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Human rights in Vietnam

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Vietnamese pro-democracy rally demanding for the release of Nguyễn Quốc Quân on 30 April 2012, during "Black April"
Việt Tân Party info booth at a pro-democracy, pro-human rights rally. However, Viet Tan is labelled a terrorist organization by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Human rights in Vietnam (Vietnamese: Nhân quyền tại Việt Nam) has been considered by various domestic and international academics, dissidents and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as Amnesty International (AI), the Human Rights Watch (HRW), and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to be one of the poorest in the world.[1][2][3][4][5]

However, it has long been a matter of much controversy between the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV)–led Government of Vietnam and other countries and political unions around the world, namely the European Union (EU) and the United States. Arguments include the lack of universality of human rights expressed by the aforementioned organizations as well as their ineffectiveness,[6] and that the human rights encouraged by outspoken and vocal world leaders are in fact, in the guise of promoting a Western world order,[7][8][9][10] which does not gel well with Vietnam which already possesses a French colonial legacy.[11][12]

Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only political party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed – making Vietnam one of the only few legally constituted one-party states in the world, along with China, Cuba, Eritrea, Laos, and North Korea.[13] Any citizen critical of the regime as well the discussion of certain topics deemed unacceptable by the CPV are often subjected to imprisonment.[14]

The Vietnamese government has also made use of online operatives and nationalist netizens, also known as "public opinion brigades", which are state-sponsored anonymous political commentators and trolls to combat any perceived dissent against its rule or the status of human rights in the country.[15] A Vietnam Human Rights Day is observed each year on 11 May in the state of Virginia, U.S, particularly by the Vietnamese diaspora who left after the Vietnam War and the Fall of Saigon[a] as well as dissidents who fled the country in the subsequent decades.[16] However, groups such as Viet Tan, which claims promotion of democracy and human rights, are labelled as terrorist organizations by the Vietnamese Communist Government, with Viet Tan members having been seized before housing bombs and weapons with the intention of disruption of the Vietnamese state.[17][18]

One-Party Country

According to Mr Đinh Thế Huynh, Permanent Secretary of the Secretariat in 2011:

"Việt Nam chúng tôi không có nhu cầu đa nguyên đa đảng, và dứt khoát không đa nguyên đa đảng. Điều đơn giản là Việt Nam đã có lúc đa đảng; tức là năm, 1946 khi chúng tôi Tổng tuyển cử lần đầu tiên thì cũng đã có mấy đảng tham gia. Nhưng khi thực dân Pháp quay lại xâm lược đất nước chúng tôi thì chỉ có Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam lãnh đạo nhân dân Việt Nam kháng chiến để bảo vệ tổ quốc. Và bây giờ thì Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam đang tiếp tục lãnh đạo nhân dân Việt Nam giành thắng lợi trong sự nghiệp xây dựng và bảo vệ tổ quốc".

Translation:

"We in Vietnam have no need for a multi-party pluralism, and definitely not a multi-party pluralism. The simple thing is that Vietnam has had a multi-party period; that is, in 1946 when we had our first general election. There were a few parties involved, but when the French colonialists returned to invade our country, only the Communist Party of Vietnam led the Vietnamese people to fight to defend the country. The Vietnamese Communist Party is continuing to lead Vietnam and Vietnamese people to victory in the cause of national construction and defense."[19]

Rights

Environmental rights

De jure, the article 43 of the constitution of Vietnam includes a right to a healthy environment.[20] The state is obliged to "…protect the environment; manage, and effectively and stably use natural resources; protect nature and biodiversity; take initiative in prevention and resistance against natural calamities; and respond to climate change."[20] These rights were further advanced through the Law on Environmental Protection in 2014.[20]

Freedom of religion

This section is an excerpt from Freedom of religion in Vietnam.[edit]

While the Constitution of Vietnam officially provides for freedom of religion, in practice the government imposes a range of legislative measures restricting religious practice (such as registration requirements, control boards, and surveillance).[21][22][23] All religious groups must register and seek approval from the government. The government requires all Buddhist monks to be approved by and work under the officially recognized Buddhist organization, the Vietnam Buddhist Sangha (VBS). The number of Buddhist student monks is controlled and limited by the Committee on Religious Affairs. According to a 2020 report by Human Rights Watch, prohibited religious activities are those deemed to be contrary to arbitrary notions of the "national interest", "public order", or "national unity". Unrecognized religious groups, including Cao Đài, Hòa Hảo, and some Christian and Buddhist groups face "constant surveillance and harassment". Some religious groups may be subject to "public criticism, forced renunciation of faith, detention, interrogation, torture, and imprisonment."[24] Laws continue to be applied unevenly however, with some local government areas taking a more relaxed and tolerant approach than others. [citation needed]

In 2023, the country was scored 1 out of 4 for religious freedom by the American organization Freedom House.[25] In the same year it was ranked as the 25th most difficult place in the world to be a Christian by Christian mission Open Doors.[26]

Rights of specific groups

LGBT rights

This section is an excerpt from LGBTQ rights in Vietnam.[edit]
Vietnam

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Vietnam face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. From 2000, both male and female forms of same-sex sexual activity are legal and are believed to never have been criminalized in Vietnamese history.[27] However, same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are ineligible for the legal protections available to heterosexual couples. Vietnam provides limited anti-discrimination protections for transgender people.[28][b] The right to change gender was officially legalized in Vietnam after the National Assembly passed an amendment to the Civil Code in 2015.[29]

Vietnam's first annual gay pride parade took place in Hanoi on 5 August 2012.[30] In 2017, pride parades were held in around 34 other cities and provinces.[31][32]

Ethnic minorities

According to the Vietnamese constitution: "All the ethnicities are equal, unified and respect and assist one another for mutual development; all acts of national discrimination and division are strictly forbidden."[33]

The Cham, Montagnard and Khmer Krom minorities joined together in the United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO), to wage war against the Vietnamese for independence during the Vietnam War. The last remaining FULRO insurgents surrendered to the United Nations in 1992.

Various ethnic minority organizations like the Montagnard Foundation, Inc., International Office of Champa, and Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation allege that the Vietnamese people and government perpetuate human rights abuses against the Degar (Montagnards), Cham, and Khmer Krom. Vietnam has settled over a million ethnic Vietnamese on Montagnard lands in the Central Highlands. The Montagnard staged a massive protest against the Vietnamese in 2001, which led the Vietnamese to forcefully crush the uprising and seal the entire area off to foreigners.

Repression of Chams

The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. Both Hindu and Muslim Chams have experienced religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on their faith under the current Vietnamese government, with the Vietnamese state confiscating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs. Hindu temples were turned into tourist sites against the wishes of the Cham Hindus. In 2010 and 2013, several incidents occurred in the villages of Thành Tín and Phươc Nhơn, where Cham were murdered by Vietnamese. Cham Muslims in the Mekong Delta have also been economically marginalized and pushed into poverty by Vietnamese government policies, with ethnic Vietnamese Kinh settling on majority Cham lands with state support, and the religious practices of minorities have been targeted for elimination by the Vietnamese government.[34]

In 2012, Vietnamese police in Chau Giang village stormed into a Cham Mosque, stole the electric generator, and also raped Cham girls.[35]

The Vietnamese government fears that evidence of Champa's influence over the disputed area in the South China Sea would bring attention to human rights violations and killings of ethnic minorities in Vietnam such as those which were committed in the 2001 and 2004 uprisings, and lead to the issue of Cham autonomy being brought into the dispute, since the Vietnamese conquered Cham people in a war in 1832, as well as the Vietnamese continuing to destroy evidence of Cham culture and artifacts left behind, plundering or building on top of Cham temples, building farms over them, banning Cham religious practices, and omitting references to the destroyed Cham capital of Song Luy in the 1832 invasion in history books and tourist guides. The situation of the Cham compared to that of ethnic Vietnamese is substandard, with the Cham lacking water and electricity and living in houses made out of mud.[36]

Reporting

Vietnam's report about human rights in UN human rights council

A report drafted by the Vietnamese government on 18 June 2007 for the United Nations Human Rights Council to review the implementation of human rights in the territory of Viet Nam stated: For Viet Nam, the people are both the ultimate objective and driving force of any social and economic development policy, and protecting and promoting human rights are always the Government's consistent policy. The 1992 Constitution, the supreme law of the country, guarantees that all citizens enjoy equal political, economic, cultural and social rights, and are equal before the law. Every citizen has the right to participate in the management of the State and the society, the freedoms of religion and belief, the right to free movement and residence in the territory of Viet Nam, the right to complaints and petitions, the right to employment, education and healthcare etc. regardless of gender, race and religion. On that basis, Vietnamese laws enumerate the specific rights in accordance with international human rights standards.[37]

The report argued that freedoms of expression, press and information of the Vietnamese people were clearly illustrated through the rapid and diverse development of the mass media. As of 2008, there were over 700 press agencies with 850 publications, nearly 15,000 licensed journalists, 68 radio and television stations at central and provincial levels and land-based digital TV stations, 80 e-newspapers, thousands of news websites and 55 publishers. The people of Viet Nam were provided with greater access to advanced information technology, especially the internet, with about 20 million internet users, accounting for 23.5% of the population, higher than Asia's average rate of 18%. Apart from the domestic media, the people of Viet Nam had access to dozens of foreign press agencies and television channels, including Reuters, BBC, VOA, AP, AFP, CNN and many other major international papers and magazines.[37] The growing economy had enabled the Government to concentrate resources on such priorities as education, health, infrastructure development, human resource development, poverty reduction and assistance to underdeveloped areas.[37] The government had promulgated and amended around 13,000 laws and by-law documents, in which civil and political rights are elaborated. The 1992 Constitution recognized fully all human rights (Articles 2 and 50).[37]

The report highlighted the rapid growth, diverse forms of mass media, belief in the lively and diverse society in Vietnam, as well as securing the rights of women, children and the disabled. It argued that thanks to the protection and promotion of human rights, Vietnam's economy, society, and culture have made great strides.[37] But the report also acknowledged that there are still inadequacies in the country, difficulties to be solved, in which the legal system lacks uniformity and spot overlapping conflicts, not keep up with reality, leading to difficulties, misunderstandings and even affect the constitutional guarantee, the feasibility and transparency in the process of ensuring human rights.[37]

According to the Vietnamese embassy, the UN ratified Vietnam's human rights report.[38] The embassy also stated that many of these countries appreciated Vietnam's renewal, achievements and strong commitment to fostering human rights.[39] Also, there were some opinions against the adoption but these were rejected.

According to a 1997 report by the China Internet Information Center, Vietnam has made a number of changes to its constitution, laws, and practical policies in the area of human rights since the Doi Moi, or the economic reform in 1986. For instance, the Constitution was amended in 1991 to enshrine the protection of "political, civil, economic, cultural and cultural rights" for the first time, and the penal code explicitly banned torture. Internationally, Vietnam was the second signatory of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Although Vietnam retains capital punishment, the Constitution of 1992 reduced the number of eligible crimes from 44 to 29, and over 90% of the population has access to health care. In women's rights, Vietnam ranks 2nd among Asia-Pacific countries and 9th among 135 countries in percentage of female parliamentarians.[40]

Reports regarding human rights in Vietnam

In its 2004 report on Human Rights Practices, the U.S. State Department characterized Vietnam's human rights record as "poor" and cited the continuation of "serious abuses".[41] According to the report, the government has imposed restrictions on freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and freedom of association.[41]

Recent US reports maintain the same observations and international human rights organizations that share these views include Human Rights Watch[42] and the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.[43] The United Nations[44] has highlighted religious persecution.

In 2009, the European Parliament expressed concern about "the growing climate of intolerance in Vietnam towards human rights defenders and members of officially unrecognized religious communities." It called on the government to end repression against freedom of expression, belief, and assembly, and to release its "political prisoners".[45]

The government officially provides for freedom of religion and recognizes Buddhist, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Hòa Hảo, Cao Đài, and Muslim denominations.[41] However, the government supervises the clergies of the sanctioned groups (by approving appointments, for example) in the interest of "national unity".[41]

Freedom of expression remains a problem as the Vietnamese authorities continue to use tough national security laws to punish critics of the regime. The official media remained tightly controlled by government censorship and obstruction.[46]

Restrictions on the freedom to assemble remain a problem in Vietnam. There is an effort of the government to delay issuing a law for legalizing demonstration/strike although demonstration is legal as written in Vietnam's Constitution.

As of 2017, Vietnam held over 100 political prisoners for the crime of criticizing the government or participating in religions, protests, activism, or political parties not sanctioned by the government.[47][48]

According to Human Rights Watch, government of Vietnam has increased its crackdown on dissidents, human rights activists and independent journalists, ahead of the 13th party congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam that took place in January 2021. The court has also increased the prison time for dissidents serving detention.[49]

On 23 December 2021, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) condemned the conviction and long-term sentencing of four prominent human rights defenders and journalists in Vietnam. The sentences against Do Nam Truong, Trinh Ba Phoung, Nguyen Thi Tam and Pham Doan Trang stemmed from their continuous advocacy and reporting on human rights in Viet Nam.[50]

In 2009, Le Cong Dinh, a lawyer who several years previously had acted for the government in a successful case against American catfish farmers, was arrested and charged with the capital crime of subversion; several of his associates were also arrested.[51][52] Many Western governments condemned the move, and human rights groups alleged that the arrest was due to Le Cong Dinhs' support for freedom of speech.[52] Amnesty International named him and his arrested associates prisoners of conscience.[52]

Vietnam currently holds several other individuals in detention whom Amnesty International considers to be prisoners of conscience: Cù Huy Hà Vũ, convicted of "conducting propaganda against the state" for giving interviews to foreign press;[53] Nguyen Dan Que, convicted of "red-handed keeping and distributing documents" calling for the overthrow of the government;[54] and Roman Catholic priest Nguyen Van Ly (also known as Father Thaddeus) detained for "spreading propaganda against the state."[55] Amnesty International called for the immediate and unconditional release of all three men.

In January 2019, the authorities of Vietnam arrested and sentenced an Australian democracy activist, Chau Van Kham, to 12 months of imprisonment on charges of "financing terrorism". The 70-year-old was arrested over his membership of pro-democracy group Viet Tan. The charges against him were claimed to be baseless and politically motivated by human rights advocates, lawyers and his family. In June 2020, The Guardian reported that the activist "disappeared" inside the Vietnam's prison system for nearly four months, as his family and the Australian government have no contact or information about him.[56]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Also known as the "Liberation of Saigon" by the regime.
  2. ^ Article 4, Decree 01/VBHN-BYT prohibits discrimination against people who has undergone sex reassignment. Article 35, Decree 176/2013/NĐ-CP establishes monetary fine of 2,000,000 to 5,000,000 Vietnamese dong for those engaging in discriminatory acts against transgender people, while Article 155 of the 2015 Penal Code specified a sentence of probation up to 3 years for repeated violation.

References

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  2. ^ "Vietnam". United States Department of State. U.S. State Department. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  3. ^ "Overview: Vietnam". Amnesty International. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  4. ^ Ratcliffe, Rebecca (17 February 2022). "Vietnamese activists routinely placed under house arrest, report finds". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  5. ^ Linh, Dan; Hai, An (11 January 2022). "With West Distracted by Pandemic, Vietnam Ramps Up Repression". VOA. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  6. ^ "The case against human rights | Eric Posner". the Guardian. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  7. ^ Shaheed, Ahmed; Richter, Rose Parris (17 October 2018). "Is "Human Rights" a Western Concept?". IPI Global Observatory. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  8. ^ "Western Human Rights in a Diverse World: Cultural Suppression or Relativism?". E-International Relations. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
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  11. ^ https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/26576_761-771.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  12. ^ Kwon, Roy (2011). "HOW THE LEGACY OF FRENCH COLONIZATION HAS SHAPED DIVERGENT LEVELS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN EAST ASIA: A Time-Series Cross-National Analysis". The Sociological Quarterly. 52 (1): 56–82. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01194.x. ISSN 0038-0253. JSTOR 23027460. S2CID 143087043.
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  25. ^ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
  26. ^ "Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08". Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
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  34. ^ Taylor, Philip (December 2006). "Economy in Motion: Cham Muslim Traders in the Mekong Delta" (PDF). The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology. 7 (3). The Australian National University: 238. doi:10.1080/14442210600965174. ISSN 1444-2213. S2CID 43522886. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
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  37. ^ a b c d e f "National report of Vietnam under the universal periodic review of UN human rights council".
  38. ^ "UN ratify Vietnam's human rights report". Archived from the original on 9 October 2011.
  39. ^ "Vietnam adheres to human rights, says diplomat".
  40. ^ "Human Rights in Vietnam During Renovation Process: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects". China Internet Information Center. 19 August 1997. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
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  44. ^ "SUMMARY PREPARED BY THE OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, IN ACCORDANCE WITH PARAGRAPH 15 (C) OF THE ANNEX TO HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL RESOLUTION 5/1*" (PDF). Retrieved 14 October 2020.
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  46. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  47. ^ Rushford, Greg (23 July 2013). "Mr. Sang Comes to Washington". Rushford Report. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
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  50. ^ "Viet Nam: UN experts appalled by the conviction of four human rights defenders". OHCHR. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  51. ^ Mydans, Seth (24 December 2009). "Vietnam Charges Lawyer With Capital Crime". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  52. ^ a b c "Vietnam lawyer subversion charge". BBC News. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  53. ^ "Prominent Vietnamese activist jailed over democracy calls". Amnesty International. 5 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  54. ^ "VIETNAMESE AUTHORITIES MUST RELEASE DR. NGUYEN DAN QUE". Amnesty International. 28 February 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  55. ^ "VIET NAM: FURTHER INFORMATION: CATHOLIC PRIEST RISKS BEING RETURNED TO PRISON: FATHER NGUYEN VAN LY". Amnesty International. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  56. ^ "Jailed Australian democracy activist has 'disappeared' inside Vietnam's prison system". The Guardian. 6 June 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
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