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Concordia, Kansas

Coordinates: 39°34′10″N 97°38′30″W / 39.56944°N 97.64167°W / 39.56944; -97.64167
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Concordia, Kansas
City and County seat
Concordia Post Office (2007)
Concordia Post Office (2007)
Location within Cloud County and Kansas
Location within Cloud County and Kansas
KDOT map of Cloud County (legend)
KDOT map of Cloud County (legend)
Coordinates: 39°34′10″N 97°38′30″W / 39.56944°N 97.64167°W / 39.56944; -97.64167[1]
CountryUnited States
StateKansas
CountyCloud
Founded1870
Platted1871
Incorporated1872
Named forConcordia, Missouri
Government
 • TypeCommission-Manager
 • MayorCharles Lambertz[2]
 • City ManagerAmy Lange[2]
Area
[3]
 • Total4.50 sq mi (11.66 km2)
 • Land4.50 sq mi (11.66 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)
Elevation
[1]
1,385 ft (422 m)
Population
 (2020)[4][5]
 • Total5,111
 • Density1,100/sq mi (440/km2)
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP code
66901
Area code785
FIPS code20-15200
GNIS ID485559[1]
Websiteconcordiaks.org

Concordia is a city in and the county seat of Cloud County, Kansas, United States.[1] It is located along the Republican River in the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains in North Central Kansas. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 5,111.[4][5] Concordia is home of the Cloud County Community College and the Nazareth Convent and Academy.

History

19th century

1915 Railroad Map of Cloud County

Concordia holds the distinction of being elected the county seat before the town was created.[6] The founder of the town, James M. Hagaman, had created a complete layout of the town on paper including streets, blocks, courthouse, and parks. The name "Concordia" was chosen because a member of the early group of promoters ("Cap" Snyder) had once lived in Concordia, Missouri, and liked the name because it paid homage to the settlers-to-be's German heritage; the name "Concordia" is a German name found in many early Germanic poems.

December 1869 was the first election for the county seat with Concordia, Clyde, and the now defunct town, Sibley. Without a clear majority, a second election was held between Concordia and Sibley on January 4, 1870. Concordia was declared the winner over Sibley, 165 votes to 129.

It was over a year later when Concordia officially became a community when the Republican Land District Office opened on January 16, 1871. The Concordia Land Office continued until February 28, 1889, when it was consolidated with the land office in Topeka, Kansas.

Also in 1871, Concordia elected its first mayor, R. E. Allen. Under his leadership, Concordia was officially incorporated as a third class city under Kansas law in August 1872.

Concordia was visited in its early years by many traveling shows. As early as 1876, various traveling entertainers, including Wild Bill Hickok, Buffalo Bill Cody, Ringling Brothers, and others came to Concordia. In 1892, the Ringling train wrecked east of the town killing two men and 20 horses, but the show played the next day to a crowd of 4,000.

The first schoolteacher to teach inside the city limits was Milo Stevens, who was paid a salary of $20 per month.[7] A state normal school was set up in Concordia in 1874 with F. E. Robinson as principal and former state Superintendent H. D. McCarty became president the second year. In 1876, the state ceased to provide funding and the school was closed.[8]

In 1887, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a branch line from Neva (three miles west of Strong City) through Concordia to Superior, Nebraska. In 1996, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway merged with Burlington Northern Railroad and renamed to the current BNSF Railway. Most locals still refer to this railroad as the "Santa Fe."

In 1897, Pope Leo XIII founded the Roman Catholic Diocese of Concordia, Kansas.[9] The diocese operated until 1947 when it was merged with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salina. It was later restored as a titular see in 1995.[10]

20th century

Carrie Nation visited Concordia in the early 1900s. Records are mixed, but the date is placed between 1908 and 1910. The Concordia Blade newspaper (now the Concordia Blade-Empire) reported:

"Carrie Nation is in town. That wonderfully brave little woman who started the crusade against Kansas saloons lectured at the M.E. Church this afternoon, and will talk again tonight at the courthouse. While in this city she is the guest of Mrs. George Mohr."

1912 Meridian Highway Inspection team

A major geographic change in the city and the area occurred on July 9, 1902. The Republican River flooded near town and broke a dam. The flooding resulted in re-routing the river by 1/4 of a mile.[11]

The year of 1912 brought a major blizzard to Concordia with snow so deep that a Union Pacific train became stuck northeast of town and snowbanks on main street piled as high as peoples' heads. Also in 1912, the first official inspection team for Meridian Highway (now US-81) came through Concordia on their tour from Canada to Mexico. In 1913, the Missouri Pacific Railway depot was rebuilt after a fire destroyed the old building.

Another flood took place on June 20, 1915. Damage from the flood was significant but not as wide-sweeping as the flood of 1902.[12]

Geography

Concordia lies on the south side of the Republican River in the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains. Lost Creek, a tributary of the Republican, flows north along the western edge of the city. Located in north-central Kansas at the intersection of U.S. Route 81 and K-9, Concordia is approximately 125 mi (201 km) north of Wichita, 149 mi (240 km) southwest of Omaha, and 169 mi (272 km) west-northwest of Kansas City.[13]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.32 square miles (11.19 km2), all land.[14]

Climate

Concordia has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), with hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters; it is part of USDA Hardiness zone 6a.[15] The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from 28.6 °F (−1.9 °C) in January to 79.1 °F (26.2 °C) in July.[16] On average, there are 7.1 days that reach 100 °F (38 °C) or higher, 50.2 days that reach 90 °F (32 °C) or higher, 28.4 days that do not climb above freezing, and 4.1 days with a low of 0 °F (−18 °C) or below.[16] Extreme temperatures officially range from −33 °F (−36 °C) on January 8, 1886, up to 116 °F (47 °C) on August 12, 1936; the record cold daily maximum is −11 °F (−24 °C) on January 14, 1888, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 86 °F (30 °C) on July 1, 1933.[17]

Precipitation is greatest in May and has ranged from 12.83 in (326 mm) in 1956 to 44.79 in (1,138 mm) in 1993.[17] Snowfall averages 19.3 in (49 cm) per season, and has historically ranged from 2.5 in (6.4 cm) in 1903–04 to 59.1 in (150 cm) in 1959–60.[16]

Climate data for Concordia, Kansas (Blosser Municipal Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1885–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 78
(26) 		86
(30) 		97
(36) 		100
(38) 		102
(39) 		109
(43) 		114
(46) 		116
(47) 		112
(44) 		102
(39) 		85
(29) 		82
(28) 		116
(47)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 62.1
(16.7) 		68.1
(20.1) 		78.8
(26.0) 		85.5
(29.7) 		91.8
(33.2) 		98.0
(36.7) 		101.8
(38.8) 		100.2
(37.9) 		95.7
(35.4) 		87.9
(31.1) 		74.1
(23.4) 		62.8
(17.1) 		103.3
(39.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 38.7
(3.7) 		43.5
(6.4) 		55.4
(13.0) 		64.9
(18.3) 		74.8
(23.8) 		86.0
(30.0) 		90.3
(32.4) 		87.7
(30.9) 		80.4
(26.9) 		67.5
(19.7) 		53.0
(11.7) 		41.1
(5.1) 		65.3
(18.5)
Daily mean °F (°C) 28.8
(−1.8) 		32.8
(0.4) 		43.5
(6.4) 		53.1
(11.7) 		63.5
(17.5) 		74.4
(23.6) 		78.9
(26.1) 		76.4
(24.7) 		68.5
(20.3) 		55.6
(13.1) 		42.1
(5.6) 		31.5
(−0.3) 		54.1
(12.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 18.9
(−7.3) 		22.1
(−5.5) 		31.7
(−0.2) 		41.2
(5.1) 		52.2
(11.2) 		62.8
(17.1) 		67.4
(19.7) 		65.1
(18.4) 		56.5
(13.6) 		43.7
(6.5) 		31.3
(−0.4) 		21.9
(−5.6) 		42.9
(6.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −1.0
(−18.3) 		2.9
(−16.2) 		11.9
(−11.2) 		25.3
(−3.7) 		37.4
(3.0) 		50.8
(10.4) 		56.4
(13.6) 		53.9
(12.2) 		40.5
(4.7) 		25.9
(−3.4) 		14.3
(−9.8) 		3.8
(−15.7) 		−4.9
(−20.5)
Record low °F (°C) −33
(−36) 		−25
(−32) 		−11
(−24) 		12
(−11) 		24
(−4) 		41
(5) 		46
(8) 		41
(5) 		29
(−2) 		14
(−10) 		−15
(−26) 		−26
(−32) 		−33
(−36)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.67
(17) 		0.86
(22) 		1.53
(39) 		2.53
(64) 		4.34
(110) 		3.83
(97) 		4.15
(105) 		3.49
(89) 		2.80
(71) 		1.98
(50) 		1.16
(29) 		1.04
(26) 		28.38
(719)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 5.4
(14) 		5.2
(13) 		1.6
(4.1) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.3
(0.76) 		1.9
(4.8) 		4.5
(11) 		19.3
(48.66)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 4.8 5.2 7.2 8.7 11.9 10.1 9.3 9.0 7.0 6.6 5.1 5.0 89.9
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.0 3.2 1.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.3 2.7 12.3
Source 1: NOAA[16]
Source 2: National Weather Service[17]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18801,853—
18903,18471.8%
19003,4016.8%
19104,41529.8%
19204,7056.6%
19305,79223.1%
19406,2558.0%
19507,17514.7%
19607,022−2.1%
19707,2212.8%
19806,847−5.2%
19906,167−9.9%
20005,714−7.3%
20105,395−5.6%
20205,111−5.3%
U.S. Decennial Census
2010-2020[5]

According to the census (2006 estimate), Concordia is the most populous city in the county and of all six adjacent counties.[18]

2020 census

The 2020 United States census counted 5,111 people, 2,023 households, and 1,169 families in Concordia.[19][20] The population density was 1,134.8 per square mile (438.1/km2). There were 2,512 housing units at an average density of 557.7 per square mile (215.3/km2).[20][21] The racial makeup was 89.57% (4,578) white or European American (87.63% non-Hispanic white), 2.21% (113) black or African-American, 0.57% (29) Native American or Alaska Native, 0.63% (32) Asian, 0.16% (8) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian, 1.47% (75) from other races, and 5.4% (276) from two or more races.[22] Hispanic or Latino of any race was 5.81% (297) of the population.[23]

Of the 2,023 households, 26.9% had children under the age of 18; 42.4% were married couples living together; 27.6% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 35.5% of households consisted of individuals and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.[20] The average household size was 2.2 and the average family size was 2.7.[24] The percent of those with a bachelor's degree or higher was estimated to be 16.8% of the population.[25]

21.6% of the population was under the age of 18, 13.3% from 18 to 24, 22.6% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males.[20] For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 102.3 males.[20]

The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $44,185 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,603) and the median family income was $48,333 (+/- $12,035).[26] Males had a median income of $28,219 (+/- $5,160) versus $21,441 (+/- $4,464) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $26,147 (+/- $4,160).[27] Approximately, 6.9% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.1% of those under the age of 18 and 4.9% of those ages 65 or over.[28][29]

2010 census

As of the census[30] of 2010, there were 5,395 people, 2,186 households, and 1,301 families residing in the city.[31] The population density was 1,248.8 inhabitants per square mile (482.2/km2). There were 2,545 housing units at an average density of 589.1 per square mile (227.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.3% White, 0.8% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.4% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.3% of the population.

There were 2,186 households, of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.6% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.5% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.86.

The median age in the city was 38.7 years. 22.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 14.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.2% were from 25 to 44; 23.3% were from 45 to 64; and 20.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.

2000 census

As of the census[32] of 2000, there were 5,714 people, 2,310 households, and 1,399 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,689.0 inhabitants per square mile (652.1/km2). There were 2,671 housing units at an average density of 789.5 per square mile (304.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.90% White, 0.58% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.14% from other races, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.74% of the population.

There were 2,310 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.4% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.3% under the age of 18, 13.5% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 23.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,398, and the median income for a family was $40,389. Males had a median income of $27,764 versus $20,885 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,019. About 7.1% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.3% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.

Government

One of two water towers in Concordia.

City government

The Concordia city government consists of five commissioners, of which one is elected mayor each year by the other four members. The commission meets the 1st and 3rd Wednesday of each month at 5:30PM.[2] Other government facilities include city services such as water, sewer, police, and fire departments.

Other government services

Concordia holds other government services in its city limits. The town is home to various county services such as the county sheriff and county court house as well as state government buildings including an armory for the Kansas National Guard. There also are federal offices and buildings common to small communities such as the United States Post Office.

Education

Former Concordia Carnegie Library, now is Cloud County Museum (2007)

Colleges and universities

Concordia is the location of Cloud County Community College, a two-year junior college. Other post-secondary schools in Concordia's history are Concordia Normal School[33] and Concordia Business College.[34]

Primary and secondary education

The community is served by Concordia USD 333 public school district.[35] Education for grades K-6 are completed in the district across several buildings. Public secondary education for grades 7-12 is completed at Concordia Junior-Senior High School. Class sizes typically range between 80 and 120 students. The school district also runs the Cloud County Alternative High School,[36] primarily for area non-traditional students. Students can earn their diploma online or through computer-based classes. Enrollment is very small, typically graduating less than ten students each year.

The Catholic Church in Concordia operated Notre Dame High School[37] a private Catholic High School from 1962 to 1969. It remained open as a Catholic grade school until 1971, when the local district purchased the property and has used it for fifth and sixth grades under the name Concordia Middle School.

Libraries

Concordia is home to the Frank Carlson Library, a public library named for former Kansas governor Frank Carlson. Other public libraries in Concordia's history include the Carnegie Library, built with a $10,000 donation from Andrew Carnegie in 1908.

Transportation

Concordia is the host of Blosser Municipal Airport (CNK). Blosser Municipal Airport is publicly owned by the City of Concordia. The National Weather Service and the Kansas National Guard maintain facilities at this location.

Media

The Concordia Blade-Empire is the official county newspaper and publishes its edition five days a week from its location in Concordia.

Radio stations KNCK (1390 AM) and KNCK-FM (94.9 FM) operate from the same broadcasting facility in Concordia and are privately owned.[38] Radio station KVCO (88.3 FM) operates as a broadcast journalism project by Cloud County Community College in Concordia. KVCO is publicly owned and operated by the school.

Culture

Points of interest

The Brown Grand Theatre, 1907

In November 1905, Concordia resident Colonel Napoleon Bonaparte Brown announced to the townspeople his plans to build the Brown Grand Theatre, a fully outfitted opera house for Concordia. Renowned Kansas City theater architect Carl Boller was hired to prepare the design drawings and the blueprints. Restored to its original 1907 state, the 650 seat Brown Grand Theatre now serves as a tourist attraction and performing arts/community center for Concordia and North Central Kansas.

Camp Concordia, a prisoner of war camp for captured Germans, was maintained a few miles north of Concordia during World War II. The original guard house remains and has been restored.[39]

The Cloud County Historical Museum preserves and exhibits objects and documents of historical items representing early-day Kansas. It is housed in the former 1908 Andrew Carnegie Library building and a large newer annex. Cloud County, Kansas artifacts exhibited for viewing include items relating to nature, radio, railroads, quilts, photography, toys, vintage clothing and furniture, musical instruments, fossils, tools, and stained glass. The museum is also home of one of the largest hand carved brick murals.[40] Records are on display of the military Prisoner of War Camp, churches, organizations, schools, and businesses. Displays of glass cutting, rare coins and books, rock and gem shop, micro-film of county newspapers and many others too numerous to list. Large displays in the annex include the 1908 Lincoln-Page Airplane, an 1898 Holsman belt driven horseless carriage, and a 1915 Ford Model T.

The Cloud County Veterans Memorial is housed in the courthouse block of Concordia. The memorial includes an "eternal flame" that has been burning since the monument was established on November 11, 1968.

Concordia is the home of the national Orphan Train complex, housed in the restored historic Union Pacific Railroad Depot. The complex currently houses a museum and research center dedicated to the preservation of the stories and artifacts of those who were part of the Orphan Train Movement from 1854 to 1929.[41]

The Nazareth Convent and Academy is the official Motherhouse and Home for the 260 Sisters of St. Joseph of Concordia. It was built in 1903 and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The sisters at Nazareth earned a reputation for their education of young women, giving them a sound academic program and instruction in the fine arts, music, French, and the social graces. In 1903, the Sisters of St. Joseph entered the health care field in Concordia with the establishment of the St. Joseph Hospital on the original site after the new Nazareth Motherhouse was built at its present location.

The most common historic bridge visited is the Republican River Pegram Truss, a three-span through truss bridge built in 1893 for the Union Pacific Railway. As of 2007, the bridge is used for local automobile traffic. Other bridges in the area are the County Line Bowstring bridge near Hollis and the Pott's Ford Bridge near Glasco. All three bridges are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Concordia claims the title "The Stained Glass Capital of Kansas" and a tour of local stained glass pieces has been established. Although common in houses of worship, many private residences also have quality stained glass installed and available for viewing on the tour.

Parks and recreation

Small game hunting (particularly game birds such as pheasant, quail, and dove) attracts a large number of people from all over the world. Opening Day of hunting season is an especially active day for Concordia as it brings a large number of visitors and a boost to the local economy.

The city of Concordia has complementary overnight camping available at Airport Park, one of several city parks. Airport Park is located at the Blosser Municipal Airport.

Notable people

See also: List of Cloud County Community College people
Former Kansas Governor Frank Carlson was a longtime resident of Concordia.

Academic

Arts/Entertainment

Business/Politics

Religion

Sports

Other

The song Friends in Low Places made famous by Garth Brooks mentions a bar called "The Oasis" that is named after a now-closed establishment in Concordia.[52]

  • City limits, north side of town
    City limits, north side of town
  • Main Street (looking west)
    Main Street (looking west)
  • Cloud County Court House
    Cloud County Court House
  • Welcome sign for the Cloud County Fairgrounds
    Welcome sign for the Cloud County Fairgrounds
  • Circle B Grain Elevator
    Circle B Grain Elevator
  • CO-OP grain elevator
    CO-OP grain elevator
  • City Park
    City Park
  • Farmer's Market
    Farmer's Market
  • Decker Park
    Decker Park
  • Hood Park
    Hood Park
  • Sunset Home
    Sunset Home
  • Manna House of Prayer
    Manna House of Prayer
  • Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
    Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
  • The Baptist Church
    The Baptist Church
  • First Christian Church
    First Christian Church
  • First United Methodist Church
    First United Methodist Church
  • Episcopal Church
    Episcopal Church
  • Faith Baptist Church
    Faith Baptist Church
  • Lutheran Church
    Lutheran Church
  • Our Lady of Perpetual Help Catholic Church
    Our Lady of Perpetual Help Catholic Church
  • Presbyterian Church
    Presbyterian Church
  • Trinity United Methodist Church
    Trinity United Methodist Church
  • Wesleyan Church
    Wesleyan Church

Notes

References

  1. ^ a b c d U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Concordia, Kansas
  2. ^ a b c Concordia - Directory of Public Officials
  3. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Profile of Concordia, Kansas in 2020". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c "QuickFacts; Concordia, Kansas; Population, Census, 2020 & 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  6. ^ "Cloud County, Part 2". www.kancoll.org. Archived from the original on April 25, 2003. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  7. ^ Biographical history of Cloud County, Kansas Archived 2006-12-31 at the Wayback Machine "First School in Concordia" by E.F. Hollibaugh, 1903
  8. ^ A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans Archived October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, by William E. Connelley, transcribed by Carolyn Ward, 2000
  9. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Concordia (In America)". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  10. ^ "Titular See of Concordia, USA". gcatholic.org. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  11. ^ A Proud Past... A Pictorial History of Concordia, Kansas, by Bell, Rachel Lowrey (1998), Marceline, Missouri: D-Books Publishing, p 10-21
  12. ^ A Proud Past... A Pictorial History of Concordia, Kansas, by Bell, Rachel Lowrey (1998), Marceline, Missouri: D-Books Publishing, p 22-33
  13. ^ "City Distance Tool". Geobytes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
  14. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
  15. ^ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
  16. ^ a b c d "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Concordia MUNI AP, KS". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  17. ^ a b c "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Toeka". National Weather Service. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  18. ^ "Population Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original on August 31, 2004. Annual estimates of the population to 2006-07-01. Released 2007-06-28.
  19. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  20. ^ a b c d e "US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  21. ^ "Gazetteer Files". Census.gov. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  22. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  23. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  24. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  25. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
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Further reading

See also: List of books about Kansas, including historical information about its counties and cities
See also: List of books about Cloud County, Kansas
  • Bell, Rachel Lowrey (1998a). A Proud Past... A Pictorial History of Concordia, Kansas; D-Books Publishing.
  • Emery, Janet Pease (1970a). It Takes People to Make a Town; Arrow Printing Company; LCCN 75-135688.
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