History of video game consoles: Difference between revisions

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The history of video game consoles, both home and handheld consoles, had their origins in the 1970s.

Origins

While both home and handheld game consoles strive to allow consumers to play video games on personal devices, their point of origins game from different fields, and only more recently can be seen as deriving from common principles.

Home consoles

Ralph H. Baer's "Brown Box", the first prototype of a home video game console

The first video games were created on supercomputers in the 1960s, typically with text-only displays or computer printouts, and limited to simple games like Tic Tac Toe or Nim.^[1] Eventually displays with rudimentary vector displays for graphics were available, leading to titles like Spacewar! in 1962.^[2] Spacewar! directly influenced Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney to create Computer Space in 1971, the first recognized arcade game.^[3] While Computer Space had only a limited number of machines made, Bushnell and Dabney took the success of Computer Space to establish Atari, Inc. and subsequently created the first commercially successful arcade game, Pong.^[4]

At the same time that arcade games were being developed, Ralph H. Baer had devised of the idea of a home console and created a prototype "Brown Box" in 1966 that could be connected to a standard television to play a game based on table tennis. This design led to the first home video game console, the Magnavox Odyssey, released in 1972, and further refinements in the years that followed.^[5] Coincidentally, Atari saw the potential to take Pong into the home market by developing its own Pong console, which was first released in 1974. Baer and Bushnell had conflicted over the origins of the idea of a home console for a table tennis-like game, but ultimately Magnavox and Atari settled out of court on the matter.^[6] This did not stop numerous other manufacturers from developing and releasing their own table tennis home video game consoles, aided by the lower cost of microprocessors in the following years. This led to a large number of clones of the Odyssey and Pong home consoles, and creating the market for home video game consoles.^[7]

Handheld consoles

The Microvision, considered the first handheld video game, included interchangable faceplates (the lighter piece) to play different games, also a first for handhelds.

The origins of handheld game consoles are found in handheld and tabletop electronic game devices of the 1970s and early 1980s. These electronic devices are capable of playing only a single game,^[8] they fit in the palm of the hand or on a tabletop, and they may make use of a variety of video displays such as LED, VFD, or LCD.^[9] Handheld electronic games, in turn, were derived from previous handheld and tabletop electro-mechanical devices such as Waco's Electronic Tic-Tac-Toe (1972)^[9] Cragstan's Periscope-Firing Range (1951),^[10] and the emerging optoelectronic-display-driven calculator market of the early 1970s.^[11]^[12] The first such handheld electronic game came out of Mattel in 1976, where Michael Katz, Mattel's new product category marketing director, told the engineers in the electronics group to design a game the size of a calculator, using LED technology."^[13] This effort lead to the 1976 game Auto Race,^[14] by Football in 1977.^[15]^[16] The two games were so successful that according to Katz, "these simple electronic handheld games turned into a '$400 million category.'"^[9] Another Ralph Baer invention, Simon, published by Milton Bradley in 1978, followed, which further popularized such electronic games and remained an enduring property by Milton Bradley (later Hasbro) that brought a number of copycats to the market.^[17]^[18] Soon, other manufacturers including Coleco, Parker Brothers, Entex, and Bandai began following up with their own tabletop and handheld electronic games.^[19]

The transition from handheld electronic games to handheld video game control game with the introduction of LCD screens which today have the capability to present a large number of pixels across a display, approaching the video format used by home consoles, and giving the unit more flexibility in playing a range of games. Milton Bradley's Microvision, released in 1979, is often considered the first such handheld video game console, as well as the first handheld to use interchangeable consoles, though the unit never caught on due to short-term technical struggles. Revolutionary at the time, the Microvision featured a 16x16 pixel LCD that a variety of games could be played by swapping out its faceplate, which contained the game's ROM data and controls.^[20]^[21] The Microvision game Cosmic Hunter (1981) also introduced the concept of a directional pad on handheld gaming devices.^[22]^[23]

Nintendo's line of Game & Watch titles, first introduced in 1980, was based on inspiration from Gunpei Yokoi after seeing a man playing on an LCD calculation while passing time on a bullet train, and had devised the idea of an electronic game that doubled as a watch.^[24]^[25] Taking advantage of the technology used in the credit-card-sized calculators that had appeared on the market, Yokoi designed the series of LCD-based games to include a digital time display in the corner of the screen.^[26] While the Game & Watch series were considered handheld electronic games rather than handheld video game consoles, their success led Nintendo, through Yokoi's design lead, to produce the Game Boy in 1989, considered to be the defining basis of the current handheld game console.^[27]

Console generations

The history of video game consoles are typically segmented into "generations" which are used to group consoles that have shared a competitive market.^[28]^[29] These console generations typically last about five years, following a Moore's law progression where processing power doubles every 18 months or increases ten-fold after five years.^[30]^[31] This has resulted in an industry-wide adoption of the razorblade model in selling consoles at minimal profit margin while making revenue from the sale of games produced for that console, and then transitioning users to the next console model at the fifth year of the generation as the new generation comes on line, and thus incorporate planned obsolescence into the products to continue to bring consumes into the newer generations.^[32]

Comparative timeline of organization of video game console generations from various sources, based on year of console introduction, adapted from Kemerer et al. (2017).^[28] Dates given for console introductions are based on first release in any market (typically either Japan or North America). Cited references from Kemerer at al. are as follows: Gallagher and Park (2002)^[33]; Hu and Prieger (2006)^[34]; Corts and Lederman (2008)^[35]; Gretz (2010)^[36]; Gretz (2010a)^[37]; Srinivasan and Venkatraman (2010)^[38]; Derdenger (2011)^[39]; Zhou (2011)^[40]

However, the exact definition and delineation of console generations has not been consistently defined in the literature. Some schemes have been based on direct market data (including a seminal work published in an IEEE journal in 2002),^[33] while others are based on technology shifts. Wikipedia itself has been noted for creating its own version of console generation definitions that differ from other academic sources, which has been adopted by other sources but without having any true rational behind it.^[28] The discrepancies between how consoles are grouped into generations and how these generations are named have caused confusion when trying to compare shifts in the video game marketplace compared to other consumer markets.^[28] Kemerer et al. (2017)^[28] provide a comparative analysis of these different generations as shown.

For purposes of organization, the generations described here and subsequent pages maintain the Wikipedia breakdown of generation, generally breaking consoles apart by technology features whenever possible and with other consoles released in that same period incorporated within that same generation.

This approach uses the concepts of "bits", or the size of individual word length handled by the processors on the console, for the earlier console generations. Longer word lengths generally led to improved gameplay concepts, graphics, and audio capabilities than shorter ones.^[41] The use of bits to market consoles to consumers started with the TurboGrafx 16, a console that used an 8-bit central processing unit similar to the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), but included a 16-bit graphical processing unit. NEC, the console's manufacturer, took to market the console as a "16-bit" system over the NES' "8-bit" to establish it as a superior system. Other advertisers followed suit, creating a period known as the "bit wars" that lasted through the fifth generation, where console manufactures tried to outsell each other simply on the bit-count of their system.^[42] Aside from some "128 Bit" advertising slogans at the beginning of the sixth generation, marketing with bits largely stopped after the fifth generation. Though the bit terminology was no longer used in newer generations, the use of bit-count helped to establish the idea of console generations, and the earlier generations gained alternate names based on the dominant bit-count of the major systems of that era, such as the third generation being the 8-bit era or generation.^[42]

Later console generations are based on groupings of release dates rather than common hardware as base hardware configurations between consoles have greatly diverged, generally following trends in generation definition given by video game and mainstream journalism. Handheld consoles and other gaming systems and innovations are frequently grouped within the release years associated with the home console generations; for example the growth of digital distribution is associated with the seventh generation.^[29]^[43]

Console generation timeline


Source	^{[note 1]}^{[note 2]}^{[note 3]}^{[note 4]}^{[note 5]}^{[note 6]}^{[note 7]}^{[note 8]}

Console history timeline by generation

First generation (1972–1983)

The Magnavox Odyssey was the first video game console, released in 1972

The first generation of home consoles were generally limited to dedicated consoles with just one or two games pre-built into the console hardware, with a limited means to alter gameplay factors.

As described above, this generation was led by the introduction of the Magnavox Odyssey and the home version of Pong, both which spurred a number of other manufacturers to make their own dedicate home video game consoles.^[7]

Second generation (1976–1992)

The Atari 2600 became the most popular game console of the second generation.

The second generation of home consoles was distinguished by the introduction of the game cartridge, where the game's code is stored in read-only memory (ROM) within the cartridge. When the cartridge is slotted into the console, the electrical connections allow the main console's processors to read the game's code from the ROM. While ROM cartridges had been used in other computer applications prior, the invention of the ROM game cartridge is credited to Jerry Lawson, an engineer at Fairchild Semiconductor and which was first implemented in the Fairchild Video Entertainment System (VES) in 1976.^[62] Additional consoles during this generation, all which used cartridge-based systems, included the Atari 2600 (know as the Atari Video Console System or VCS at launch), the Magnavox Odyssey², Mattel Electronics' Intellivision, and the ColecoVision. In addition to consoles, newer processor technology allowed games to support up to 8 colors and up to 3-channel audio effects.^[63]

With the introduction of cartridge-based consoles came the need to develop a wide array of games for them. Atari was one of the forefronts in development for its Atari 2600, retaining control of all development aspects of the games. Game developments coincided with the Golden age of arcade video games that started in 1978–1979 with the releases of Space Invaders and Asteroids, and home versions of these arcade games were ideal targets. The Atari 2600 version of Space Invaders, released in 1980, was considered the killer app for home video game consoles, helping to quadruple the console's sales that year.^[64] At the same time, Atari has been acquired by Warner Communications from Bushnell, and internal policies led to the departure of four key programmers David Crane, Larry Kaplan, Alan Miller, and Bob Whitehead, who went and formed Activision. Activision proceeded to develop their own Atari 2600 games as well as games for other systems. Atari attempted legal action to stop this practice but ended up settling out of court, with Activision agreeing to pay royalties but otherwise able to continue game development, making Activision the first third-party game developer.^[65]

Numerous other companies saw Activision's success and jumped into game development to try to make fast money on the rapidly expanding North America video game market. This led to a loss of publishing control and dilution of the game market by the early 1980s.^[66] Additionally, in following on the success of Space Invaders, Atari and other companies had remained eager for licensed video game possibilities. Atari had banked heavily on commercial sales of Pac-Man and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial in 1982, but both were rushed to market and were poorly-received, and failed to make Atari's sales estimates. Along with competition from inexpensive home computers, the North American home console market crashed in 1983.^[67]

	Japan	North America	Europe	Units sold
Fairchild Channel F	1977	1976	none	250,000
Atari 2600	1983	1977	1978	30,000,000
Magnavox Odyssey²	1982	1979	1978	2,000,000
Intellivision	1982	1980	1982	3,000,000
ColecoVision	none	1982	1983	2,000,000
Atari 5200	none	1982	none	1,400,000

Handhelds of the second generation

File:Game & Watch.png

One of the original Game & Watch handheld games

Handheld electronic games had already been introduced on the market, such as Mattel Auto Race in 1976 and Simon in 1978. While not considered video games as lacking the typical video screen element, instead using LED lights as game indicators, they still established a market for portable video games.

The first handheld game console emerged during the second home console generation, using simple LCD displays. Early attempts at cartridge-based handheld systems included the Microvision by Milton-Bradley and the Epoch Game Pocket Computer, but neither gained significant traction. Nintendo, on the other hand, introduced its line of Game & Watch portable games, each with a single dedicated game, as its first venture into the video game market. First introduced in 1980, the Game & Watch series ran for over a decade and sold more than 40 million units.^[68]

Third generation (1983–2003)

The NES made home console video games popular again in America after the 1983 crash

Frequently called the "8-bit generation", the third generation's consoles used 8-bit processors, which allowed up to five bits of color (32 colors), five audio channels, and more advanced graphics capability including sprites and tiles rather than block-based graphics of the second generation. Further, the third console saw the market dominance shift from the Unites State to Japan as a result of the 1983 crash.^[69]

Both the Sega SG-1000 and the Nintendo Famicom launched near simultaneously in Japan in 1983. The Famicom, after some initial technical recalls, soon gained traction and became the best selling console in Japan by the end of 1984.^[70] By that point Nintendo wanted to bring the console to North America but recognized the faults that the video game crash had caused. It took several steps to redesign the console to make it look less like a game console and rebranded it as the "Nintendo Entertainment System" (NES) for North America to avoid the "video game" label stigma.^[71]^[72] The company also wanted to avoid the loss of publishing control that had occurred both in North America as well as in Asia after the Famicom's release, and created a lockout system that required all game cartridges to be manufactured by Nintendo to include a special chip. If this chip was not present, the console would fail to play the game. This further gave Nintendo direct control on the titles published for the system, rejecting those it felt were too mature.^[73]^[74] The NES launched in North America in 1985, and helped to revitalize the vidoe game market there.^[75]

Sega attempted to compete with the NES with its own Master System, released later in 1985 in both the US and Japan, but did not gain traction to compete. Similarly, Atari had been acquired by Jack Tramiel of Commodore International following the crash, and he had the company develop the Atari 7800 in 1987 to compete against the NES, but also failed to challenge the NES's dominance.^[76]

	Japan	North America	Europe	Units sold
Famicom/NES	1983	1985	1986	61,910,000
Mark III/Master System	1985	1986	1987	13,000,000
Atari 7800	none	1986	1987	3,770,000
Atari XEGS	none	1987	1987	100,000

Fourth generation (1987–2004)

The fourth generation of consoles, also known as the "16-bit generation", further advanced core console technology with 16-bit processors, improving the available graphics and audio capabilities of games.^[77]

NEC's TurboGrafx-16 (or PC Engine as released in Japan), first released in 1987, is considered the first fourth generation console even though it still had an 8-bit CPU. The console's 16-bit graphics processor gave it capabilities comparable to the other fourth generation systems, and NEC's marketing had pushed the console being an advancement over the NES as a "16-bit" system.^[42]^[78] Both Sega and Nintendo entered the fourth generation with true 16-bit systems in the 1988 Sega Genesis (MegaDrive in Japan) and the 1990 Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES, Super Famicom in Japan). SNK also entered the competition with a modified version of their Neo Geo MVS arcade system into the Neo Geo, released in 1990.

During this generation, the technology costs of using optical discs in the form of CD-ROMs has dropped sufficiently to make them desirable to be used for shipping computer software, including for video games for personal computers. CD-ROMs offered more storage space than game cartridges and could allow for full-motion video and other detailed audio-video works to be used in games.^[33] Console manufacturers adapted by created hardware add-ons to their consoles that could read and play CD-ROMs, including NEC's TurboGrafx-CD add-on (as well as the integrated TurboDuo system) in 1988, and the Sega CD add-on for the Genesis in 1991, and the Neo Geo CD in 1994. Costs of these add-ons were generally high, nearing the same price as the console itself, and with the introduction of disc-based consoles in the fifth generation starting in 1993, these fell by the wayside.^[33] Nintendo had initially worked with Sony to develop a similar add-on for the SNES, the Super NES CD-ROM, but just before its introduction, business relationships between Nintendo and Sony broke down, and Sony would take its idea on to develop the fifth generation PlayStation.^[79] Additionally, Phillips attempted to enter the market with a dedicated CD-ROM format, the CD-i, also released in 1990, that included other uses for the CD-ROM media beyond video games but the console never gained traction.^[80]

The fourth generation had a long tail that overlapped with the fifth generation. To keep their console competitive with the new fifth generation ones, Nintendo took to the use of coprocessors manufactured into the game cartridges to enhance the capabilities of the SNES. This included the Super FX chip, which was first used in the game Star Fox in 1993, generally considered one of the first games to use real-time polygon-based 3D rendering on consoles.^[77]

	Japan	North America	Europe	Units sold
PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16	1987	1989	1989	5,800,000
Mega Drive/Genesis	1988	1989	1990	30,750,000
Neo Geo	1990	1991	1994	980,000
Super Famicom/Super NES	1990	1991	1992	49,100,000
Sega CD/Mega-CD	1991	1992	1993	2,240,000
Neo Geo CD	1994	1996	1994	570,000

Handhelds of the fourth generation

Nintendo brought its experience from the Game & Watch series to develop the Game Boy system in 1989, with subsequent iterations through the years. The unit included a LCD screen that supported a 4-monocolor pixel display, the use of a cartridge-based system, and the means to link up two units to play head-to-head games. One of the early packages included Tetris bundled with the unit, which became the Game Boy's killer app and led the unit to dominate handheld sales at the time.^[81] The Game Boy also introduced the Pokémon franchise to the world, which became a staple of Nintendo's handheld consoles.

The Atari Lynx was also introduced in 1989 and included a color-LED screen, but its small game library and low battery life failed to make it competitive with the Game Boy.^[82]^[83]^[84] Both Sega and NEC also attempted to compete with the Game Boy with the Game Gear and the TurboExpress, respectively, both released in 1990. Each were attempts to bring the respective home console games to handheld systems, but struggled against the staying power of the Game Boy.^[84]^[85]

	Japan	North America	Europe	Units sold
Game Boy	1989	1989	1990	118,690,000
Atari Lynx	1990	1989	1990	3,000,000
Game Gear	1990	1991	1991	10,620,000
TurboExpress	1990	1991	none	1,500,000

Fifth generation (1993–2006)

The Sony PlayStation became the most popular system of the fifth generation consoles, eventually selling over 100 million systems

During this time home computers gained greater prominence as a way of playing video games. The video game console industry nonetheless continued to thrive alongside home computers, due to the advantages of much lower prices, easier portability, circuitry specifically dedicated towards video games, the ability to be played on a television set (which PCs of the time could not do in most cases), and intensive first party software support from manufacturers who were essentially banking their entire future on their consoles.^[86]

Besides the shift to 32-bit processors, the fifth generation of consoles also saw most companies excluding Nintendo shift to dedicated optical media formats instead of game cartridges, given their lower cost of production and higher storage capacity.^[87] Initial consoles of the fifth generation attempted to capitalize on the potential power of CD-ROMs, which included the Amiga CD32, 3DO and the Atari Jaguar. However, earlier in the cycle, the systems were far more expensive than existing fourth-generation models and has much smaller game libraries.^[33] Further, Nintendo's use of co-processors in late SNES games further kept the SNES as one of the best selling systems over new fifth generation ones.^[33]

Two of the key consoles of the fifth generation were introduced in 1995: the Sega Saturn, and the Sony PlayStation, both which challenged the SNES' ongoing dominance. While the Saturn sold well, it did have a number of technical flaws , but established Sega for a number of key game series going forward.^[88] The PlayStation, in addition to using optical media, also introduced the use of memory cards as to save the state of a game. Though memories cards had been used by Neo Geo to allow players to transfer game information between home and arcade systems, the PlayStation's approach allowed games to have much longer gameplay and narrative elements, leading to highly-successful role-playing games like Final Fantasy VII.^[33] By 1996, the PlayStation became the best-selling console over the SNES.^[33]

Nintendo released their next console, the Nintendo 64 in late 1996. Unlike other fifth generation units, it still used game cartridges, as Nintendo believed the load-time advantages of cartridges over CD-ROMs was still essential, as well as their ability to continue to use lockout mechanisms to protect copyrights.^[89]^[90] The system also included support for memory cards as well, and Nintendo developed a strong library of first-party titles for the game, including Super Mario 64 and The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time that helped to drive its sales. While the Nintendo 64 did not match the PlayStation's sales, it kept Nintendo a key competitor in the home console market alongside Sony and Sega.^[33]

	Japan	North America	Europe	Units sold
FM Towns Marty	1993	none	none	45,000
Amiga CD32	none	1994	1993	100,000
Atari Jaguar	1994	1993	1994	250,000
3DO	1994	1993	1994	2,000,000
PC-FX	1994	none	none	400,000
Sega 32X	1994	1994	1995	665,000
Virtual Boy	1995	1995	none	770,000
Sega Saturn	1994	1995	1995	9,260,000
PlayStation	1994	1995	1995	102,490,000
Nintendo 64	1996	1996	1997	32,930,000
Apple Pippin	1996	1996	none	42,000

Handhelds of the fifth generation

Nintendo released the Virtual Boy, an early attempt at virtual reality, in 1995. The unit required the player to play a game through a stereoscopic viewerfinder, which was awkward and difficult, and did not lend well to portable gaming.^[91]^[92]^[93] Nintendo instead returned to focus on incremental improvements to the Game Boy, including the Game Boy Pocket^[94]^[95] and the Game Boy Color.^[96]

Sega also released the Genesis Nomad in 1995 in North America only. a handheld unit that supported the Sega Genesis game library.^[97]^[98] The unit had been developed through Sega of America with little oversight from Sega's main headquarters, and as Sega moved forward, the company as a whole decided to put more focus on the Sega Saturn to stay competitive and drop support for all other ongoing systems, including the Nomad.^[99]^[100]^[101]

Despite Nintendo's domination of handheld console market, some competing consoles such as Neo Geo Pocket, WonderSwan, Neo Geo Pocket Color, and WonderSwan Color appeared in the late 1990s and discontinued several years later after their appearance in handheld console market.

	Japan	North America	Europe	Units sold
Virtual Boy	1995	1995	none	770,000
Genesis Nomad	none	1995	none
Game Boy Pocket	1996	1996	1996<
Game.com	none	1997	1997	>300,000
Game Boy Light	1998	none	none
Game Boy Color	1998	1998	1998
Neo Geo Pocket	1998	none	none
WonderSwan	1999	none	none	1,550,000
Neo Geo Pocket Color	1999	1999	1999
WonderSwan Color	2000	none	none	1,100,000

Sixth generation (1998–2013)

With more than 155 million units sold, the Sony PlayStation 2 is the best selling video game console in history

The Dreamcast was the last system released by Sega, who became a third-party software publisher.

By the sixth generation, console technology began to catch up to performance of personal computers of the time, and the use of bits as their selling point fell by the wayside. The console manufactures focused on the individual strengths of their game libraries as marketing instead. The consoles of the sixth generation saw further adoption of optical media, expanding into the DVD format for even greater data storage capacity, additional internal storage solutions to function as memory cards, as well as adding support either directly or through add-ons to connect to the Internet for online gameplay.^[102]

By this point, there were only three major players in the market: Sega, Sony, and Nintendo. Sega got an early lead with the Dreamcast first released in Japan in 1998. It was the first home console to include a modem to allow players to connect to the Sega network and play online games.^[33] However, Sega found several technical issues that had to be resolved before its Western launch in 1999.^[103]^[104]^[105] Though its Western release was more successful than in Japan,^[106] the console was soon outperformed by Sony's PlayStation 2 released in 2000. The PlayStation 2 was the first console to add support for DVD playback in addition to CD-ROM, as well as maintaining backward compatibility with games from the PlayStation library.^[33] Along with a strong game library, the PlayStation 2 went on to sell 155 million unit before it was discontinued in 2012, and as of 2020, the best selling home console of all time.^[107]^[108] Unable to compete with Sony, Sega discontinued the Dreamcast in 2001 and left the hardware market, instead focusing on its software properties.^[33] Nintendo's entry in the sixth generation was the GameCube in 2001, its first system to use optical discs based on the miniDVD format. A special Game Boy Player attachment allowed the GameCube to use any of the GameBoy cartridges as well, and adapters were available to allow the console to connect to the Internet via broadband or modem.

At this point Microsoft also entered the console market with its first Xbox system, released in 2001. Microsoft considered the PlayStation 2's success as a threat to the personal computer in the living room space, and had developed the Xbox to compete. As such, the Xbox was designed based more on Microsoft's experience from personal computers, using an operating system built out from its Microsoft Windows and DirectX features, utilizing a hard disk for save game store, built-in Ethernet functionality, and created the first console online service, Xbox Live to support multiplayer games.^[109]

	Japan	North America	Europe	Units sold
Dreamcast	1998	1999	1999	9,130,000
PlayStation 2	2000	2000	2000	155,000,000
GameCube	2001	2001	2002	21,740,000
Xbox	2002	2001	2002	24,000,000

Handhelds of the sixth generation

The N-Gage was an early attempt to merge game functionality and cellular phone features.

Nintendo continued to refine its Game Boy design with the Game Boy Advance in 2001, including its Game Boy Advance SP in 2003 and Game Boy Micro in 2005, all with the ability to link to the GameCube to extend the functionality of certain games. Also introduced were the Neo Geo Pocket Color in 1998 and Bandai's WonderSwan Color, launched in Japan in 1999. South Korean company Game Park introduced its GP32 handheld in 2001, and with it came the dawn of open source handheld consoles.^[110]

During the sixth generation, a new type of market for gaming came from the growing mobile phone arena, where advanced smart phones and other portable devices could be loaded with games. Nokia's N-Gage was one of the first devices marketed as a mobile phone and game system, first released in 2003 and later redesigned at the N-Gage QD.

	Japan	North America	Europe	Units sold
Game Boy Advance	2001	2001	2001	81,510,000
N-Gage	none	2003	2003	3,000,000

Seventh generation (2005–2017)

The release of the Xbox 360 began the seventh generation

Video game consoles had become an important part of the global IT infrastructure. It is estimated that video game consoles represented 25% of the world's general-purpose computational power in the year 2007.^[111] By the seventh generation, Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo had all developed consoles designed to interface with the Internet, adding networking support for either wired and wireless connections, online services to support multiplayer games, digital storefronts for digital purchases of games, and both internal storage and support for external storage on the console for these games. These consoles also added support for digital television resolutions through HDMI interfaces, but as the generation occurred in the midst of the High-definition optical disc format war between Blu-ray and HD-DVD, a standard for high-definition playback was yet to be fixed. A further innovation came by the use of motion controllers, either built into the console or offered as an add-on afterwards.

Microsoft entered the seventh generation first with the Xbox 360 in 2005. The Xbox 360 saw several hardware revisions over its lifetime which became a standard practice for Microsoft going forward; these revisions offered different features such as a larger internal hard drive or a fast processor at a higher price point. As shipped, the Xbox 360 supported DVD discs and Microsoft had opted to support the HD-DVD format with an add-on for playback of HD-DVD films. However, this format ended up as deprecated compared to Blu-ray. Microsoft later introduced the Kinect motion controller device for the Xbox 360. The Xbox 360 was backward compatible with about half of the original Xbox library. Through its lifetime, the Xbox 360 was troubled by a consistent hardware fault known as the "the Red Ring of Death (RROD)" for the display of a red ring around the console's power button indicating the problem and Microsoft spent over $1 billion correcting the problem.^[112]

Sony's PlayStation 3 was released in 2006. The PlayStation 3 represented a shift of the internal hardware from Sony's custom chip to a more standard x86-based system. Initial PlayStation 3 shipped with a special Emotion Engine daughterboard that allowed for backwards compatibility of PlayStation 2 games, but later revisions of the unit removed this, leaving software-based emulation for PlayStation games available. Sony banked on the Blu-ray format, which was included from the start. With the PlayStation 3, Sony introduced the PlayStation Network for its online services and storefront.^[113] In 2010, Sony released PlayStation Move, allowing for motion-controlled games.

Nintendo introduced the Wii in 2006 around the same time as the PlayStation 3, and continued Nintendo's divergence from trying to compete on feature-for-feature from Microsoft and Sony, lacking support for high-definition media or video format. The Wii's primary controller is the Wii Remote, a motion-sensing which was considered part of the unit's success, and which drove Microsoft and Sony to develop their own motion controls to compete. Nintendo provided various online services that the Wii could connect too, including the Virtual Console where players could purchase emulated games from Nintendo's past consoles as well as games for the Wii. The Wii used regular sized DVDs for its game medium but also directly supported GameCube discs. The Wii was generally considered a surprising success that many developers had initially overlooked.^[114]^[115]^[116]

	Japan	North America	Europe	Units sold
Xbox 360	2005	2005	2005	84,700,000
PlayStation 3	2006	2006	2007	87,400,000
Wii	2006	2006	2006	101,630,000

Handhelds of the seventh generation

Nintendo introduced the new Nintendo DS system in 2004, a game cartridge-based unit that support two screens including one being touch-sensitive. The DS also included built-in wireless connectivity to the Internet to purchase new DS games or Virtual Console titles, as well as the ability to connect to each other or to a Wii system in a ad hoc manner for certain multiplayer titles.^[117] Sony entered the handheld market in 2004 with the PlayStation Portable (PSP), with a reduced design based on the PlayStation 3. Like the DS, the PSP also supported wireless connectivity to the Internet to download new games, and ad hoc connectivity to other PSP or to a PlayStation 3. The PSP used a new format called Universal Media Disc (UMD) for game and other media.^[118]^[119]^[120]

Nokia revived its N-Gage platform in the form of a service for selected S60 devices. This new service launched on April 3, 2008.^[121] Other less-popular handheld systems released during this generation include the Gizmondo (launched on March 19, 2005 and discontinued in February 2006) and the GP2X (launched on November 10, 2005 and discontinued in August 2008). The GP2X Wiz, Pandora, and Gizmondo 2 were scheduled for release in 2009.

Another aspect of the seventh generation was the beginning of direct competition between dedicated handheld video game devices, and increasingly powerful PDA/cell phone devices such as the iPhone and iPod Touch, and the latter being aggressively marketed for gaming purposes. Simple games such as Tetris and Solitaire had existed for PDA devices since their introduction, but by 2009 PDAs and phones had grown sufficiently powerful to where complex graphical games could be implemented, with the advantage of distribution over wireless broadband. Apple had launched its App Store in 2008 that allowed developers to publish and sell games for iPhones and similar devices, beginning the rise of mobile gaming.

	Japan	North America	Europe	Units sold
Nintendo DS	2004	2004	2005	154,020,000
PlayStation Portable	2004	2005	2005	82,000,000

Eighth generation (2012–present)

The original Xbox One, Microsoft's eighth generation console, which has since been superseded by two upgraded models, the Xbox One S and the Xbox One X.

Aside from the usual hardware enhancements, consoles of the eighth generation focus on further integration with other media and increased connectivity.^[124] Hardware improvements pushed for higher frame rates at up to 4k resolutions.

The Wii U, introduced in 2012, was considered by Nintendo to be a sequel to the Wii but geared to more serious players. The console supported backwards compatibility with the Wii, including its motion controls, and introduced the Wii U GamePad, a tablet/controller hybrid that acted as a second screen. Nintendo further refined its network offerings to develop the Nintendo Network service to combine storefront and online connectivity services. The Wii U did not sell as well as Nintendo had planned, as they found people mistook the GamePad to be a tablet they could take with them away from the console, and the console struggled to draw the third-party developers as the Wii had.^[125]

Both the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One came out in 2013. Both were similar improvements over the previous generation respective consoles', providing more computational power to support up to 60 frames per seconds at 1080p resolutions for some games. Each unit also saw a similar set of revisions and repackaging to develop high- and low-end cost versions. In the case of the Xbox One, the console's initially launch had included the Kinect device but this became highly controversial, and by its mid-generation reference, the Kinect had been dropped and discontinued as a game device.^[126]

Later in the eighth generation, Nintendo released the Nintendo Switch in 2018. The Switch is considered the first hybrid game console. It can be placed into a special docking unit that is hooked to a television so that it can be played as a home console. Alternatively, it can be removed and used either with the attached JoyCon controllers as a handheld unit, or can be even played as a tablet-like system via its touchscreen. A larger suite of online services was added through the Nintendo Switch Online subscription, including several free NES and SNES titles, replacing the past Virtual Console system. The Switch was designed to addressed many of the hardware and marketing faults around the Wii U's launch.

Game systems in the eighth generation also faced increasing competition from mobile device platforms such as Apple's iOS and Google's Android operating systems. Smartphone ownership was estimated to reach roughly a quarter of the world's population by the end of 2014.^[127] The proliferation of low-cost games for these devices, such as Angry Birds with over 2 billion downloads worldwide,^[128] presents a new challenge to classic video game systems. Microconsoles, cheaper stand-alone devices designed to play games from previously established platforms, also increased options for consumers. Many of these projects were spurred on by the use of new crowdfunding techniques through sites such as Kickstarter. Notable competitors include the GamePop, OUYA, GameStick Android-based systems, the PlayStation TV, the NVIDIA SHIELD, and Steam Machines.^[129]

	Japan	North America	Europe	Units sold
Wii U	2012	2012	2012	13,560,000
Nintendo Switch	2017	2017	2017	52,480,000
PlayStation 4	2014	2013	2013	110,400,000
Xbox One	2014	2013	2013	46,900,000

Handhelds of the eighth generation

The Nintendo 3DS released in 2011 expanded on the Nintendo DS design and added support for an autostereoscopic screen to project stereoscopic 3D effects without the use of 3D glasses. The console was otherwise remained backward compatible with all of the DS titles.^[130]^[131]^[132]^[133] Sony introduced its PlayStation Vita in 2011, a revised version of the PSP but eliminating the use of external media and focusing on digital acquisition of games, as well as incorporating a touchscreen.^[134]^[135]^[136]^[137]^[138] and was released in Europe and North America on February 22, 2012.^[139]^[140]

As noted above, the Nintendo Switch is a hybrid console, capable of both being used as a home console in its docked mode and as a handheld. The Nintendo Switch Lite revision was released in 2019, which reduced some of the features of the system and its size, including eliminating the ability to dock the unit, making the Switch Lite primarily a handheld system, but otherwise compatible with most of the Switch's library of games.^[141]^[142]

	Japan	North America	Europe	Units sold
Nintendo 3DS	2011	2011	2011	75,280,000
Nintendo Switch Lite	2019	2019	2019	6,190,000
PlayStation Vita	2011	2012	2012	15,900,000

Future

Both Microsoft and Sony have announced successors to their home consoles for release in late 2020. Both are driving towards supporting 4k and 8k resolution televisions at high frame rates, support for real-time ray tracing rendering, and the use of high-performance solid-state drives (SSD) as internal high-speed memory to make delivering game content much faster than from reading from optical disc or standard hard drives, which can eliminate loading times and make open world games appear seamless.

The Xbox Series X is the first console of the 4th generation in Microsoft's Xbox hardware line, with a base performance target of 60 frames per second at 4k resolution to be four times as powerful as the Xbox One X. One of Microsoft's goals with the unit was to assure backward compatibility with all games supported by the Xbox One - including those original Xbox and Xbox 360 titles that are backward compatible with the Xbox One, allowing the Xbox Series X to support four generations of games.^[143]^[144]

Sony's PlayStation 5 also is a similar performance boost over the PlayStation 4, and uses a custom SSD solution with much higher input/output rates comparable to RAM chip speeds, significantly improving rendering and data streaming speeds. The chip architecture is comparable to the PlayStation 4, allowing backwards compatible with most of the PlayStation 4 library while select games will need chip timing tweaking to make them compatible.^[145]^[146]

In terms of handhelds, Sony has announced no further plans for handhelds after discontinuing the Vita, while Nintendo continues to offer the Nintendo 3DS and the Nintendo Switch and Switch Lite. The market here still continues to compete with the growing mobile gaming market, but developers have taken advantage of new opportunities in cross-platform play support, in part due to the popularity of Fortnite in 2018, to make games that are compatible on consoles, computers, and mobile devices.^[147]^[148] Cloud gaming also is seen as a potential replacement of handheld gaming. While earlier cloud gaming platforms have gone by the wayside, newer approaches including PlayStation Now, Microsoft's xCloud and Google's Stadia can deliver computer and console-quality gameplay to nearly any platform including mobile devices, limited by bandwidth quality.^[149]

Console sales

Below is a timeline of each generation with the top three home video consoles of each generation based on worldwide sales.

Table key
#	Current	A current generation console being manufactured and sold on the market.
†	First place	Home console with the highest sales of its generation.
‡	Second place	Home console with the second highest sales of its generation.
◁	Third place	Home console with the third highest sales of its generation.
	Remaining places	Manufacture released a home console but it was not one of the top three best selling home consoles of its generation.
	No entry	Manufacturer did not release a home console.


Manufacturer	Generation								Ref(s)
Manufacturer	First (1972–1980)	Second (1976–1992)	Third (1983–2003)	Fourth (1987–2004)	Fifth (1993–2006)	Sixth (1998–2013)	Seventh (2005–2017)	Eighth (2012–present)	Ref(s)
Atari	Home Pong (150,000)	Atari 2600 † (30 million)^{[note 9]}	Atari 7800 ◁ (1 million)^{[note 10]}		Atari Jaguar (250,000)				^{[note 11]}
Coleco	Telstar ‡ (1 million)	ColecoVision ◁ (2+ million)							^{[note 12]}
Nintendo	Color TV-Game series † (3 million)		NES † (61.91 million)	Super NES † (49.1 million)	Nintendo 64 ‡ (32.93 million)	GameCube ◁ (21.74 million)	Wii † (101.63 million)	Nintendo Switch ‡# (52.48 million)^{[note 13]}	^{[note 14]}
Magnavox/ Philips	Odyssey ◁ (330,000)	Odyssey² (2 million)	Videopac + G7400 (N/A)	CD-i (570,000)					^{[note 15]}
Mattel		Intellivision ‡ (3 million)					HyperScan (N/A)		^{[note 16]}
Sega			Master System ‡ (10–13 million)^{[note 17]}	Sega Genesis ‡ (33.75 million)	Sega Saturn ◁ (9.26 million)	Dreamcast (9.13 million)			^{[note 18]}
NEC				TurboGrafx-16 ◁ (10 million)	PC-FX (100,000)				^{[note 19]}
Sony					PlayStation † (102.49 million)	PlayStation 2 † (^>155 million)	PlayStation 3 ‡ (^>87.4 million)	PlayStation 4 †# (108.9 million)	^{[note 20]}
Microsoft						Xbox ‡ (^>24 million)	Xbox 360 ◁ (^>84 million)	Xbox One ◁# (est. 46.9 million)	^{[note 21]}

^>Final sales are greater than the reported figure. See notes.

Notes

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