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Anglosphere

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This article is about group of English-speaking nations with close political and military ties and their sphere of influence. For usage of English worldwide, see English-speaking world.

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Anglosphere_Geometry.svg
The Anglosphere, according to James Bennett (The Anglosphere Challenge)[1]
  Core Anglosphere
  Middle Anglosphere (states where English is one of several official languages, but not necessarily widely spoken by the native population)
  Outer sphere (English-using states of other civilisations)
  Periphery (states where English is widely used but is not an official governmental language)

The Anglosphere is the Anglo-American sphere of influence, with a core group of nations that today maintain close political, diplomatic and military co-operation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with anglophone, though the nations that are commonly included in the core group are nations that were formerly part of the British Empire and retained the English language and Common Law.

The five core countries of the Anglosphere are usually taken to be Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries enjoy close cultural and diplomatic links with one another and are aligned under military and security programmes.

Definitions and variable geometry

The Anglosphere is the Anglo-American sphere of influence.[a] The term was first coined by the science fiction writer Neal Stephenson in his book The Diamond Age, published in 1995. John Lloyd adopted the term in 2000 and defined it as including English-speaking countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, and the British West Indies.[3] James C. Bennett defines anglosphere as "the English-speaking Common Law-based nations of the world",[4] arguing that former British colonies that retained English common law and the English language have done significantly better than counterparts colonised by other European powers.[5] The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".[6][b] However the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with anglophone.[7]

Core Anglosphere

The definition is usually taken to include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States[8] in a grouping of developed countries called the core Anglosphere. This term can also less frequently encompass Ireland, Malta and the Commonwealth Caribbean countries.[9][3]

The five core countries in the Anglosphere are developed countries that maintain close cultural and diplomatic links with one another. They are aligned under such military and security programmes as:[10][3][11][12]

Public opinion research has found that people in the five core Anglosphere countries consistently rank each other's countries as their country's most important allies in the world.[citation needed] Relations have traditionally been warm between Anglosphere countries, with bilateral partnerships such as those between Australia and New Zealand, the United States and Canada and the United States and the United Kingdom (the Special Relationship) constituting the most successful partnerships in the world.[13][14][15]

In terms of political systems, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have Charles III as head of state, form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and use the Westminster parliamentary system of government. Most of the core countries have first-past-the-post electoral systems, though Australia and New Zealand have reformed their systems and there are other systems used in some elections in the UK. As a consequence, most core Anglosphere countries have politics dominated by two major parties.

Below is a table comparing the five core countries of the Anglosphere (data for 2022/2023):

Country Population Land area
(km2)[16] 		GDP Nominal
(USD bn)[17] 		GDP PPP
(USD bn)[18] 		GDP PPP per capita
(USD)[19] 		National wealth PPP (USD bn)[20][19][21] Military spending PPP
(USD bn)[22]
Australia 26,009,249[23] 7,692,020 1,707 1,718 65,366 7,661 22.0
Canada 38,708,793[24] 9,984,670 2,089 2,385 60,177 9,971 23.3
New Zealand 5,130,623[25] 262,443 251 278 54,046 1,229 3.1
United Kingdom 67,081,234[26] 241,930 3,158 3,846 56,471 16,208 70.2
United States 332,718,707[27] 9,833,520 26,854 26,854 80,035 114,932 734.3
Core Anglosphere 469,648,606 27,329,350 34,059 28,115 65,700 150,001 852.9
... as % of World 5.9% 18.4% 32.3% 20% 3.3× 24.9% 32.9%
Further information: § Comparing core Anglosphere

Culture and economics

Due to their historic links, the Anglosphere countries share many cultural traits that still persist today. Most countries in the Anglosphere follow the rule of law through common law rather than civil law, and favour democracy with legislative chambers above other political systems.[28] Private property is protected by law or constitution.[29]

Market freedom is high in the five core Anglosphere countries, as all five share the Anglo-Saxon economic model – a capitalist model that emerged in the 1970s based on the Chicago school of economics with origins from the 18th century United Kingdom.[30] The shared sense of globalisation led cities such as New York, London, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Toronto to have considerable impacts on the financial markets and the global economy.[31] Global popular culture has been highly influenced by the United States and the United Kingdom.[29]

Proponents and critics

Proponents of the Anglosphere concept typically come from the political right (such as Andrew Roberts of the UK Conservative Party), and critics from the centre-left (for example Michael Ignatieff of the Liberal Party of Canada).

Proponents

As early as 1897, Albert Venn Dicey proposed an Anglo-Saxon "intercitizenship" during an address to the Fellows of All Souls at Oxford.[32]

Further information: 19th-century Anglo-Saxonism

The American businessman James C. Bennett,[33] a proponent of the idea that there is something special about the cultural and legal (common law) traditions of English-speaking nations, writes in his 2004 book The Anglosphere Challenge:

The Anglosphere, as a network civilization without a corresponding political form, has necessarily imprecise boundaries. Geographically, the densest nodes of the Anglosphere are found in the United States and the United Kingdom. English-speaking Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and English-speaking South Africa (who constitute a very small minority in that country) are also significant populations. The English-speaking Caribbean, English-speaking Oceania and the English-speaking educated populations in Africa and India constitute other important nodes.[10]

Bennett argues that there are two challenges confronting his concept of the Anglosphere. The first is finding ways to cope with rapid technological advancement and the second is the geopolitical challenges created by what he assumes will be an increasing gap between anglophone prosperity and economic struggles elsewhere.[34]

British historian Andrew Roberts claims that the Anglosphere has been central in the First World War, Second World War and Cold War. He goes on to contend that anglophone unity is necessary for the defeat of Islamism.[35]

According to a 2003 profile in The Guardian, historian Robert Conquest favoured a British withdrawal from the European Union in favour of creating "a much looser association of English-speaking nations, known as the 'Anglosphere'".[36][37]

CANZUK

Main article: CANZUK

Favourability ratings tend to be overwhelmingly positive between countries within a subset of the core Anglosphere known as CANZUK (consisting of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom),[according to whom?] whose members form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and retain Charles III as head of state. In the wake of the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union (Brexit) as a result of a referendum held in 2016, there has been mounting political and popular support for a loose free travel and common market area to be formed among the CANZUK countries.[38][39][40]

Criticisms

In 2000, Michael Ignatieff wrote in an exchange with Robert Conquest, published by the New York Review of Books, that the term neglects the evolution of fundamental legal and cultural differences between the US and the UK, and the ways in which UK and European norms drew closer together during Britain's membership in the EU through regulatory harmonisation. Of Conquest's view of the Anglosphere, Ignatieff writes: "He seems to believe that Britain should either withdraw from Europe or refuse all further measures of cooperation, which would jeopardize Europe's real achievements. He wants Britain to throw in its lot with a union of English-speaking peoples, and I believe this to be a romantic illusion".[41]

In 2016, Nick Cohen wrote in an article titled "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit" for The Spectator's Coffee House blog: "'Anglosphere' is just the right's PC replacement for what we used to call in blunter times 'the white Commonwealth'."[42][43] He repeated this criticism in another article for The Guardian in 2018.[44] Similar criticism was presented by other critics such as Canadian academic Srđan Vučetić.[45][46]

In 2018, amidst the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, two British professors of public policy Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce published a critical scholarly monograph titled Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics (ISBN 978-1509516612). In one of a series of accompanying opinion pieces, they questioned:[47]

The tragedy of the different national orientations that have emerged in British politics after empire—whether pro-European, Anglo-American, Anglospheric or some combination of these—is that none of them has yet been the compelling, coherent and popular answer to the country's most important question: How should Britain find its way in the wider, modern world?

They stated in another article:[48]

Meanwhile, the other core English-speaking countries to which the Anglosphere refers, show no serious inclination to join the UK in forging new political and economic alliances. They will, most likely, continue to work within existing regional and international institutions and remain indifferent to – or simply perplexed by – calls for some kind of formalised Anglosphere alliance.

Opinion polls

A 2020 poll by YouGov revealed that all four of the other core Anglosphere countries were among the top 10 most positively viewed countries by Americans, with Australia and Canada ranking behind only the United States itself in the poll.[49] Another 2020 poll by YouGov showed that New Zealand, Canada and Australia were the most positively viewed countries by the British.[50]

A 2018 poll by the Lowy Institute similarly indicated that New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom were the three most positively viewed countries by Australians.[51] Their 2020 version of the poll again put Canada and the United Kingdom at the top, but New Zealand was not included as an option.[52] A 2020 poll by the Macdonald–Laurier Institute suggested that Australia was the most positively viewed country by Canadians.[53] Australia and the U.S. were ranked as having the most favorable view of Canada's influence to the outside world, according to a 2012 GlobeScan survey of 22 countries.[54] In a 2019 Pew Research Center poll, a plurality of Canadians and Australians named the United States as their country's closest ally.[55]

Comparing core Anglosphere

Comparing core Anglosphere
Country Australia[56] Canada[57] New Zealand[58] United Kingdom[59] United States[60]
Flag Australia Canada New Zealand United Kingdom United States
Coat of arms Australia Canada New Zealand United Kingdom United States
Population 25,522,169
(as of 2019)[61] 		37,971,020
(as of 2020)[62] 		5,124,850
(as of July 2021)[63] 		67,026,292
(as of 2021)[64] 		332,718,707[27]
Area 7,741,220 km2[21] 9,984,670 km2[16] 268,838 km2[22] 243,610 km2[29] 9,833,520
Population density 3.3/km2 3.9/km2 18.3/km2 270.7/km2 33.8/km2
Exclusive Economic Zone[65] 8,505,348 km2 5,559,077 km2 4,420,565 km2 6,805,586 km2 11,351,000 km2
Capital city Canberra Ottawa Wellington London Washington, D.C.
Largest urban areas
(2021)

[16][21][22][29]

  • Auckland: 1.630 million
  • Wellington: 417,000
Form of government Federal parliamentary
constitutional monarchy[21] 		Federal parliamentary
constitutional monarchy[16] 		Unitary parliamentary
constitutional monarchy[22] 		Unitary parliamentary
constitutional monarchy[29] 		Federal presidential
constitutional republic
Head of State King Charles III
(Governor-General David Hurley) 		King Charles III
(Governor General Mary Simon) 		King Charles III
(Governor-General Cindy Kiro) 		King Charles III President
Joe Biden
Head of government Prime Minister
Anthony Albanese 		Prime Minister
Justin Trudeau 		Prime Minister
Chris Hipkins 		Prime Minister
Rishi Sunak
Governing party (international affiliation) Labor Party (PA) Liberal Party (LI) Labour Party (PA) Conservative Party (IDU) Democratic Party
Largest opposition party (international affiliation) Liberal Party (IDU) Conservative Party (IDU) National Party (IDU) Labour Party (PA) Republican Party (IDU)
Official languages None (de facto Australian English) Canadian English
Canadian French 		Māori
New Zealand Sign Language
(de facto New Zealand English[c]) 		None (de facto British English) None (de facto American English)
Main religions
(As of 2021)[d]
(As of 2021)[e]
(As of 2018)[f]
(As of 2021)[69]
(As of 2020)[g]
Currency Australian dollar Canadian dollar New Zealand dollar Pound sterling United States dollar

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The Anglosphere – shorthand for the Anglo-American sphere of influence – established the concept and structure of the modern transnational community.... The Anglosphere (in the narrow sense of the former British Empire, including Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and the US) has been the architect and a staunch proponent of international norms."[2]
  2. ^ "The group of countries where English is the main native language." (Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2 ).
  3. ^ English is a de facto official language due to its widespread use[67]
  4. ^ Australian religions are 2021 estimates.[21]
  5. ^ Canadian religions are 2021 estimates.[68]
  6. ^ New Zealand religions are "based on the 2018 census of the usually resident population; percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one."[22]
  7. ^ American religions are 2020 estimates.[72][75]

References

Citations

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  2. ^ Davies et al. 2013.
  3. ^ a b c Lloyd 2000.
  4. ^ Bennett, 2004b, pp. 3, 67.
  5. ^ Bennett 2007, pp. 42–43.
  6. ^ Merriam-Webster Staff (2010). "Anglosphere". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
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  9. ^ Kuper, Simon (21 November 2014). "Which way is Ireland going?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  10. ^ a b Bennett, 2004b, p. 80.
  11. ^ Legrand 2015.
  12. ^ Legrand 2016.
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  34. ^ Bennett, 2004b[page needed]
  35. ^ Roberts 2006[page needed]
  36. ^ Brown 2003.
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  39. ^ "UK public strongly backs freedom to live and work in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  40. ^ "Survey Reveals Support For CANZUK Free Movement". CANZUK International. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  41. ^ Conquest & Reply by Ignatieff 2000.
  42. ^ Cohen, Nick (12 April 2016). "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit - Coffee House". Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  43. ^ "The Guardian view on the EU debate: it's about much more than migration | Editorial". The Guardian. 1 June 2016. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020 – via www.theguardian.com.
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  45. ^ Vucetic, Srdjan (24 February 2017). "CANZUK, Conservatives and Canada: Marching backward to empire - iPolitics". Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
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  48. ^ Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (11 May 2018). "In the shadows of empire: how the Anglosphere dream lives on – UK in a changing Europe". Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
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  52. ^ "Feelings towards other nations". Lowy Institute Poll 2020. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  53. ^ "Canada's Role in the World – Part One: A Macdonald-Laurier Institute poll (November 2020)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  54. ^ "Canada viewed as positive influence by other countries: poll". vancouversun. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
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  67. ^ [1], (PDF) (Report). p. 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015. "In addition to the Māori language, New Zealand Sign Language is also an official language of New Zealand. The New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006 permits the use of NZSL in legal proceedings, facilitates competency standards for its interpretation and guides government departments in its promotion and use. English, the medium for teaching and learning in most schools, is a de facto official language by virtue of its widespread use. For these reasons, these three languages have special mention in the New Zealand Curriculum.".
  68. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  69. ^ "Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  70. ^ "About Three-in-Ten US adults Are Now Religiously Unaffiliated," Pew Research Center, 2021/12/14
  71. ^ Pew Research Center, 2021/12/14
  72. ^ "PRRI — American Values Atlas". The American Values Atlas. Public Religion Research Institute. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  73. ^ "B16001LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER". data.census.gov. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  74. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  75. ^ The United States does not measure religion during its censuses. However, the 2021 American Community Survey found that 318,588 Americans spoke Punjabi at home.[73] The 2021 Canadian census found that 520,390 Canadians spoke Punjabi at home, and 771,790 were Sikhs.[74][68] Thus, it can be roughly estimated that there are around 472,498 Sikhs in the United States, using the ratio of Punjabi speakers to Sikhs.

Bibliography

External links

Look up Anglosphere in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglosphere&oldid=1165569765"