List of oldest universities in continuous operation: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 08:01, 4 July 2012
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mediaeval_universities.jpg/375px-Mediaeval_universities.jpg)
This is a list of the oldest extant universities in the world. To be included in this table, an educational institution must satisfy a traditional definition[1] of university at the time of its founding. Chronologically it must have been founded before 1500 in Europe or be the oldest university derived from the medieval European model in a region.
The word university is derived from the Latin: universitas magistrorum et scholarium, roughly meaning "community of teachers and scholars". The term was coined by the Italian University of Bologna, which, with a traditional founding date of 1088, is considered the first university.[2][3] The origin of many medieval universities can be traced to the Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools which appear as early as the 6th century AD and were run for hundreds of years as such before their formal establishment as university in the high medieval period.[4]
Other institutions of higher learning, like those of ancient Greece, ancient China, India, the Arab World, are not included in this article due to their cultural, historical and structual dissimilarities from the medieval European university.
Medieval origins
The word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, roughly meaning "community of teachers and scholars". The term was coined by the Italian University of Bologna, which, with a traditional founding date of 1088, is considered the first university.[2][3] The origin of many medieval universities can be traced to the Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools which appear as early as the 6th century AD and were run for hundreds of years as such before their formal establishment as university in the high medieval period.[4]
The university as an institution was historically rooted in that medieval society which it in turn influenced and shaped:
The university is a European institution; indeed, it is the European institution par excellence. There are various reasons for this assertion. As a community of teachers and taught, accorded certain rights, such as administrative autonomy and the determination and realization of curricula (courses of study) and of the objectives of research as well as the award of publicly recognized degrees, it is a creation of medieval Europe, which was the Europe of papal Christianity...
No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the bachelor's degree, the licentiate, the master's degree, and the doctorate – have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world. The four medieval faculties of artes variously called philosophy, letters, arts, arts and sciences, and humanities – law, medicine, and theology have survived and have been supplemented by numerous disciplines, particularly the social sciences and technological studies, but they remain none the less at the heart of universities throughout the world...
Moreover, the university is a European institution because it has, in its social role, performed certain functions for all European societies. It has developed and transmitted scientific and scholarly knowledge and the methods of cultivating that knowledge which has arisen from and formed part of the common European intellectual tradition.[5]
Modern spread
From the early modern period onwards, the university gradually spread from the medieval Latin west across the globe, eventually replacing all other higher-learning institutions and becoming the preeminent institution for higher education everywhere. This process occurred in the following chronological order:[6]
- Western Europe (since 11th/12th century)
- Eastern Europe (since 14th/15th century)
- Americas (since 16th century)
- Australia (since 19th century)
- Asia and Africa (since 19th/20th century)
Founded before 1500
The earliest and only universities before the colonization of the Americas were established and run in medieval Europe.
Year | Contemporaneous location | Current location | Name | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
970 | ![]() |
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Al-Azhar University | University with curriculum and research from the start and with multi-ethnic faculty.[7] |
1088 | ![]() |
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University of Bologna | The first university in the sense of a higher-learning, degree-awarding institute, the word university having been coined at its foundation.[8] |
1150 | ![]() |
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University of Paris | It was founded in the mid-12th century, and officially recognized as a university probably between 1160 and 1170 (or, possibly, as early as 1150). After many changes, including a century of suspension (1793–1896), it ceased to exist as such in 1970 and 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII) were created from it. The university is often referred to as the Sorbonne or La Sorbonne after the collegiate institution (Collège de Sorbonne) founded about 1257 by Robert de Sorbon. In fact, the university as such was older and was never completely centered on the Sorbonne. Of the 13 current successor universities, the first 4 have a presence in the historical Sorbonne building, and three include "Sorbonne" in their names. |
1167 (probably older) | ![]() |
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University of Oxford | "Claimed to be the oldest university in the world, there is no clear date of foundation of Oxford University, but teaching existed at Oxford in some form in 1096 and developed rapidly from 1167, when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris."[9] Teaching suspended in 1209 (due to town execution of two scholars) and 1355 (due to the St. Scholastica riot), but was continuous during the English Civil War (1642–1651) - the University was Royalist. All Souls College and University College have repeatedly claimed that they own documents proving that teaching in Oxford started in the year 825, but these documents have never seen the public light (allegedly, John Speed dated his famous 1605 Oxford maps based on these documents). However, it was not until 1254 that Pope Innocent IV granted to Oxford the University charter by papal bull ("Querentes in agro"). |
1209 (1231) | ![]() |
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University of Cambridge | Founded by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute caused by the execution of two scholars in 1209, and royal charter was granted in 1231.[10] The university takes 1209 as its official anniversary.[11] |
1218 (probably older) | ![]() |
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University of Salamanca | It is the oldest university in operation in Spain. Although there are records of the University granting degrees many years before (James Trager's People's Chronology sets its foundation date in 1134), it only received the Royal chart of foundation as "Estudio General" in 1218, making it possibly the fourth or even the third oldest European university in continuous operations. However, it was the first European university to receive the title of "University" as such, granted by king of Castile and León Alfonso X and the Pope in 1254. Having been excluded from the University in 1852 by the Spanish government, the Faculties of Theology and Canon Law became the Pontifical University of Salamanca in 1940. |
1222 (probably older) | Coat of arms of Padua Commune of Padua | ![]() |
University of Padua | Founded by scholars and professors after leaving Bologna. |
1224 | ![]() |
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University of Naples Federico II | Founded by Frederick II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. |
1229 | ![]() |
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University of Toulouse | |
1240 | ![]() |
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University of Siena | Originally called Studium Senese, was founded by Commune of Siena in 1240. In 1321, the studium was able to attract a larger number or pupils due to a mass exodus from the prestigious neighbouring University of Bologna. Closed temporarily in 1808–1815 when Napoleonic forces occupied Tuscany. On November 7, 1990 the university celebrated its 750th anniversary. |
1241 | ![]() |
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University of Valladolid | One hypothesis is that its foundation is the result of the transfer of Palencia General Survey between 1208 and 1241 by Alfonso VIII, king of Castile, and Bishop Tello Téllez de Meneses. |
1289 | ![]() |
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University of Montpellier | The university is considerably older than its formal founding date, associated with a bull issued by Pope Nicholas IV in 1289, combining all the long-existing schools into a university. |
1290 | ![]() |
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University of Macerata[12] | The University of Macerata (Italian: Università degli Studi di Macerata) is a university located in Macerata, Marche, Italy. It was founded in 1290 and is organized into 7 faculties. |
1290 | ![]() ![]() |
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University of Coimbra[12] | Begun its existence in Lisbon with the name Studium Generale (Estudo Geral). Scientiae thesaurus mirabilis, the royal charter announcing the institution of the University, was dated 1 March of that year, although efforts had been made at least since 1288 to create this first university in Portugal. The papal confirmation was also given in 1290 (on 9 August of that year), during the papacy of Pope Nicholas IV. |
1293 | ![]() |
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Complutense University of Madrid | The Complutense University of Madrid was founded by King Sancho IV of Castile as Studium Generale in 1293. It was granted Papal Bull in 1499, and quickly gained international fame thanks to the patronage of Cardinal Cisneros and the production of the Complutensian Polyglot Bible in 1517, which is the basis for most of the current translations. The University moved to Madrid in 1836 by Royal Decree. The Moyano Law of 1857 established Complutense as the sole university in Spain authorized to confer the title of Doctor on any scholar. This law remained in effect until 1954. |
1303 | ![]() |
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La Sapienza University of Rome | Founded by Pope Boniface VIII, but became a state university in 1935. According to the Catholic Encyclopaedia, the university "remained closed during the entire pontificate of Clement VII". |
1308 | Coat of arms of PerugiaCommune of Perugia | ![]() |
University of Perugia | Attested by the Bull of Pope Clement V. |
1321 | ![]() |
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University of Florence | The University of Florence evolved from the Studium Generale, which was established by the Florentine Republic in 1321. The Studium was recognized by Pope Clement VI in 1349. |
1336 | ![]() |
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University of Camerino | The great literate and jurist Cino from Pistoia, living in Marche in the years 1319-21, and in Camerino in the spring of 1321, remembers the territory blooming with juridical schools. Camerino has been a center of learning since no later than 1200, offering degrees in civil law, canonical law, medicine, and literary studies. Gregory XI took the decision upon the request of Gentile III da Varano with the papal edict of 29 January 1377, directed to the commune and to the people, authorizing Camerino to confer (after appropriate examination) bachelor and doctoral degrees with apostolic authority. |
1343 | ![]() |
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University of Pisa | It was formally founded on September 3, 1343 by an edict of Pope Clement VI, although there had been lectures on law in Pisa since the 11th century. Nowadays is one of the most important universities in Italy. |
1348 | ![]() |
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Charles University of Prague | Three of four faculties closed in 1419, joined with Jesuit university and renamed Charles-Ferdinand University in 1652, split into German and Czech part in 1882, Czech branch closed during Nazi occupation (1939–1945), German branch closed in 1945.[13] |
1361 | ![]() |
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University of Pavia | Closed for short periods during the Italian Wars, Napoleonic wars, and Revolutions of 1848. |
1364 | ![]() |
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Jagiellonian University | Development stalled early, re-established from 1400 onwards. Closed after the German occupation of Poland in 1939 but reopened clandestinely three years later. |
1365 | ![]() |
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University of Vienna | Modelled on the University of Paris. |
1367 | ![]() |
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University of Pécs | |
1386 | ![]() |
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Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg | Founded by Rupert I, Elector Palatine. The oldest in Germany. |
1391 | ![]() |
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University of Ferrara | Founded by Marquis Alberto d'Este. |
1409 | ![]() |
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University of Leipzig | Founded when German-speaking staff left Prague due to the Jan Hus crisis. |
1413 | ![]() |
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University of St Andrews | Founded by a Papal Bull |
1419 | ![]() |
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University of Rostock | During the Reformation, "the Catholic university of Rostock closed altogether and the closure was long enough to make the refounded body feel a new institution".[14] |
1434 | ![]() |
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University of Catania | The oldest in Sicily. |
1450[15] | ![]() |
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University of Barcelona | Founded by Alfonso V of Aragon as Estudi general de Barcelona after the unification of all university education. For forty-nine years prior to that foundation, however, the city had had a fledgling medical school founded by King Martin of Aragon, and in the 13th century Barcelona already possessed several civil and ecclesiastical schools. |
1451 | ![]() |
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University of Glasgow | Founded by a Papal Bull |
1456 | ![]() |
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University of Greifswald | Teaching had started by 1436. Closed down during the Protestant Reformation (1527–39). |
1457 | ![]() |
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Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg | Temporarily transferred to Constance in 1686–98 and 1713–15. |
1460 | ![]() |
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University of Basel | Founded in 1460 (Schola Basiliensis), the University of Basel is the oldest university in Switzerland. [9] |
1472 | ![]() |
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Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich | Founded in Ingolstadt in 1459, transferred to Landshut in 1800, moved to Munich in 1826. |
1477 | ![]() |
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Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen | |
1477 | ![]() |
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Uppsala University | Uppsala's bull, which granted the university its corporate rights, was issued by Pope Sixtus IV in 1477, and established a number of provisions. Among the most important of these was that the university was officially given the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna. |
1479 | ![]() |
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University of Copenhagen | |
1481 | ![]() |
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University of Genoa | Founded in 1481 (Genuense Athenaeum). |
1495 | ![]() |
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University of Aberdeen | King's College was founded by Papal Bull in 1495 and Marischal College in 1593; they merged in 1860 |
1495 | ![]() |
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University of Santiago de Compostela | The university traces its roots to 1495, when a school was opened in Santiago.[16] In 1504, Pope Julius II approved the foundation of a university in Santiago, and the bull for its creation was granted by Clement VII in 1526. |
1499 | ![]() |
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University of Valencia |
Oldest universities by country or region after 1500 still in operation
The majority of European countries had universities by 1500. After 1500, universities began to spread to other countries all over the world:
- Belgium
- Ghent University, 1817.
- University of Liège, 1817.
- Catholic University of Mechlin, 1834, then called Catholic University of Louvain,[17] 1835.
- Free University of Brussels, 1834.
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: University of Sarajevo, 1949
- Bulgaria: University of Sofia, 1888
- Croatia: University of Zagreb, 1669
- Czech Republic (apart from the Charles University 1348, see above)
- Palacký University of Olomouc, 1573, as Olomouc Jesuit University
- Czech Technical University, 1707, being the oldest non-military technical university in Europe
- Denmark: Technical University of Denmark, 1829
- Estonia: University of Tartu, 1632, the university was closed from 1710 to 1802
- Finland:
- University of Helsinki, 1640, originally the Academy of Turku, but moved to Helsinki in 1827
- Georgia: Tbilisi State University, 1918
- Greece:
- University of Athens, 1837
- NTUA, 1836
- Iceland: University of Iceland, 1911
- Ireland
- University of Dublin, 1592
- Hungary:
- Latvia: Riga Technical University, 1862
- Malta: University of Malta, 1768, first established as the Collegium Melitense by the Jesuits 1592
- Netherlands
- University of Leiden, 1575
- University of Groningen, 1614
- University of Amsterdam, 1632, as Athenaeum Illustre
- Utrecht University, 1636
- Northern Ireland: Queen's University Belfast, 1845
- Norway: University of Oslo, 1811
- Liechtenstein: Hochschule Liechtenstein, 1992, successory to the Abendtechnikum Vaduz established in 1961
- Lithuania: University of Vilnius, 1579, successory to the Vilnius Academy 1570, although its operation was not continuous: the university was closed from 1832 to 1919 and again in 1943-44
- Luxembourg: University of Luxembourg, 2003
- Poland:
- Jagiellonian University, 1364, oldest university in Poland. Closed after the German occupation of Poland in 1939 but reopened 1942.
- University of Wrocław, 1701, re-founded 1811
- University of Warsaw, 1816
- Portugal
- University of Évora, second oldest university in Portugal, 1559–1759, resumed work in 1973
- University of Lisbon, 1911
- University of Porto, 1911
- Technical University of Lisbon, 1930
- New University of Lisbon, 1973
- Romania:[18][19][20][21]
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 1872/1918; teaching existed in Cluj-Napoca since the Jesuits College, 1581, and the Jesuits Academy, 1688
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iaşi, 1860; successor to Vasilian College, 1640, Princely Academy, 1707, and Academia Mihăileană, 1834
- University of Bucharest, Bucharest, 1864; successor to the Princely Academy, 1694, and Saint Sava College, 1822
- Russia
- Moscow State University, 1755
- Saint Petersburg State University 1724–1803, 1819
- Kant Russian State University 1967 (claims continuity from University of Königsberg, 1544)
- Scotland: University of Edinburgh, 1583
- Serbia: Belgrade University,Founded in 1808 as the Belgrade Higher School, by 1838 it merged with the Kragujevac-based departments into a single university, under current name from 1905; Orthodox Christian Lyceum in 1794; Teacher's college in 1778
- Slovenia: University of Ljubljana, 1919
- Turkey:
- Istanbul Technical University founded in 1773 as Naval Engineer's School[22]
- Istanbul University founded in 1874 but closed 1881 and re-established in 1900
- Ukraine
- University of Lviv, 1661
- Wales: St David's College, Lampeter now University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, 1822
- Argentina: National University of Córdoba, 1613
- Bolivia: Royal and Pontificial Major University of St. Francis Xavier of Chuquisaca, 1624
- Brazil: Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho, 1792 (today Military Institute of Engineering (pt: Instituto Militar de Engenharia))
- Chile: Universidad de Chile, 1622, 19 August, as Universidad de Santo Tomás de Aquino, then Real Universidad de San Felipe (1738)
- Colombia:
- Saint Thomas Aquinas University, 1580
- Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario - Universidad del Rosario, 1653
- Cuba: Universidad de La Habana, 1728
- Dominica: Ross University, 1978
- Dominican Republic:
- Santo Tomas de Aquino University, Santo Domingo, founded by papal bull in 1538. It is not the longest continuously operating university in the Americas. Template:Http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/523331/Autonomous-University-of-Santo-Domingohttp://www.bibliotecasvirtuales.com/biblioteca/literaturadominicana/pedrohu/culturayletrascoloniales/LasUniversidades.asp.
- Ecuador: Central University of Ecuador, 1622, 19 May, as Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Gregorio Magno
- Grenada: St. George's University, 1976
- Guatemala: Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, 1676
- Honduras: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, 1847
- Jamaica: University of the West Indies, Mona 1948 and University of Technology, Jamaica 1958
- Mexico:
- Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco (disputed)
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, September 21, 1551, as Royal and Pontifical University of México (in 1920 changes its name to National Autonomous University of Mexico, when has given it the freedom to define its own curriculum and manage its own budget without interference from the government).[23]
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, founded 1587 as Colegio del Espíritu Santo (it was sponsored by Jesuits until its conversion into a public college in 1825, and a public university in 1937).
- Universidad de Guadalajara, founded October 12, 1791; legally established October 12, 1925.
- Paraguay: Universidad Nacional de Asunción, 1889
- Peru:
- National University of San Marcos, Lima, May 12, 1551, as the Royal and Pontifical University of San Marcos. Also known as the "dean university of the Americas". The longest continuously operating university in the Americas.
- National University of San Antonio Abad in Cuzco or Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco - 1 June 1692
- Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras 1903
- Surinam: Anton de Kom University, 1968
- Uruguay: Universidad de la República, 1849
- Venezuela: Central University of Venezuela, 1721
- Canada:
- Université Laval, 1663, first institution of higher education (Not a university until 1852)
- University of New Brunswick, 1785 (oldest English language university)
- University of King's College, 1789 (oldest chartered university)
- Mexico:
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, September 21, 1551, as Royal and Pontifical University of México (in 1920 changes its name to National Autonomous University of Mexico, when has given it the freedom to define its own curriculum and manage its own budget without interference from the government).[23]
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, founded 1587 as Colegio del Espíritu Santo (it was sponsored by Jesuits until its conversion into a public college in 1825, and a public university in 1937).
- Universidad de Guadalajara, founded October 12, 1791; legally established October 12, 1925.
- United States:
- Harvard University, founded 1636, chartered 1650
- The College of William & Mary, chartered 1693
- St. John's College, founded 1697, chartered 1784 (as "King Williams School")
- Yale University, chartered 1701 (as "Collegiate School")
- University of Pennsylvania, founded 1740 (as "Church and Charity School of Philadelphia"). Penn's claim is three-fold: The 1765 founding of the first medical school in America made Penn the first institution to offer both "undergraduate" and professional education; the 1779 charter made it the first American institution of higher learning to take the name of "University"; and existing colleges were established as seminaries.[24]
- Sierra Leone: Fourah Bay College - University of Sierra Leone, 1827
- South Africa:
- University of Cape Town, 1829 (University status: 2 April 1918).[25]
- Stellenbosch University, 1866 (University status: 2 April 1918).
- Liberia: Liberia College - University of Liberia, 1951
- Sudan: University of Khartoum, 1902[26] (renamed from Gordon Memorial College in 1956).
- Egypt: Cairo University, 1908, public university; The American University in Cairo established in 1919 as a private university
- Algeria: University of Algiers, 1909
- Uganda: Makerere University, 1922
- Kenya: Egerton University, 1939 (as Egerton Farm School)
- Ghana: University of Ghana, 1948[27]
- Nigeria: University of Ibadan, 1948[28]
- Ethiopia: University of Addis Ababa, 1950
- Zimbabwe: University of Zimbabwe, 1952
- Angola: Agostinho Neto University (as Estudos Gerais Universitários de Angola), 1962
- Mozambique: Eduardo Mondlane University (as Estudos Gerais Universitários de Moçambique), 1962
- Cape Verde: Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde, 2001
- Tunisia: University of Ez-Zitouna 737[29]
- Afghanistan:
- Kabul Medical University, 1946[30]
- Kabul University, founded in 1931, formally opened 1932
- Armenia: Yerevan State University, 1919
- Azerbaijan: Baku State University, 1919
- Bahrain: University of Bahrain. Founded in 1986.
- Bangladesh: University of Dhaka, 1921[31]
- Cambodia:
- China:[32]
- Peking University (Imperial University of Peking), China's first university chartered by central government as 大学堂 (word "university" in Chinese), 1898. It was also served as the highest administration for education at the beginning of its founding.
- Nanyang Public University (Xi'an Jiaotong University), second institute providing 4 year degree modern higher education, 1896.
- Nanjing University (National Central University), the first Chinese university providing doctoral degree, 1927.
- Saint John's University, Shanghai, the first school granting bachelor's degree in China, 1907. But it was not chartered by China government until 1947.
- Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong, 1910, evolved from the Hong Kong College of Medicine, founded in 1887
- India:
- Calcutta Madrasah College, 1781, in Calcutta, which was upgraded to university status in 2007
- Serampore College, 1818, first institution with university status (although not a university) to grant degrees in theology
- College of Engineering, Guindy, 1794
- University of Calcutta, 1857, first full fledged multi-disciplinary university in South Asia
- University of Madras, 1857, one of the three oldest universities in India
- University of Mumbai, 1857, one of the three oldest universities in India
- Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda started in 1881 as Baroda institute of Science
- Punjab University, established in 1882, after partition divided into two parts: Panjab University (Chandigarh, India) and University of Punjab (Lahore, Pakistan).
- PEC University of Technology, started in 1929 as Mugalpura Engineering College at Lahore, now in Pakistan
- Delhi Technological University started in 1941 as Delhi Polytechnic
- Karnatak University started in 1949, one of the oldest Universities in Karnataka State
- Indonesia:
- University of Indonesia, 1947, founded as the School of Javanese Doctor in 1851.
- Bandung Institute of Technology, 1959, founded as Technische Hogeschool in 1920.
- Iran: University of Tehran, 1934[33]
- Iraq: University of Baghdad, 1956 - Although the Iraqi Royal College of Medicine was established in 1928.
- Israel:
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1918
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, founded in 1912, but formal teaching began in 1924
- Japan:
- University of Tokyo, Its origins include a private college of Confucian studies founded by Hayashi Razan in 1630,[34][35] Tenmonkata (The Observatory, 1684)[36] and Shutōsho (Smallpox Vaccination Centre, 1849).[37] It was later organised in 1867 as the Imperial University.
- Keio University, 1858 as the oldest modern institute of higher education in Japan (To be noted, Japan's oldest academic institution is Ashikaga Gakko)
- Kazakhstan:
- Lebanon:
- Macau: University of Macau, established as University of East Asia in 1981, renamed 1991.
- Malaysia: University of Malaya, as Straits and Federated Malay States Government Medical School in 1905 in Singapore
- Mongolia:
- Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 1921, as part of the Institute of Literature and Script
- Institute of finance and economics of Mongolia, 1924 as the School of Custom's Officers in Ulaanbaatar.
- National University of Mongolia, 1942
- Myanmar: Rangoon University, 1878[38]
- Nepal: Tribhuvan University, 1959[39]
- Pakistan:
- Forman Christian College, now Forman Christian College University, Lahore, 1864
- Government College, Lahore, now Government College University, Lahore, 1864
- University of the Punjab, 1882 (Pakistan)[40]
- Edwardes College, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 1900
- Philippines:
- University of San Carlos, traces roots to the Colegio de San Ildefonso 1595 by the Jesuits, closed in 1769, reopened in 1783 by the local bishop, transferred ownership to the Dominicans (1852), then to the Vincentians (1867), and finally to the Society of the Divine Word fathers in 1935. Closed in 1941 during World War II; reopened in 1945. Received university charter in 1948. However, the claim opposed by the University of Santo Tomas and by several other historians due to lack of homogeneous growth.[41]
- University of Santo Tomas, founded on April 28, 1611 by archbishop of Manila Miguel de Benavides. Elevated by Pope Innocent X to a university on November 20, 1645. Owned by the Dominicans in its entirety of existence. It has the oldest extant university charter in the Philippines and in Asia.[42][43]
- Ateneo de Manila University, originally the Escuela Municipal de Manila began in 1859 by the Jesuits as a primary school for boys, later added secondary school for boys and renamed Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865. Changed name to Ateneo de Manila upon withdrawal of government subsidy by the American colonial government.
- Saudi Arabia: King Saud University, 1957.
- Singapore: National University of Singapore, as Straits and Federated Malay States Government Medical School in 1905
- South Korea:
- Sungkyunkwan University, 1398
- Ewha Womans University, 1886
- Korea University, 1905
- Yonsei University, 1915 - College founded in 1915, hospital established in 1885.
- Sri Lanka:
- University College Colombo, 1920 - Although the Ceylon Medical College was established in 1870.
- University of Ceylon, 1942 - First full fledged multi disciplinary university in Sri Lanka
- Syria: University of Damascus was founded in 1923 through the merger of the School of Medicine (established 1903) and the Institute of Law (established 1913).
- Taiwan:
- National Taiwan University, 1898, as The Medical School of the Governor-General of Formosa
- National Taipei University of Technology, 1912, as School of Industrial Instruction
- Thailand: Chulalongkorn University, 1917
- Vietnam:
- Australia
- University of Sydney, 1850 (oldest in Australia and Oceania)
- University of Melbourne, 1853 (oldest in Victoria)
- University of Adelaide, 1874 (oldest in South Australia)
- University of Tasmania, 1890 (oldest in Tasmania)
- University of Queensland, 1909 (oldest in Queensland)
- University of Western Australia, 1911 (oldest in Western Australia)
- Australian National University, 1946 (oldest in Australian Capital Territory)
- Northern Territory University, 1989 (amalgamated as part of Charles Darwin University in 2004)
- New Zealand: University of Otago, 1869
See also
References
- Notes
- ^ Bender, Thomas (1991), The university and the city: from medieval origins to the present, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 13–14, ISBN 978-0-19-506775-0,
The statement that all universities are descended either directly or by migration from these three prototypes [Oxford, Paris, and Bologna] depends, of course, on one's definition of a university. And I must define a university very strictly here. A university is something more than a center of higher education and study. One must reserve the term university for—and I'm quoting Rashdall here—"a scholastic guild, whether of masters or students, engaged in higher education and study," which was later defined, after the emergence of universities, as studium generale.
- ^ a b Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, ISBN 0-7864-3462-7, p. 55f.
- ^ a b de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. 47–55
- ^ a b Riché 1978, pp. 126–7, 282–98
- ^ Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX
- ^ Rüegg, Walter (ed.): Geschichte der Universität in Europa, 3 vols., C.H. Beck, München 1993, ISBN 3-406-36956-1
- ^ "Al-Azhar University".
- ^ Nuria Sanz, Sjur Bergan: "The heritage of European universities", 2nd edition, Higher Education Series No. 7, Council of Europe, 2006, ISBN, p.136
- ^ A brief history of the University of Oxford, Oxford University
- ^ "Early records". A brief history of the university. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
- ^ "800th anniversary". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
- ^ a b Times Higher Education - QS World University Rankings 2007 - World's oldest universities
- ^ History of CU
- ^ Quoted from: Chadwick, Owen. The Early Reformation on the Continent. Oxford University Press, 2003. Page 257.
- ^ "The University of Barcelona: 599 years of history. The most important dates and events". Universitat de Barcelona. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ "La Universidad de Santiago cumple 500 años". El Mundo (in Spanish). March 22, 1995.
- ^ Note that the Court of Cassation of Belgium ruled 26 November 1846, that this new Catholic University of Louvain founded in Mechlin in 1834 don't have any links with the Old University of Louvain founded in 1425 and abolished in 1797 and can not be regarded as continuing it: "The Catholic University of Louvain can not be regarded as continuing the old University of Louvain", in, Table générale alphabétique et chronologique de la Pasicrisie Belge contenant la jurisprudence du Royaume de 1814 à 1850, Brussels, 1855, p. 585, column 1, alinea 2. See also: Bulletin Usuel des Lois et Arrêtés, 1861, p.166.
- ^ History of Education in Romania
- ^ About University of Iaşi
- ^ About Cluj-Napoca University
- ^ About University of Bucharest
- ^ http://www.itu.edu.tr/en/?about/about-istanbul-tech
- ^ a b Elizalde,Guadalupe, Piedras en el Camino de la UNAM, EDAMEX, 1999 p.49.
- ^ "The University of Pennsylvania: America's First University". University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2006-04-29.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ Brief Description of the University, University of Ghana
- ^ Damtew Teferra; et al. (2003). African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook. Indiana University Press. pp. 492–499. ISBN 978-0-253-34186-0.
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(help) - ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ http://www.univdhaka.edu/department/law/index.php
- ^ Educational institutions were closed in China starting on June 13, 1966 due to the Cultural Revolution. They remained closed for a year, or longer in some cases. See [5]
- ^ [6]
- ^ 『徳川実紀』寛永9年条
- ^ 須藤敏夫『近世日本釈奠の研究』(思文閣出版、2001年) ISBN 978-4-7842-1070-1
- ^ "http://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gen03/b03_02_j.html"
- ^ 深瀬泰旦著 『天然痘根絶史』 恩文閣出版、2002年9月 ISBN 4-7842-1116-0
- ^ "Yangon - From stately city to crumbling symbol of isolation". Reuters. 27 November 2011.
- ^ [7]
- ^ [8]
- ^ UST is Oldest, Period. Varsitarian Website May 1, 2012.
- ^ Lim-Pe, Josefina (1973). The University of Santo Tomas in the Twentieth Century. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Press.
- ^ Torres, Jose Victor (2011-01-27). "No contest: UST is oldest university". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2010) |
- Sources
- Riché, Pierre (1978). Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN ISBN 0-87249-376-8.
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