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Mangalorean Catholics

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Liberal Humanist (talk | contribs) at 17:33, 14 March 2009 (→‎Notable Mangalorean Catholics: Removed Sandeep Malani. Non notable figure.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Mangalorean Catholics
Kodialche Katholik
Freida PintoTemplate:•wGenelia D'Souza
Regions with significant populations
     →South Canara (2001)~360,000[1]
     →Bombay (1960s)~29,500[2]
     →Madras (1871)3,604[3]
     →Calcutta (2004)~200[4]
Languages
Konkani
Religion
Christianity (Roman Catholicism)
Related ethnic groups
Konkani people, Goan Catholics, Indo-Aryans

Mangalorean Catholics (Konkani: Kodialche Katholik) are Roman Catholics from Mangalore and the former South Canara district on the southwestern coast of India. They are Konkani people and speak the Konkani language. Portuguese shipping arrived in Mangalore in 1526, and Catholic missionary activities began around 1534, when Canara was placed under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the Bishop of Goa.

Most of the ancestors of Mangalorean Catholics were Goan Catholics, who had migrated to South Canara from Goa, a state north of Canara, between 1560 and 1763 during the Goa Inquisition and the Portuguese-Maratha wars.[5] Gradually they learned the languages of South Canara but retained Konkani as their mother tongue. In time, they referred to themselves as Mangalorean Catholics to distinguish themselves from their ancestors from Goa. The most disconsolate memory in the community's history was a 15-year captivity imposed by Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of Mysore, from 24 February 1784 to 4 May 1799 at Seringapatam.[6] After the defeat of Tipu Sultan, the community resettled in South Canara, and gradually prospered under the British.[7][8]

The culture of Mangalorean Catholics is a blend of Mangalorean and Goan cultures. After migration, they adopted the local Mangalorean culture but retained many of their Goan customs and traditions. The Mangalorean Catholic diaspora is scattered across the globe, with emigrant communities in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf and the Anglosphere.

Ethnic identity

The Roman Catholics from Mangalore and the former South Canara district, and their descendents are generally known as Mangalorean Catholics. The district falls on the southwestern coast of India. At present, it consists of the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts in the state of Karnataka. Mangalore is the chief city and the administrative headquarters of South Canara.[9] In 1526, after Portuguese shipping arrived in Mangalore, while the number of local converts slowly increased, an immigration of Christians from Goa to South Canara started on a large scale, in the second half of the 16th century. These Goan immigrants were reluctant to learn the local languages of South Canara. They continued to speak Konkani, the language which they brought from Goa, and the local Christians had to learn Konkani if they wanted to converse with these people. Slowly even these local converts were assimilated into the Konkani stock. Thus, the ethnic identity of the community is confined to the Konkani culture and language.[10]

History

Main article: History of Mangalorean Catholics

Pre-migration era

St Mary's Islands in South Canara, where the Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama landed in 1498

All records of an early existence of Christians in South Canara were lost at the time of their deportation by Tippu Sultan in 1784. Hence, it is not known when exactly Christianity was introduced in South Canara, although it is possible that Syrian Christians settled in South Canara just as they did in Kerala, a state south of Canara.[11] The Italian traveler Marco Polo recorded that there were considerable trading activities between the Red Sea and the Canara coast in the 13th century. It can be surmised that foreign Christian merchants were visiting the coastal towns of South Canara during that period for commerce and possibly some Christian priests might have accompanied them for evangelistic work.[12] In 1321, the French Dominican friar Jordanus Catalani of Severac (in south-western France) landed at Bhatkal in North Canara.[13] Being the first bishop of India and the Quilon Diocese, he was entrusted the spiritual nourishment of Christian community in Mangalore and other parts of India by Pope John XXII.[14] He established a missionary station at Bhatkal and converted many locals to Christianity.[15] According to Historian Severine Silva, the author of History of Christianity in Canara (1961), no concrete evidence has yet been found that there were any permanent settlements of Christians in South Canara before the 16th century.[12]

Pedro Álvares Cabral was the first Portuguese soldier to have converted people to Christianity in South Canara

It was only after the advent of the Portuguese in the region that Christianity began to be propagated.[12] In 1498, the Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama landed on a group of islands in South Canara on his voyage from Portugal to India. He named them El Padron de Santa Maria, which later came to be known as St Mary's Islands.[16] In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral, a Portuguese explorer, arrived in South Canara with eight Franciscan missionaries. They converted 22 persons to Christianity.[15] During the early part of the 16th century, Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529), the ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire of Deccan, granted commercial privileges to the Portuguese on the Canara coast and there was complete freedom of worship, belief and propagation of religious tenets in the Vijaynagara Empire.[12] In 1526, under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio, the Portuguese took possession of Mangalore.[17] The Portuguese Franciscans slowly started propagating Christianity in Mangalore[17] and by 1533, there were about 505 converted Christian families in South Canara.[15] In 1534, Canara was placed under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the Bishop of Goa, where the Portuguese had a strong presence. Missionaries soon arrived and gained converts. The number of local converts in South Canara started increasing.[11] During the mid 16th century, conversions slowed down because of resistance from Abbakka Rani of Ullal, the Queen of the Bednore dynasty.[18] By 1560, there were around 1,026 Christian converts in South Canara, two foreign priests to cater to the whole region, but no bishop.[15]

Migration era

Main articles: History of Goan Catholics and Goa Inquisition
The path of migration of Goan Catholics towards South Canara

In 1510, the Portuguese wrested Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur ande finally established themselves in Goa. By 1544, they conquered the districts of Bardez and Salcette in Goa.[19] In 1534, the Archdiocese of Goa was established. Soon missionaries of the newly founded Society of Jesus were sent to Goa, which lead to conversion of many locals to Christianity. In 1542, Francis Xavier, co-founder of the Society of Jesus, arrived in Goa. He observed that the newly converted Christians were practicing their old customs and traditions. He requested John III of Portugal in 1545 to install an Inquisition in Goa. The Inquisition converted a sizeable population of Goa to Christianity.

Many of the Goan ancestors of the present Mangalorean Catholics fled Goa because of the Goa Inquisition introduced by the Portuguese in 1560. King Sebastian of Portugal decreed that every trace of Indian customs be eradicated through the Inquisition. But many Christians of Goa were attached to some of their ancient Indian customs and refused to abandon them. Those who refused to comply with the rules laid down by the Inquisition were forced to leave Goa and to settle outside the Portuguese dominion.[11] About 7,000 of them (mostly Saraswat Brahmins) fled Goa. Most migrated to South Canara in what is called the "First Wave of Migration".[15]

The Christians who left Goa were skilled cultivators who abandoned their irrigated fields in Goa to achieve freedom. At the time of migration, Canara was ruled by the Bednore King Shivappa Naik (1540–60). He evinced great interest in the development of agriculture in his empire and welcomed these farmers to his fertile lands.[20] They were also recruited into the armies of the Bednore dynasty.[21] This was confirmed by Francis Buchanan, a Scottish physician, when he visited Canara in 1801. In his book, A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar (1807), he stated that "80,000 Christians came and settled[22] in South Canara at the invitation of the King of Bednore."[23] Later, this was identified as a probable mistake and should have read "8,000". However even this figure included the second emigration of Christians from Goa.[20] Under the provisional treaties between the Portuguese and the Bednore rulers, the Christians were allowed to build churches and help the growth of Christianity in South Canara.[21] The arrival of the British and the Dutch halted the activity of the Portuguese and gradually the Portuguese were unable to send the required number of missionaries to Mangalore.[5] In 1568, the Church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Mangalore (Our Lady of the Rosary of Mangalore) was erected by the Portuguese at Bolar in Mangalore. The Churches of Nossa Senhora de Mercês de Velala (Our Lady of Mercy of Ullal) and São Francisco de Assis (St. Francis of Assisi) at Farangipet were also erected by the Portuguese during the same time in South Canara. These three churches were highlighted by the Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle, who visited Mangalore in 1623.[24]

The Milagres Church, one of the oldest churches in South Canara, was built in 1680

The Sultan of Bijapur attacked Goa in 1571 and ended Portuguese influence in the region. The Bijapur sultans were especially known for their loathing of Christianity. Fearing persecution, many Catholics from Goa migrated to South Canara. This migration is referred as the "Second Wave of Migration".[15] The Milagres Church, one of the oldest churches in South Canara, was built in 1680.[25] The attacks of the Maratha Empire on Goa, during the mid 16th century, was also a cause of migration. In 1664, Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha empire, attacked Kudal, a town north of Goa, and began his campaign for Goa. After Shivaji's death on 3 April 1680, his son Sambhaji ascended to the throne.[15] The onslaught of Sambahji, along the northern territories of Goa drove nearly all the Christians from their homelands, and most of them migrated to South Canara. This migration is referred as the "Third Wave of Migration". From the Bardez district of Goa, Jesuit priests estimated that 12,000 Christians migrated to the South of Goa between 1710-1712. A Goa Government report of 1747 recorded that around 5,000 Christians fled to South Canara from the Bardez and Tiswadi districts of Goa during the invasion of the Marathas.[15] It was estimated that during the Maratha raids on Goa, about 60,000 Christians migrated to South Canara.[26] During the later years, the migration slowed because of the Maratha-Mughal wars, which kept Sambhaji busy, and some 10,000 Christians returned to Goa.[15] According to Historian Alan Machado Prabhu, the author of Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians (1999), the Mangalorean Catholics numbered about 58,000 by 1765.[9]

Post-migration era and captivity

Main article: Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam
The Jamalabad fort route. Mangalorean Catholics had traveled through this route on their way to Seringapatam

Hyder Ali occupied Mangalore in 1763.[27] From 1766–1772, Hyder Ali took de facto control of the throne of the Mysore Kingdom through the Wodeyar dynasty. In February 1768, the English captured Mangalore from Hyder.[27] The Portuguese had offered to help Hyder against the English. But when the Portuguese betrayed Hyder, he directed his anger towards the Mangalorean Catholics, who had been converted to Christianity by the Portuguese. Toward the end of 1768, Hyder defeated the English and captured Mangalore fort, where the Mangalorean Catholics were taking refuge. Around 15,675 of them were taken as prisoners to Mysore by Hyder. Only 204 returned; the rest died, were killed, or converted to Islam.[15] After Hyder's death in the Second Anglo-Mysore War on December 1782, the British captured the fort again. Hyder was succeeded by his son Tippu Sultan.[28] The Mangalorean Catholics helped the British in the fort by providing them rice, vegetables, and money. Tippu decided to come down heavily upon these Christians for providing aid to the British.[5] On 20 May 1783, Tippu Sultan laid siege to the Mangalore fort, where the Mangalorean Catholics and English army were taking refuge.[28] The fort was finally delivered to Tippu when the British capitulated it on 30 January 1784.[29] More than 5,600 Mangalorean Catholics, who were condemned for treachery, were killed.[15]

The captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam, which began on 24 February 1784 and ended on 4 May 1799, remains the most disconsolate memory in their history.[6] Soon after the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784, Tippu gained control of Canara.[30] He issued orders to seize the Christians in Canara, confiscate their estates,[31] and deport them to Seringapatam, the capital of his empire, through the Jamalabad fort route.[5] According to Thomas Munro,[9] a Scottish soldier and the first collector of Canara, around 60,000 of them,[32] nearly 92 percent of the entire Mangalorean Catholic community, were captured, only 7,000 escaped.[15] Francis Buchanan gives the numbers as 70,000 captured, from a population of 80,000, with 10,000 escaping.[33] They were forced to climb nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m) through the jungles of the Western Ghat mountain ranges. It was 210 miles (340 km) from Mangalore to Seringapatam, and the journey took six weeks. According to British Government records, 20,000  of them died on the march to Seringapatam due to hunger, disease and ill treatment by the soldiers. Those who resisted were thrown down from the Jamalabad fort route.[5] According to James Scurry, a British officer, who was held captive alongwith Mangalorean Catholics, 30,000 of them were forcibly converted to Islam. The young women and girls were forcibly made wives of the Muslims living there.[34] The young men who offered resistance were disfigured by cutting their noses, upper lips, and ears and paraded in the city.[35] According to Mr. Silva of Gangolim, a survivor of the captivity, if a person who had escaped from Seringapatam was found, the punishment under the orders of Tipu was the cutting off of the ears, nose, the feet and one hand.[36]

British and modern era

David Baird, a British officer, discovering the body of Tipu Sultan on 4 May 1799

In the Battle of Seringapatam on 4 May 1799, the British stormed the fortress, breached the town of Seringapatam, and killed Tippu.[37] After his death in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, the Mangalorean Catholics were freed from his captivity.[38] Of the 60,000 Mangalorean Catholics taken captive, only 15,000 made it out as Christians. British general Arthur Wellesley helped 10,000 of them return to South Canara and resettle on their lands.[39][40] According to the Mangalorean genealogist Michael Lobo, the present Mangalorean Catholic community is descended almost entirely from this small group of survivors.[41] Later, the British took over South Canara. In 1800, they took a census of the region. Of the 396,672 people living in South Canara,[42] 10,877 were Christians.[43] Padre José Miguel Luis de Mendes, a Goan Catholic priest, was appointed Vicar of Our Lady of Rosary at Mangalore on 7 December 1799. He took a lot of interest in the re-establishment of the community from 1799 to 1808.[44] Later, British general John Goldsborough Ravenshaw II was appointed collector of South Canara. He took active part in the re-establishment of their former possessions and recovery of their estates. He constructed a church for them, which was completed in 1806.[45] Their population almost doubled in 1818. According to various parish books existing that time, Mangalorean Catholics numbered 19,068 in South Canara (12,877 in Mangalore and Bantwal,[33] 3,918 in Moolki, 2,273 in Cundapore and Barcoor).[46] Seventeen churches which were earlier destroyed by Tippu were rebuilt.[47] After relocation, the community prospered under the British, and the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Goa commenced again.[44]

The St Aloysius Chapel in Mangalore, built by the Italian Jesuit Antonio Moscheni in 1884, during the Mangalore Mission (1878)

The opening of the Protestant German Basel Mission of 1834 in Mangalore brought many handicraft and tile-manufacturing industries to the region and led to a large-scale rise in employment.[48] In 1837, when the political situation in Portugal was in turmoil, Antonio Carvalho, a Portuguese priest, arrived at Goa without being consecrated as a Bishop. Many Mangalorean Catholics did not accept the leadership of Carvalho but instead submitted to the Vicar Apostolic of Verapoly in Travancore, while some of them continued to be under the jurisdiction of Goa. The parishes in South Canara were divided into two groups — one under Goa and the other under Verapoly. Under the leadership of Joachim Pius Noronha, a Mangalorean Catholic priest, the Mangalorean Catholics requested the Holy See to establish Mangalore as a separate Vicariate to ward off the differences. Conceding to their request, Pope Gregory XVI established Mangalore as a separate Vicariate on 17 February 1845 under the Carmelites. During the regime of Carmelites, the Mangalorean Catholics constantly sent memorandums to the Holy See to send Jesuits to Mangalore to start institutions for higher education. The Roman Catholic Church studied the situation and handed over the Mangalore mission to the Italian Jesuit of Naples, who reached Mangalore on 31 December 1878.[5][8] The Italian Jesuits played an important role in education, health, and social welfare of the community[49] and built the St. Aloysius College in 1880,[50] St Aloysius Chapel in 1884,[51] and many other institutions and churches. On 25 January 1887, Pope Leo XIII established the Diocese of Mangalore, which is considered to be an important landmark in the community's history.[52] In 1901, Mangalorean Catholics accounted for 76,000 of the total 84,103 Christians in South Canara.[7][53] During the later 20th century, they started migrating to other parts of India, especially Bombay and Bangalore. During the 1970s, coastal communication increased between Bombay and Mangalore, after introduction of ships by the London based trade firm Shepherd. These ships facilitated the entry of Mangalorean Catholics to Bombay.[54] Events related to Mangalorean Catholics that took place in Mangalore, and made national headlines were the attacks on Christian churches in September 2008.[55]

Geographical distribution

Distribution of Mangalorean Catholics in India (black indicates regions with significant population)

According to the 2001 census, the Mangalore Diocese estimates the population of Mangalorean Catholics to be 360,000 out of a total South Canara population of 3,957,071. This amounts to 9.5 percent of the population.[1] Many Mangalorean Catholics live in Mumbai (formerly Bombay).[56] In the 1960s, there were around 29,500 Mangalorean Catholics in Bombay, of which 25,000 were in urban Bombay, and 4,500 in rural Bombay.[2] Other regions of India having a significant proportion of Mangalorean Catholics, characterized by the presence of Mangalorean Catholic organizations or celebration of the unique Mangalorean Catholic Monti Fest festival, are Bangalore, Delhi, Pune, Hyderabad, Chikmagalur, Hassan, and Ranchi.[57] In 2004, there were around 200 Mangalorean Catholics in Calcutta.[4]

Mangalorean Catholics are also found in Arab states of the Persian Gulf in the Middle East. They are found in United Arab Emirates, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia. Many Mangalorean Catholics have also migrated to the Anglospheric world. They are found in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.[57] The Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney (MCAS) has estimated that around 300 Mangalorean Catholic families live in Sydney with quite a number of second generation families. Many of these are multi-cultural being married into Anglo Saxon, Italian, Greek, and other ethnicities.[58] Recent emigrants are also found in the European nations of Germany and Austria.[57]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Mangalorean Catholics

Architecture and cuisine

Main articles: Architecture of Mangalorean Catholics and Mangalorean Catholic cuisine
Mangalore tile

A German missionary Plebot set up the first tile factory at Mangalore in 1860. It was called the Basel Mission tile factory.[59] The Albuquerque tile factory was the first Indian Mangalore tile manufacturing factory started in South Canara by Pascal Albuquerque, a Mangalorean Catholic, at Pane Mangalore in 1868. Since then, Mangalorean Catholics have been actively involved in manufacturing these red Mangalore tiles. After the opening of the Albuquerque tile factory, the Alvares tile factory was established in Mangalore by Simon Alvares, a Mangalorean Catholic from Bombay, in 1878.[60] As of 1991—92, out of 12 tile manufacturing factories in Mangalore, 6 were owned by Christians.[61] These tiles, prepared from hard clay, were in great demand throughout India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, and were even shipped to East Africa, the Middle-East, Europe, and Australia. These were the only tiles to be recommended for Government buildings in India,[62] and still define Mangalore's skyline and characterize its urban setting.[59] Urban and rural housing follows the old traditional variety of laterite-brick structures with Mangalore tile roofing with steep slopes. Inside the house, a spacious hall is present while a large verandah is present in front of the house.[63]

Kuswar, sweet delicacies prepared during Christmas

Coconut and curry leaves are common ingredients to most curries.[64] Sanna-Dukra Maas (Sanna – idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas – Pork) is one of the most popular dish of the Mangalorean Catholic community.[65] Rosachi Kadi (Ros Curry), a fish curry made with coconut juice, is a traditional curry served during the Ros ceremony.[66] Patrode, a dish of colocasia leaves stuffed with rice, dal, jaggery, coconut, and spices is also popular.[67] Kuswar are sweet delicacies prepared during Christmas and includes around 22 varieties of sweets.[68] Fish and rice form the staple diet of most Mangalorean Catholics.[69] Par-boiled rice, also known as red rice, is the traditional rice eaten[70] and preferred over raw rice.[69]

Names and surnames

Main article: Mangalorean Catholic names and surnames

Bilingual names, having variants in both Konkani and English, like Zuãuñ (John) and Mornel (Magdalene) are common among Mangalorean Catholics.[71][72] Most Mangalorean Catholic names for males follow the second declension. Among women, the names follow the first declension, while among young girls, the names follow the second declension.[71] Portuguese surnames like D'Souza, Pinto and Mendonca are abundant among Mangalorean Catholics,[48] and generally follow the second declension.[73] Some families use their original Goud Saraswat Brahmin surnames such as Prabhu, Kamat, Pai, and Shenoy.[48] Other European surnames are also found.[73]

Mangalorean Catholic variant English variant Portuguese variant Meaning Sex
Mâri Mary Maria Beloved Female
Monku Monica Mónica To advise Female
Motes Matthew Mateus Gift from God Male
Nâtu Natalia Natalia Birthday Female
Pedru Peter Pedro Stone Male
Šila Sylvester Silas Wooded Male
Zâbel Elizabeth Isabel My God is my oath Female
Zoze Joseph José The Lord will add Male
Sources: English-Konkani Dictionary (2001)[72] and A Konkani Grammar (2003)[71]

Language and literature

Main articles: Konkani language and Literature of Mangalorean Catholics

Mangalorean Catholics speak the Konkani language, which they retained as their mother tongue despite the migration. The Konkani language is central to the community's identity.[23] Konkani is an Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-European family of languages, which is spoken predominantly on the west coast of India.[74] They speak a dialect of Konkani, known as Mangalorean Catholic Konkani, which the Ethnologue identifies as the Mangalore dialect.[75] It is largely derived from the Bardeskaar (North Goan) dialect and bears a good degree of intelligibility with the modern Bardeskaar Christian dialect and to a slightly lesser extent with the standard Konkani dialect. This dialect has a significant infusion of Tulu and Kannada loanwords. Some Kannada rootwords which have disappeared from the Goan dialects due to the influence of Portuguese have re-entered the Mangalorean lexicon. It is significantly different from the dialect spoken by the Goud Saraswat Brahmins in South Canara.[76] The Mangalorean Catholic dialect is much closer to the dialects of the Goan Hindus than to that of the Goan Catholics.[77] 350-400 Portuguese lexical items are found in the Mangalorean Catholic dialect.[78]

The origin of their literature dates to 1883, when Angelus Francis Xavier Maffei, an Italian Jesuit, published the first English-Konkani Dictionary in Mangalore.[79] In 1912, the first Konkani periodical, Konknni Dirvem (Konkani Treasure), was published in Mangalore by Louis Mascarenhas.[80] Popular Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include Raknno (1938) by Mons Sylvester Menezes,[81] Konkan Daiz (Heritage of Konkani) (1958),[82] and Kannik (Donation) (1965) by Raymond Miranda.[83] In Bombay, periodicals like Sukh-Dukh (1948) by G.M.B. Rodrigues, Konknni Yuvak (1949) by George Fernandes, Poinnari (1950) by V.J.P. Saldanha, and Divo (1995) by J.B. Moraes were published.[84] Modern literature is diverse and includes themes such as Indian Politics in books like What Ails the Socialists by George Fernandes,[85] historical awakening, in books such as Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians by Alan Machado Prabhu,[86] and sexual desires, in The Revised Kama Sutra: A Novel of Colonialism and Desire by Richard Crasta.[87]

The Mangalorean genealogist Michael Lobo published the first genealogical Encyclopaedia of the Mangalorean Catholic community in 1999. This genealogical Encyclopaedia, currently exceeding 6000 pages, covers over a thousand families, each of which is researched as far as its ancestry can be traced. Three offshoots have thus far been launched, which include Mangaloreans Worldwide — An International Directory (1999), Distinguished Mangalorean Catholics (2000), and The Mangalorean Catholic Community — A Professional History / Directory (2002).[88] In 2000, the Diocese of Mangalore released the first Konkani Bible in Kannada script, which was made available online on 26 July 2007.[89]

Traditions and festivals

A Mangalorean Catholic Ros

Mangalorean Catholics have retained many Indian customs and traditions. They have no uniform rituals since they belong to both the patrilineal Brahmin stock and to the matrilineal non-Brahmin stock.[90] Ros (anointing) ceremony, conducted one or two days before a wedding, involves the parents' blessing of the bride and groom, who are anointed with coconut oil.[91] Other traditions include Soirik (betrothal) and exchange of Paan Pod (betel leaves) during marriage ceremonies.[92] Indian traditions include adorning the bride with the Sado (wedding sari) and Mangalsutra (wedding necklace), the Onpnni (giving away the bride formally by the father or the guardian of the bride), Porthoponn (re-invitation to the bride's house), and singing of Honvious (hymns). Some other traditions include Novemjeevon (partaking of the food prepared from new corn) and Novem (blessing of new harvests).[93]

In addition to common Christian festivals like Christmas, Good Friday, and Easter, the community celebrates many other festivals of religious and historical significance. Monti Fest is one of the major festivals, celebrated on 8 September. It combines the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary and blessing of Novem (new crops). The festival derives its name from the Monte Mariano church at Farangipet in South Canara, and was initiated by Joachim Miranda, a Goan Catholic priest at Farangipet in 1763. Though Tippu Sultan destroyed the churches of Canara, he spared Monte Mariano church in deference to the friendship of his father Hyder Ali with Father Miranda.[94] Attur Jatre or Attur Fest (Attur festival) is the feast of St. Lawrence, celebrated in the St Lawrence Shrine on the outskirts of Karkala in South Canara. This shrine, in existence since 1759, is said to have a history of miracles. Eucharistic Procession (Evkaristic Purshanv in Konkani) is an annual religious procession led by the Bishop of Mangalore from Milagres Church to Rosario Cathedral. The procession, held on the first Sunday of the New Year of the Gregorian calendar, seeks blessings for the new year.[65]

Costumes

A typical Mangalorean Catholic wedding sari (sado)

Mangalorean Catholic men used to wear long loose frilled white or black coats (similar to the Maratha loose coats) with buttons. The turbans were usually flattened like the Coorgi turbans. In modern times, this mode has changed. Only a few old people can be seen wearing this traditional dress on church going occasions.[95] Before marriage, women used to wear white skirts over which sarees were worn. Married women used to wear sarees the general way.[96]

The Mangalorean Catholic bride's wedding sari is known as an Sado. It is usually a Banarasi sari, which are made of finely woven silk and are decorated with elaborate engravings.[93] The bridegroom's dress in the early times consisted of a short loincloth of hand-woven cloth, a shawl to cover his shoulders and a red handkerchief on the head. The groom's dress was gradually improved. Later, his dress consisted of a white loincloth with a red and gold hem, a shirt with gold buttons and a coat, a shawl on the shoulders and a towel on the head.[97]

Historical Society

A traditional house of a Mangalorean Catholic family, constructed using olden-style architecture.

Mangalorean Catholics had retained the same caste system which their ancestors had in Goa. They were divided into four castes — Bamons, Charodis, Shudras, and Gaudis. The biggest group were the Bamons (the Konkani word for Brahmins). They were converts from the Brahmin caste (priestly class), and especially included the Goud Saraswat Brahmin converts from Goa. The Charodis, the second largest group, were converts from either Kshatriya (military class) or Vaishya (merchant class) castes. The artisan converts formed the third biggest group and were known as Shudras (labour class). The Vakkals (medical class) were called Gaudis, and formed the fourth group.[90] Other minor castes included the Padivals, who were local Jain converts.[20]

It was difficult for the few priests who had accompanied the Christian emigrants to South Canara to look after them properly. Thus, the gurkar system came into existence. Gurkars were Mangalorean Catholic men of good moral character who were selected as headmen in Christian settlements. They were entrusted the work of social and religious supervision of the community.[98] After migration, the only possible occupation of a Mangalorean Catholic was agriculture, since they were skilled farmers. Every farmer practised carpentry but it was quite primitive and unskilled. Other crafts and industries were non-existent.[99] The mass was celebrated in Latin; but the sermon, the cathecism, and the explication of the mysteries were delivered to the congregation in Konkani.[100]

Songs and music

On 26–27 January 2008, a Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, held in Mangalore by a Mangalorean Catholic organization, Mandd Sobhann, entered the Guinness Book of World Records for non-stop singing of Konkani hymns. Mandd Sobhann members sang for 40 hours, surpassing the old record of 36 hours held by a Brazilian musical troupe, Communidade Evangelica Luterana São Paulo (Lutheran Evangelical Community of São Paulo) of Universidade Luterana do Brasil (Lutheran University of Brazil).[101] The Silver Band, started in 1906 by Lawrence D'Souza in Mangalore, is the one of the oldest and most popular brass bands in Mangalore.[102] The well known Konkani hymn Riglo Jezu Molliant (Jesus entered the Garden of Gethsemene) was written by Joachim Miranda, a Goan Catholic priest, during the 18th century, when he was held captive by Tippu Sultan, on his Canara mission.[103] Other popular Konkani hymns composed by Mangalorean Catholics as of today are Aika Cristanv Jana, Utha Utha Praniya, and Sorgim Thaun.[104] The ghumat was a popular musical instrument played especially during weddings.[105] The instrument has the form of an earthen pot but is open at both sides. One end is covered with the skin of some wild animal, and the other is left open.[106] The tradition Of Voviyo (wedding songs), sung by women during a Ros, is important to this community. The procedure is that one of the elderly lady who knows the voviyos leads the song while the rest of the women sing along with her.[107]

Aprosachi vatli, kasgran petli, ruzai mai betli, hea rosalagim.
The Ros brass plate is made by brass smith, our Lady of Rosary is here at this ros ceremony

Dimbi ami galeam, santa kuru kadeam, kurpa ami magieam amchea Jezulagim
Let us kneel, make sign of the cross, and pray for God’s grace

Akashim mod, narl kubear telacho kuris hokleachea kopalar
Clouds in the sky, coconut on the tree, oily sign of cross on the forehead of the bride

— Voviyos taken from The Tradition of Voviyo article by Maurice D’Mello, [108]

Organizations

File:Mangalorean Catholic Association Of Sydney (MCAS) logo.jpg
The logo of the Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney (MCAS)

Many organizations cater to the community in South Canara. The most notable are Mandd Sobhann, which broke the Guinness record for non-stop singing, and the Catholic Association of South Kanara (CASK).[109] The first session of the Canara Konkani Catholic World Convention took place on 26 December 2004 in Mangalore.[110] The convention aimed to establish institutions to conduct research on the history of Mangalorean Catholics.[111] In India, the Kanara Catholic Association, Bangalore (KCA Bangalore) (established in 1955)[112] and Mangalore Catholic Association (MCA) (established on 10 February 1996 in Pune)[113] are well known.

In the United Kingdom, Mangalorean United Konkani Association (MUKA) in Nottingham is popular.[114] The Mangalorean Catholic Association of Victoria (MCAV) established in Melbourne was the first organization for the community in Australia.[115] In 2006, the Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney (MCAS) was established in Australia.[58] In North America, the Mangalorean Association of Canada[116] and the Mangalorean Konkan Christian Association (MKCA) in Chicago[117] are well known. In the Middle East, the Mangalore Cultural Association (MCA) in Doha (Qatar) was established on March 2008.[118]

Notable Mangalorean Catholics

Notable Mangalorean Catholics Achievements
George Fernandes Defence minister of India from 19 March 1998 to 22 May 2004[85]
Margaret Alva Member of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament, from 1972 to 1998[119]
Oscar Fernandes Member of Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, from 1980 to 1998[120]
Blasius M. D'Souza a Congress leader of Mangalore[121]
Richard Crasta American novelist[122]
Viren Rasquinha Captain of India's national field hockey team[123]
Genelia D'Souza Indian actress[124][125]
Tony D'Souza American novelist[126]
Joachim Alva Member of Rajya Sabha from 3 April 1968 to 2 April 1974[127]
Freida Pinto Indian actress[128]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Civil Data". Diocese of Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  2. ^ a b Baptista 1967, p. 27
  3. ^ Oddie 1991, p. 140
  4. ^ a b Nair 2004, p. 88
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Christianity in Mangalore". Diocese of Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
  6. ^ a b "Deportation & The Konkani Christian Captivity at Srirangapatna (1784 Feb. 24th Ash Wednesday)". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  7. ^ a b The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14, p. 360
  8. ^ a b The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14, p. 361
  9. ^ a b c America's Mangalorean Konkani Catholic Prayer Society (AMKCPS). "Who are Mangalore Catholics?". Diocese of Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
  10. ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 6
  11. ^ a b c Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 4
  12. ^ a b c d South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 101
  13. ^ Jordanus & Yule 2001, p. 40
  14. ^ "The great prelates who shaped the history of Diocese of Quilon". Quilon Diocese. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 9788186778258. Contents taken from Sarasvati's Children article, written by Joe Lobo, the President of the Goan Catholic Association in Florida. This article has been borrowed mainly from Alan Machado's above book.
  16. ^ J. Kamath (2002-09-16). "Where rocks tell a tale". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 2008-07-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  17. ^ a b South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 52
  18. ^ M.K. Dharma Raja. "Queen Abbakka's triumph over western colonisers" (Press release). Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  19. ^ George 1992, p. 205
  20. ^ a b c Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 5
  21. ^ a b South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 102
  22. ^ Buchanan 1988, p. 23
  23. ^ a b Buchanan 1988, p. 24
  24. ^ Raviprasad Kamila (2004-11-27). "The holy heritage". The Hindu. Retrieved 2008-08-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ Raviprasad Kamila (2005-11-30). "Jubilee celebrations at Milagres Church on Tuesday". The Hindu. Retrieved 2009-03-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ Kurzon 2003, p. 77
  27. ^ a b South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 62
  28. ^ a b South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 63
  29. ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 64
  30. ^ Forrest 1887, pp. 314–316]
  31. ^ The Gentleman's Magazine 1833, p. 388
  32. ^ Bowring 1997, p. 126
  33. ^ a b The Oriental Herald 1824, p. 14
  34. ^ Scurry & Whiteway 1824, p. 103
  35. ^ Scurry & Whiteway 1824, p. 104
  36. ^ Account of a Surviving Captive, A Mr. Silva of Gangolim (Letter of a Mr. L.R. Silva to his sister, copy of which was given by an advocate, M.M. Shanbhag, to the author, Severino da Silva, and reproduced as Appendix No. 74: History of Christianity in Canara (1965))
  37. ^ "The complete subjugation of Mysore was the immediate consequence of the fall of Seringapatam and the death of Tippoo Sultaun. A commission, composed of Lieut. General Harris, Lieut. Colonel Barry Close, Colonel the Hon. A. Wellesley, the Hon. H. Wellesley, and Lieut. Colonel Kirkpatrick, was appointed by the Governor General in Council, to carry into effect his arrangements for the settlement of the conquered territories." Gurwood in The dispatches of Field Marshall the Duke of Wellington, during his various campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France, from 1799 to 1818, compiled from official and authentic documents by Lieutenant Colonel Gurwood, volume 1, a new edition, (London: John Murray, 1837), p. 40.
  38. ^ "To the communities kept captive in the confines of the island (Seringapatnam), to the Kanara Christians, as to the Nairs, the Coorgs, the prisoners, ... Now, finally, in the death of Tipu, freedom had come to return, however demoralised and dispossesed, with families dispersed and perhaps never to be reconciled, to homes and lands". Emphasis added. Alan Machado Prabhu, Saraswati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians, (I.J.A. Publications, 1999).
  39. ^ "The Konkani Christians". Indian Catholic. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
  40. ^ "The detailing [of sic] this painful but indispensable measure cannot be entrusted to any person more likely to combine every office of humanity with the prudential precautions required by the occasion, than Colonel Wellesley; and I therefore commit to his discretion, activity, and humanity, the whole arrangement." Richard Wellesley 4th June, 1799. Then Governor General of British India (and brother of Arthur, later the Duke of Wellington and twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. From Dispatches (op. cit.), p. 40.
  41. ^ "Mangalorean Catholics commemorate bicentenary of their liberation". Union of Catholic Asian News. 1999-05-26. Retrieved 2008-11-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ A Gazetteer of the World 1856, p. 254
  43. ^ Pai & Supriya 1981, p. 217
  44. ^ a b Silva 1961, p. 165
  45. ^ The Gentleman's Magazine 1833, p. 389
  46. ^ The Oriental Herald 1824, p. 15
  47. ^ The Oriental Herald 1824, p. 16
  48. ^ a b c South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 103
  49. ^ "College all set to celebrate 125th anniversary". The Hindu. 2004-01-08. Retrieved 2008-10-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  50. ^ "About St. Aloysius College". St. Aloysius College (Mangalore). Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  51. ^ "About Chapel". St. Aloysius College (Mangalore). Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  52. ^ "Mangalore Diocese". Catholic Bishops' Conference of India (C.B.C.I). Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  53. ^ Oddie 1991, p. 127
  54. ^ Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture 1983, p. 113
  55. ^ "Mangalore shut as Christians protest attack on church". Deccan Herald. 2008-09-15. Retrieved 2008-09-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  56. ^ Ancy Paladka (2007-09-05). "Monti Fest — Celebration Schedule in the City". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-10-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ^ a b c "Nativity Fest Around the World". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
  58. ^ a b "The Birth of the Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney Inc. (MCAS)" (PDF, 15.8 KB). Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney (MCAS). Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  59. ^ a b Babu, Savitha Suresh (2007-02-17). "Tiles for style". The Hindu. Retrieved 2008-04-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  60. ^ Somerset, Bond & Wright, p. 511
  61. ^ Giriappa 1994, p. 62
  62. ^ Somerset, Bond & Wright, p. 510
  63. ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 118
  64. ^ "Typically home". The Hindu. 2007-08-11. Retrieved 2008-07-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  65. ^ a b Stephen D'Souza. "What's in a Name?". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
  66. ^ Arun Bhatia (2002-06-17). "Anyone for shark curry?". The Hindu. Retrieved 2008-10-26. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  67. ^ Sen 2004, p. 110
  68. ^ "Santa, cakes and kuswar". The Hindu. 2006-11-25. Retrieved 2008-08-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  69. ^ a b South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 121
  70. ^ "Taste of Mangalore". The Hindu. 2002-06-17. Retrieved 2008-11-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  71. ^ a b c Maffei 2003, p. 38
  72. ^ a b Maffei 2001, p. 541
  73. ^ a b Maffei 2003, p. 39
  74. ^ Caroline Menezes. "The question of Konkani?" (PDF, 267 KB). The National Institute for Japanese language (Tokyo, Japan). Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  75. ^ "Ethnologue report for Konkani, Goanese (ISO 639-3: gom)". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
  76. ^ Asiatic Society of Bombay, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland Bombay Branch 1853, p. 300
  77. ^ Kelley, Dimock & Kachru 1992, p. 219
  78. ^ Abbi, Gupta & Kidwai 1997, p. 53
  79. ^ Nagesh Prabhu (2007-02-02). "New English-Konkani dictionary ready". The Hindu. Retrieved 2008-09-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  80. ^ Melka Miyar. "Rich Tributes Paid to Pioneer Konkani Poet Louis Mascarenhas". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
  81. ^ George 1992, p. 216
  82. ^ Saradesāya 2000, p. 288
  83. ^ Saradesāya 2000, p. 289
  84. ^ "Konkani Language and Literature". Goa Konkani Akademi. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  85. ^ a b "Biographical Sketch (George Fernandes)". Indian Parliament. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  86. ^ Frederick Noronha (2008-04-29). "Migration, Myths And Mangalore: A Writer Pieces Together The Story". South Asia Religious News. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  87. ^ "The Revised Kama Sutra". RichardCrasta.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  88. ^ Richie Lasrado. "Dr. Michael Lobo: Probing family roots and history". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  89. ^ "Entire Konkani Bible is available online". Indian Catholic. 2007-07-27. Retrieved 2008-11-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  90. ^ a b Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 7
  91. ^ Silva & Fuchs, p. 25
  92. ^ Saradesāya 2000, p. 73
  93. ^ a b Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 19
  94. ^ John B. Monteiro. "Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet - 240 Years Ago!". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
  95. ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 119
  96. ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 120
  97. ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 31
  98. ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 9
  99. ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 16
  100. ^ The Oriental Herald 1824, p. 17
  101. ^ "Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-02-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  102. ^ M. Raghuram (2005-12-10). "Golden notes from Silver Band". The Hindu. Retrieved 2008-09-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  103. ^ Ayyappapanicker 1997, p. 277
  104. ^ Saradesāya 2000, p. 251
  105. ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 47
  106. ^ Naimpalli 2005, p. 18
  107. ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 26
  108. ^ Maurice D’Mello. "The Tradition of Voviyo" (DOC, 77 KB). Konkani Sahitya Kala Foundation. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
  109. ^ "Catholic Association of South Kanara Condemns Attacks on Christians". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 2008-09-23. Retrieved 2008-10-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  110. ^ "Konkani Catholic convention in December". The Hindu. 2004-02-29. Retrieved 2008-12-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  111. ^ Jaideep Shenoy (2005-01-19). "`Future Foundation' may document heritage of Konkan Catholics". The Hindu. Retrieved 2008-12-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  112. ^ "KCA Bangalore History". Kanara Catholic Association, Bangalore (KCA Bangalore). Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  113. ^ S Raye (1999-09-20). "Little Mangalore in Pune". Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd. Retrieved 2008-03-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  114. ^ "Nottingham: Mangalorean United Konkani Association (MUKA) celebrates Monthi Fest". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 2007-09-09. Retrieved 2008-12-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  115. ^ "Mangalorean Catholic Association of Victoria (MCAV)". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  116. ^ Nishita D’Mello (2007-09-10). "MAC Canada". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-09-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  117. ^ "MKCA — USA" (Press release). Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2008-09-05. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  118. ^ "About MCA". Mangalore Cultural Association (MCA). Retrieved 2008-09-20.
  119. ^ "Biographical Sketch (Margaret Alva)". Indian Parliament. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  120. ^ "Biographical Sketch (Oscar Fernandes)". Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  121. ^ "Sri Blasius M D'Souza". Karnataka Legislature. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  122. ^ "Interview with Richard Crasta". RichardCrasta.com. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  123. ^ Gerry D`Mello. "A Mangalorean in India's Olympic Squad (Viren Rasquinha)". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  124. ^ "'I don't think my name is complicated'". Rediff.com India Limited. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  125. ^ Abdulla Mahmood (2008-07-15). "Big-time girl: Genelia D'Souza". Gulf News. Retrieved 2008-08-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  126. ^ Tony D'Souza. "A guest column Sarasota novelist throws spotlight on the 'Konkans'". Khaasbaat. Retrieved 2008-11-02. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  127. ^ "Portrait of the first couple in Parliament to be put up". Deccan Herald. 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2008-09-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  128. ^ Gerry D’Mello (2008-11-25). "The Newest Star on the Mangalorean Horizon—Freida Pinto". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 2008-11-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

References

Further reading

  • Farias, Kranti K. (1999). The Christian Impact on South Kanara. Church History Association of India.
  • Lobo, Michael. A Genealogical Encyclopaedia of Mangalorean Catholic Families.
  • Lobo, Michael (2000). Distinguished Mangalorean Catholics 1800-2000 - A Historico-Biographical Survey of the Mangalorean Catholic Community. Camelot Publishers. ISBN 9788187609018.
  • Lobo, Michael (1999). Mangaloreans World-wide: An International Directory of the Mangalorean Catholic Community. Camelot Publishers. ISBN 8187609001.
  • Lobo, Michael (2000). The Mangalorean Catholic Community — A Professional History / Directory.
  • Pinto, Pius Fidelis (2004). Canaranthle Konknni Catholic (The Konkani Catholics of Canara) (in Konkani). Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). Desaantar Thaun Bandhadek – Karavali Karnatakantle Konkani Kristanv (From Migration to Captivity - The Konkani Christians of Canara) (in Konkani). Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). History of Christians in Coastal Karnataka, 1500-1763 A.D. Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.
  • Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). Konkani Christians of Coastal Karnataka in Anglo-Mysore Relations 1761-1799. Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.
  • Prabhu, Mohan. Ancient and pre-modern History of the Mangalorean Catholic Community.

External links

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