommodation for Kannagi. They occupied grasslands known as Mullai in Ancient Tamil country. Konars traditionally raise cows, goats and sheeps and sell milk.[69][70]

Maniyani

(Kolaya, Ayar, Mayar, Maniyani and Iruman)[71]

Maniyani is a caste of Kerala that claims descent from Krishna. The Maniyani are the Kshatriyas of Kerala, India. Maniyanis are also known as Kola- Aya (Kolayars). They are the Yadavas of Kolathnadu and Thulunad.[72] They are seen in Kannur and Kasargod Districts. Ayar is a common surname for Yadavas through out India. They settled in north Kerala about 3000 years back. Kola is the name of Yadava clan who settled in North Kerala and Southern Karnataka.[73]

File:Mandal3b.jpg
B. P. Mandal statue in Patna, Bihar

All-India Yadav Mahasabha

The emergence of an English-educated elite among the Yadavs led to the formation of the All-India Yadava Mahasabha in 1923 in Allahabad. The AIYM immediately engaged itself in two issues. It appealed to its castemen in all regions to add “Yadav” to their names and at the same time launched on a major programme of social reform. In fact as early as 1911, regional caste groups had been petitioning the Census Commissioner to change their caste name from Golla, Ahir etc., to Yadav. The regional organisation of the Gollas of Hyderabad, the Hyderabad Rashtra Yadav Mahajana Samajam, for example, appealed to the Census Commission that their caste names of Golla, Gowli, Gollawar and Ahir be changed to Yadava.[74][75]

All India Yadav Mahasabha is also pressing the Indian government to form a Yadav regiment in the Indian Army in view of their bravery in the 1965 Indo-China war. In 1966 the AIYM held its annual conference in Etawa, with Mulayam Singh Yadav as chairman of the reception committee and Rao Birender Singh the scion of the Rewari dynasty as president.[76] [77] [78] After Independence, the Yadavs have emerged as the leaders of the Other backward classes. Prof. Rao’s study of the Yadava elite in the various States (based on the members and supporters of the All India Yadav Sabha and not on those of the rival All India Yadav Mahasabha) reveals the growth of varied business and professional groups within the caste category. Heading the list are businessmen who comprise roughly 21 per cent of the elite. They include dairy owners, contractors, tobacco and timber merchants, wholesale grass dealers. owners of engineering firms and other industries as well as restaurant owners. They are followed by the large farmers who comprise around 21 per cent of the Yadav elite. Politicians (MPs, MLAs, ministers, municipal councillors, district board members, office-bearers of political parties) constitute 17 percent of the elite and school and college teachers, doctors, lawyers and engineers together another 20 percent.

Yadav Martyrs

File:Victoria Cross Medal Ribbon & Bar.jpg
The prestigious Victoria Cross, awarded for exceptional valour "in the face of the enemy".
File:Yogendra Singh Yadav.jpg
Yogendra Singh Yadav Param Vir Chakra (Kargil War)

The Yadav community has served the Indian armed and defense forces and laid down their lives to safeguard India. Some prominent battles fought by Ahir soldiers are the Indo-China war, the kargil war [79][80] Akshardham[81], and Parliament attacks.[82] Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav of the Indian army was awarded the highest Indian military honour, Param Vir Chakra for his actions during the Kargil War on 4 July 1999.

During the Burma Campaign of the Second World war, Havaldar Umrao Singh,[83][84] a gunner, won the Victoria Cross; which is a world–wide symbol of the recognition of the highest form of bravery in the face of the enemy; in hand to hand combat with the Japanese infantry, when its do or die squads raided his gun position, in the Kaladan Valley. He killed ten of them with his bare hands armed only with the gun bearer (a heavy metallic tool) they found him exhausted and bleeding in the morning but still alive amidst a pile of Japanese corpses littered around the gun, which, remarkably, was found to be still fit for immediate firing.

In the Indo-China War of 1962, the Ahirs (almost all of them from the Ahirwal region of Southern Haryana) of 13 Kumaon Regiment set an unparallel example in the military history of Aryavart by defending their position at Rezang La in Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir. The battle of Rezang La, a ridge overlooking the strategic Chushul plains in Ladakh, to defend the highest air strip in the world located at 16,000 feet — just across the Chinese claim line — is a chapter in the history of the Indian army which has been compared by some Indian military historians with the famed Battle of Thermopylae [citation needed]. In the final phase of the Indo-China War of 1962, where Indian units typically offered little resistance while being routed by attacking PLA forces, the Ahir Charlie Company from 13 Kumaon Regiment, set a rare example of raw courage, bravery and dedication by literally fighting to the last man. Of the 120 defenders, only four survived, all seriously wounded. The dead bodies of those who died were discovered after the winter, frozen, mostly holding their weapons but with no ammunition. According to some accounts, several jawans, having run out of ammunition, came out of the pickets and charged the enemy with bare hands. Lance Naik Ram Singh killed several Chinese soldiers after lifting and hitting them against the rocks. It is also believed that these jawans inflicted heavy casualties on the attackers. Of the 120 soldiers, 114 were Yadavas from Ahirwal region of Haryana, Rajasthan and Delhi.

On this horrific battle, Major-General Ian Cardozo, in his book Param Vir, Our Heroes In Battle writes, “When Rezang La was later revisited dead jawans were found in the trenches still holding on to their weapons... every single man of this company was found dead in his trench with several bullet or splinter wounds. The 2-inch mortar man died with a bomb still in his hand. The medical orderly had a syringe and bandage in his hands when the Chinese bullet hit him... Of the thousand mortar bombs with the defenders all but seven had been fired and the rest were ready to be fired when the (mortar) section was overrun.”

General T.N. Raina said, "You rarely come across such example in the annals of world military history when braving such heavy odds, the men fought till the last bullet and the last man. Certainly the Battle of Rezang La is such a shining example."

General K S Thimayya remarked, "I had said many years ago that the Army must have a Ahir Regiment. The supreme sacrifice of the Charlie Company has fulfilled my expectations. I hope a suitable memorial will be built in Ahirwal in their memory so that the generations to come may seek inspiration from the immense courage and valour of their forefathers."

The heroes who were awarded the Vir Chakra in 1962 defending Rezang La were Jamadar Surja, Jamadar Hari Ram, Naik Hukum Chand (posthumous), Naik Gulab Singh Yadav, Lance-Naik Singh Ram (posthumous), Subedar Ram Kumar and Subedar Ram Chander. All were from the Ahirwal region. [83][85][86]

A small memorial for the dead soldiers in Rezang La reads:

How can a man die better,
Than facing fearful odds,
For the ashes of his fathers,
And temples of his gods.
To the sacred memory of the Heroes of Rezang La,
114 Martyrs of 13 Kumaon who fought to the Last Man,
Last Round, Against Hordes of Chinese on 18 November 1962.
Built by All Ranks 13th Battalion, The Kumaon Regiment.

Dialects

File:Laluprasadyadav.jpg
Laloo Prasad Yadav

Although the Abhiras constituted a distinct ethnic group, they spoke diverse regional dialects. The language of the Ahirs was known as Ahirani in Khandesh, resembling Marathi. While the Ahirs of Kathiawad and Kachh have a dialect which resembles Gujarathi (Bhandarkar, 1911:17). Abhira bhasha is in fact considered to be Apabhransha. In the ninth century B.C., it had become the language of the people, and was spoken from Saurashtra, and Shastri (1967) proves that poetry was composed in the language around the sixth century B.C. Suryavamsi (1962:14-15) mentions the following two dialects in addition to the ones above--Gaddi, which is currently the dialect spoken in Gadderan, on the outskirts of the Chamba and Kangra hills, and Gandi, spoken in some parts of Madhya Pradesh. Abhiri as a dialect has been recorded by Sanskrit poets such as Bharata and Dandin. Yadav (1916:15), notes that the dialect the people of Ahirwal in Haryana speak, has a resemblance to Rajasthani, and Grierson (1916:9), considers Ahirwati a branch of eastern Rajasthani and western Hindi.

Legends of the cowherd Krishna and his dances with cowherdesses are mentioned in the Sangam classics. The term Ayarpati (cowherd settlement) is found in Cilappatikaram (Iyer, 1950). It is argued that the term Ayar has been used for the Abhiras in ancient Tamil literature, and V. Kanakasabha Pillai (1904) derives Abhira from the Tamil wordAyir which also means cow. He equates the Ayars with Abhiras, and Suryavanshi (1962:17-18) treats this as evidence of migration of the Abhiras to the south in the first century A.D.

Thus, linguistic evidence is used to support the argument that the Abhiras spread to different parts of India, and that they retained different but related cultural traditions. The most common denominator, as was pointed out earlier, was a descent from the Yadu dynasty and their association with cattle.[87]

Religious Seats of Yadavs

Dr. Ram Baran Yadav president of Nepal

Besides chiefdoms and jagirs, the Yadavas had peethams (seats) granted to them by virtue of their religious powers. For instance, there were fourteen seats (peethams) among the Yadavas of Warangal according to a sanad granted in 1425 (Shaka Samvat), by Sree Pratapa Rudra, Maharaja of Warangal, to Sree Kondiah Guru, as the head of the fourteen seats. Subsequently when Bhagyanagar was founded by Sultan Abdulla of Kutub Shahi in A.D. 1560 the rights of the Yadavas were acknowledged and recognized, and the name Golkonda was substituted for Manugal.[citation needed]

According to the charter awarded by the Sultan Abdullah of Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1071 Hijri, Kondiah built the fort for the Sultan by using his charisma in resolving the mystery of the site, and also discovered for him gold coins buried underground. In return, the Sultan gave him the Charter conferring upon Kondiah the rights and privileges due to the head of the fourteen seats, and of twelve classes of Gollas and two classes of shepherds (Kuruba Gollas). Kondiah, although a follower of Basaveshwara (Lingayat), was the head of the Yadava Peethams. Perhaps the Gollas at this time were under the influence of Veerasaivism, although they were incorporated into the Yadava category.[88]

Ancient history

Krishna being carried over river Yamuna by Vasudeva just after his birth on Janmashtami
Krishna kills Kamsa
Nanda and Yashoda pushing baby Krishna on a swing.

Historical

* Abhishek Yadav Football Player

International Figures


Political Figures

Military

Sports

Writers and singers

Films and media

Yadav Subgroups

Many groups and clans claiming descent from the ancient Yadu clan call themselves Yadavs.Some of the major groups derived from the principal professions they follow or the crafts they practice, for example,Sandilya (Central UP), Bhragudev (Central UP),Gwal and Dadhor (Eastern UP),Gosia (Central UP),* Nirwan (Western UP Chaubisa)is a gotra found in rajputs, jats[89] and Ahirs[90] of Haryana.Gawli,Jadon,Gaurs (also called Goriya, and mentioned in the Mahabharata),Dhangars (in Maharashtra and Karnataka), having 108 clans,Jadhav Maratha),Chawda and Chaudhry in Gujarat,Konar Doss,Karayalar(Yadava) (Tamil: கோனார்pillai (in Tamil Nadu and Kerala),Maniyani,Kondayankotth,Nambiyar,Vathiyar,Nayakkar-Tirunelveli-Tamil Nadu,(in Kerala),Mandal & Bhagat (Bihar),Mohaladiya Belongs to Alwar Rajasthan,Saini (Shoorseni/Surasena/Shaursaini)[91][92][93][94][95][96][97],Golla,Edayar (Tamil Nadu),Sassedran(Kerala),Bhati,Jadeja,Deshwal (some city in U.P),Adhikari Bengal and Orissa,Bhatrajus (Andhra Pradesh)Kuruba,Kuruma,Gouda (Orissa),Jambavas,Kuruma,Manthri,Pillai, in Andhra Pradesh Telangana region,Kurubas or Kuruba Gowda, in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh,Manjrauth (linked with Jarasandh),Oraon,Rabari in Gujarat,Rauts,Pradhans,Yadavulu,Thatte,Banaphar,Surabhirs,

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  95. ^ First wave of Shoorseni (Yadava) or Saini migration to Punjab (West of Mathura) : "The eighteen tribes of the Bhojas, from fear of Jarasandha, have all fled towards the west; so also have the Shoorsenis"(Mahabharata, Book 2, Chapter 14)
  96. ^ Prince Arjuna settles some more Shoorseni (Yadava) in Punjab : "As soon as Krishna died, the parijata tree and the assembly hall named Sudharma returned to heaven. The kali era began. And the city of Dvaraka was swallowed up by the sea, with the exception of Krishna’s own dwelling. Arjuna settled some of the Yadavas in Punjab." ( Visnu Purana , Section 5)
  97. ^ An account of a Shoorseni or Saini General leading a Rajput force as late as 14 Century CE : "The rai was in affright, and sent for Gurdan Saini, who was the most experienced warrior amongst the 40,000 rawats under the rai, and had seen many fights among the Hindus. "Sometimes he had gone with the advance to Malwa ; sometimes he had gone plundering in Gujarat." The Saini took 10,000 rawats with him from Jhain, and advanced against the Turks, and, after a severe action, he was slain..." (Excerpted from Amir Khusro's Ghurratu-L-Kamal , The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians",Henry Miers Elliot and John Dowson, pp 541)
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