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This page refers to the Jatt people of India and Pakistan. For other uses of "Jatt", see Jatt (disambiguation).

A Jatt refers to someone who is a farmer in India. They live all over North India, in the states of Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and are also scattered in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, & Kashmir. The Jatts also have a strong military tradition, and many Jats were recruited into the British India army during World War I. Large number of Jatts serve in the Indian Army, including the Jatt Regiment, Rajputana Rifles, Sikh Regiment, the Grenadiers, among others.

The Jatt regions in India are among the most prosperous on a per-capita basis (Haryana, Punjab, and Gujarat are among the wealthiest of Indian provinces).

The Maharajas of Bharatpur and Dholpur in Rajasthan are Jats, as were the Ranas (kings) of Gohad in Madhya Pradesh.

Jatt origins

The origin of Jats has several theories ranging from their sudden appearance from Shiva's Jattas (locks) to their lineage in the Aryan race. Some people point to their Indo-Scythian or Saka origins. Both Sir Alexander Cunningham and Colonel James Tod agreed in considering the Jats to be of Indo-Scythian stock. Cunningham identified them with the Zanthi of Strabo and the Jatti of Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy, and held that they probably entered the Punjab from their home on the Oxus. The Jats seem to have occupied the Indus valley as far down as Sindh.

By the 10th century, the Jats had already spread into the Punjab where they firmly established themselves in the beginning of the eleventh century. By the time of Babar, the Jats of the salt range had been in constant conflict with the Gakkhars, Awans and Janjuas. Tod classed the Jats as one of the great Rajput tribes, with Cunningham claiming the Rajput to belong to the original Aryan stock, and the Jats to a late wave of immigrants from the northwest, probably of Scythian race.

Some Jats, Dudi Jats in particular, claim their origin back to prehistoric times of Ramayana and Mahabharata, well before Scythians appeared on Indian soil. The entire hypothesis of Jats' origin from Scythians appears to be a misinterpretation.

History

Whatever their origin, with the decline of the Mughal empire in the eighteenth century, the Jats became a force that could not be ignored.

The Bamraulia Jats founded the kingdom of Gohad, near Gwalior, in 1505. In 1669 the Jats of Mathura rose in opposition to Aurangzeb's rule, under the leadership of Gokula, Zamindar of Tilpat and killed the Imperial Faujdar Abdun-Nabi. It took more than a year for the powerful Mughal forces to subdue the Jats. Gokula was killed and his family converted to Islam. However, Jats once again rose in rebellion in 1685 under the leadership of Raja Ram, and Akbar's tomb was plundered in Sikandra in 1688. Finally the Jats were defeated and Raja Ram slain in 1691. In the disorder following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Jat resistance resumed, organised under the leadership of Churaman. Badan Singh, Churaman's nephew, established a kingdom centered at Deeg (known as Bharatpur after its later capital) from which he extended his rule over Agra and Mathura.

Badan Singh’s adopted son and successor was Maharaja Suraj Mal. Maharaja Suraj Mal, described as the "Plato of Jat tribes" and "Jat Ulysses", extended his kingdom to include Agra, Mathura, Dholpur, Mainpuri, Hathras, Aligarh, Etawah, Meerut, Rohtak, Farrukhnagar, Mewat, Rewari and Gurgaon. He was described as the greatest warrior and the ablest statesman that the Jats have produced. He moved the capital from Deeg to Bharatpur after 1733. Great Rustam, a Jat king of the Sogariya clan, laid the foundation of the modern city of Bharatpur. After him, control passed to his son Khemkaran and then to Maharaja Suraj Mal. Khemkaran was a great warrior, claimed to be able to kill two tigers running in different directions at the same time. He was then awarded with the title Faujdar, which is still used by all Sogariyas. The beautiful palace and gardens at Deeg and the Bharatpur fort, both built by Maharaja Suraj Mal, symbolised the coming of age of the Jat state. Maharaja Suraj Mal died on 25 December, 1763.

The Bamraulia Jat Maharanas of Gohad resisted the Maratha assaults of the 18th century, and twice occupied the strategic fortress of Gwalior (1740–1756 and 1780–1783). The Maharanas allied with the British against the Marathas, and in a British-brokered deal exchanged Gohad for Dholpur in 1806.

In the mid eighteenth century the Dalal Jats of Mandoti, the Haryana, built the mud fort of Kuchesar in Uttar Pradesh.

By the nineteenth century, Jats ruled the states of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Gohad (Bhind),Kuchesar, Bahadurgarh, Mursan, and others. The Jats established a reputation of being determined, sturdy, fierce fighters. Known for their military prowess, Jats have always been part of imperial armies. They forced the Amir of Baghdad to run for his life in 837 CE, and ruled there for 15 years. They served as fighters in the Persian army against the Romans and led successful campaigns. The Jats were classified as a "Martial Race" by the British and were recruited in large numbers in the British army. A large number of Jats serve in the Indian Armed Forces today and form one of the largest ethnic groups in the army.

Genetics

A recent study of the genetics of the people of Indian Punjab[1] (where about 40% or more of the population are Jats) suggest that the Jats are similar to other populations of the Indus Valley in terms of Y-SNP groupings. Also Jats seem to share many common haplotypes with German, Slavic, Baltic, Iranian and Central Asians [2]. Unusually, Jat groups share only two haplotypes, one of which is also shared with Turks (Turkey), and have few matches with neighbouring Pakistani populations. This haplotype shared between the two Jat groups may be part of the Indo-Aryan (or Indo-European) genetic contribution to these populations, where as the haplotypes shared with other Eurasian populations may be due to the contribution of Indo-European Scythians (Saka, Massagetae), or White Huns. (These groups may of course all be branches of one larger ethnic complex.)

As to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Jats contain haplogroups typical of northwest Indians; that is, haplogroups typical of North India, Pakistan, and West Asia. This suggests that, at least for mtDNA, there is very little connection with Central Asian or northwest European populations, even though Jats share many male Y-SNP markers with these populations. Hence this suggests that there has been male migration in or out of the Jat population in historical times. Alternatively, the formation of the Jat population may have occurred in West Asia or North India. Hence Jats are very similar to other North Indian groups.

  • FS Application of Y-chromosomal STR Haplotypes to Forensic Genetics[3]

List of Jatt Gotras (clans)

A : Abusaria, Achara, Aftab, Ahlawat, Agre, Ajmeria, Andhak, Antal, Asiagh, Atri, Atwal, Aulakh, Aujla, Agah,

B : Babal, Bachhal, Badesha, Badyal, Bhatoa, Bagri, Baht, Bains, Bajwa, Bajya, Balhara, Balyan, Bamraulia, Bana, Bansi, Barjati, Barola, Basran, Baswan, Bassi, Batar, Beniwal, Benning, Bhadare, Bhadiar, Bhadu, Bhalotia, Bhambu, Bhangu/Bhangoo, Bharhaich, Bhari, Bhela, Bhichar, Bhind, Bhukar, Bhullar, Billing, Brar, Braitch, Budania, Budhwar, Burdak, Buttar

C : Chadhar, Chahal, Chahar, Chauhan, Chandel, Cheema, Chhillar, Chheena, Chaudhary, Chaitha

D : Dabas, Dagur, Dahiya, Dandiwal, Dalal, Dangi, Deo, Deol, Deshwal, Dhariwal, Dhesi, Dhaliwal, Dhankhar, Dhanoa, Dhama, Dharan, Dharni, Dhatarwal, Dhatt, Dhaulya, Dhaurelia, Dhillon, Dhindawal, Dhindsa, Dholia, Dhoot, Dosanjh, Dudi, Duhan

F : Fageria, Fandan, Faugat, Faujdar

G : Garcha, Gahlot, Gandhar, Ghatwala, Garewal, Ghumman, Gill, Gauria, Gehlawat, Godara, Ghick, Gora, Goraya, Gosal, Grewal, Gulia, Guram, Gurm

H : Hala, Hanga, Hayer, Heer, Hooda, Hundal

I : Indolia

J : Jakhar, Jaglan, Janghu, Janu, Jatasra, Jatrana, Jatri, Jawanda, Jhajharia, Jhammat, Jhutti, Johal, Johiya, Joon Jagpal

K : Kahlon, Kadian, Kajala, Kakran, Kak, Kaler, Kalirai, Kalkhande, Kandhola, Kang, Karhwasra, Kisana, Kaswan, Kataria, Katewa, Kehal, Khainwar, Khakh, Khalia, Kharb, Khehra, Kherwa, Khichad, Khirwar, Khinger, Khokhar, Khoye Maurya, Kooner, Kuhar, Kular, Kularia, Kulhari, Kundu, Kuntal

L : Lalli, Lakra, Lamba, Lather, Langrial, Lakhlan, Lakhan, Lengha, Liddar

M : Manes, Maan, Madrak, Malik, Mandeer, Mander, Mandiwal, Mangat, Mungut, Mede, Meel, Mehria, Maichu, Mohar Moond, Motsara

N : Naga, Nagra, Nagauria, Nain, Nandal, Nantaal, Nauhwar, Nehra, Nijjar, Nitharwal

O : Ohlan, Ola

P : Pachar, Pachehra, Palsania, Palrwal, Panaich, Panghal, Parihar, Patel, Pandher, Pangli, Pannu, Panwar, Phalaswal, Phogat, Pilania, Punia, Punial, Punian, Purwar, Purewal, Poria [[Potaysir],

R : Rai, Rajawat, Rajian, Rajaura, Rana, Ranu, Ranwa, Rathi, Rasoda, Rawala, Rehal, Repswal, Rhind-Tutt, Riar, Romana, Rulania, Randhawa

S : Sahota, Saharan, Samra, Sandhu, Sangwan, Sanghera, Saroha, Sran, Sra, Sehrawat, Seen, Sehwag, sejwal, Sekhon, Seoran, Sheoran, Shokeen, Seokhand, Sidhu, Sikarwar, Sinsinwar, Sansanwal, Sirohi , [Sials|[Sial]] , Sunda, Soban, Solanki, Sohal, Sohi,

T : Takhar, Tanwar, Tarar, Tatla, Tatran, Takshak, Tevatia, Thenua, Thandi, Thatheala, Thori, Tiwana, Tokas, Tomara, Tomar, Toor, Toot, Tott, Tung, Tutt,

U : Uppal, Udar

V : Vanar, Virk, Vaince, Vijayrania

W : Wahla, Waraich, Wainse

Famous Jat people

Books on Jat History

  • Dr. Ajay Kumar Agnihotri (1985). Gohad ke Jaton ka Itihas. (Hindi)
  • Bal Kishan Dabas. Political and Social History of the Jats". Sanjay Prakashan, 2001. ISBN 8174530452
  • Dharampal Singh Dudee. Indian Army History: France to Kargil. 2001.
  • Dharampal Singh Dudee. Navin Jat History. Shaheed Dham Trust, Bhiwani, Haryana, India.
  • Dilip Singh Ahlawat. Jat Viron ka Itihas.
  • Dr Kanungo. History of the Jats.
  • Dr Natthan Singh. Jat-Itihas. Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad, Gwalior, 2004.
  • Hukum Singh Panwar (Pauria). The Jats: Their Origin, Antiquity & Migrations. Manthan Publications, Rohtak, Haryana. ISBN 81-85235-22-8
  • K. Natwar Singh. Maharaja Suraj Mal.
  • Dr.Prakash Chandra Chandawat. Maharaja Suraj Mal Aur Unka Yug (1745-1763). Jaypal Agencies, Agra. 1982. (in Hindi)
  • Raj Pal Singh. Rise of the Jat Power. Harman Pub. House. ISBN 8185151059
  • Aadhunik Jat Itihas. Dharmpal Singh Dudee & Dr Mahinder Singh Arya. Jaypal Agency, Agra. 1998.
  • Ram Swaroop Joon. History of the Jats.
  • Shashi Prabha Gupta. Demographic Differentials Among the Rajputs and the Jats: A Socio-Biological Study of Rural Haryana. Classical Pub. House. ISBN 8170541808
  • Thakur Deshraj Jat Itihas Maharaja Suraj Mal. Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi. 1936. (in Hindi)
  • Girish Chandra Dwivedi The Jats - Their Role in the Mughal Empire. Surajmal Educational Society, New Delhi, India. ISBN- 81-7031-150-0.
  • Dr. Atal Singh Khokkar. Jaton ki Utpati evam Vistar. Jaipal Agencies, 31-1 Subashpuram, Agra, UP, India 282007. 2002.
  • Chaudhary Kabul Singh. Sarv Khap Ithihaas (History of the Jat Republic). Shoram, Muzzafarnagar, U.P. India. 1976.
  • Nihal Singh Arya. Sarv Khap Panchayat ka Rastriya Parakram (The National Role of the Jat Republic of Haryana). Arya mandal, B 11 Om Mandal, Nangloi, New Delhi, India. 1991
  • Mangal sen Jindal. History of Origin of Some Clans in India (with special Reference to Jats). Sarup & Sons, 4378/4B, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002. ISBN 81-85431-08-6
  • Dr Vir Singh. The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India. Surajmal Educational Society, D K Publishers, New Delhi, India. 2004. ISBN 81-88629-16-2
  • Col Karan Kharb. Made to Lead. Wisdom Tree, Delhi. (2003).
  • Col Karan Kharb. Lead to Succeed. Wisdom Tree, Delhi. (2005). (Both these books on self-improvement and leadership development drawing heavily from ancient Indian wisdom are international bestsellers._raja ram sing

Genetics References

  • Bamshad, M., T. Kivisild; et al. (2001). "Genetic evidence on the origins of Indian caste populations". Virus Research. 75 (2): 95–106. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) [9]
  • Basu; et al. (2003). "Ethnic India: a genomic view, with special reference to peopling and structure". Genome Research. 13: 2277–2290. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  • Cann, R. (2001). "Genetic clues to dispersal in human populations: retracing the past from the present". Science. 291: 1742–1748.
  • Cordaux, R., R. Aunguer, G. Bentley, I. Nasidze, S.M. Sirajuddin, and M. Stoneking (3 February 2004). "Independent origins of Indian caste and tribal paternal lineages". Current Biology. 14: 231–235. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • . ISBN 8186471774. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Authorlink= ignored (|authorlink= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |First= ignored (|first= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Last= ignored (|last= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help) [10], [11]
  • Hemphill & Christensen: “The Oxus Civilization as a Link between East and West: A Non-Metric Analysis of Bronze Age Bactrain Biological Affinities”, paper read at the South Asia Conference, 3-5 November 1994, Madison, Wisconsin; p. 13.
  • Hemphill, B.E. ; Lukacs, J.R.; and Kennedy, K.A.R. (1991). "Biological adaptions and affinities of the Bronze Age Harappans". Harappa Excavations 1986-1990. (ed. R.Meadow): 137–182.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Kennedy, Kenneth 1984. “A Reassessment of the Theories of Racial Origins of the People of the Indus Valley Civilization from Recent Anthropological Data.” In Studies in the Archaeology and Palaeoanthropology of South Asia (99-107).
  • --- 1995. “Have Aryans been identified in the prehistoric skeletal record from South Asia?”, in George Erdosy, ed.: The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia, p.49-54.
  • Kivisild, Toomas et al. 1999a. "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages" [12]
  • ---1999b. "The Place of the Indian mtDNA Variants in the Global Network of Maternal Lineages and the Peopling of the Old World" [13]
  • ---2000a. "An Indian Ancestry: a Key for Understanding Human Diversity in Europe and Beyond" [14]
  • ---2000b. "The origins of southern and western Eurasian populations: an mtDNA study" [15]
  • ---2003a. "The Genetics of Language and Farming Spread in India" [16]
  • ---2003b. "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations" [17], [18]
  • Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor. [19].
  • Oppenheimer, Stephen; (2003) "The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey out of Africa" [20], [21]
  • Underhill, P. Inferring Human History: Clues from Y-Chromosome Haplotype [22]
  • Wells, S.; (2003) 'The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey', Princeton University Press, January.
  • Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia [23]
  • Introduction to haplogroups and haplotypes [24][25]
  • High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from Central Asia and West Asia into India [26]
  • The human Y chromosome: an evolutionary marker comes of age [27]
  • Minimal Sharing of Y-Chromosome STR Haplotypes Among Five Endogamous Population Groups from Western and Southwestern India [28]
  • Negligible Male Gene Flow Across Ethnic Boundaries in India, Revealed by Analysis of Y-Chromosomal DNA Polymorphisms [29]
  • Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area [30]
  • Written in blood. New Scientist vol 170 issue 2291 &mdasg; 19 May 2001, page 17.
  • Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan [31]
  • Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe[32]
  • Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations(Gives variances for R1a1)[33]
  • Genomic diversities and affinities among four endogamous groups of Punjab (India) based on autosomal and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms.[34]
  • A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios [35]
  • Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. [36]
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