Jump to content

List of tallest buildings in Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 78.70.216.65 (talk) at 19:19, 22 May 2013 (→‎Other tall European skyscrapers). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Moscow City commercial district is home to 4 out of 5 tallest buildings in Europe, including the tallest one, Mercury City Tower (second from the right).
Amsterdam (Zuidas), Netherlands
Barcelona (Diagonal Mar), Spain
Barcelona (Gran Via), Spain
Benidorm, Spain
Baku, Azerbaijan
Berlin (Potsdamer Platz), Germany
Bilbao, Spain
Birmingham, United Kingdom
Brussels (Northern Quarter), Belgium
Bratislava, Slovakia
Bucharest (Piaţa Victoriei), Romania
Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine
Donetsk, Ukraine
Dortmund, Germany
Essen, Germany
Frankfurt, Germany
Genoa, Italy
The Hague, Netherlands
Hamburg, Germany
Jena, Germany
Istanbul (Levent), Turkey
Istanbul (Maslak), Turkey
Katowice, Poland
Leipzig, Germany
Lisbon, Portugal
Liverpool, United Kingdom
London (Canary Wharf), United Kingdom
London (City of London), United Kingdom
Lyon, France
Madrid (CTBA), Spain
Madrid (AZCA), Spain
File:Tour cma cgm 2 credits Exmagina.jpg
Marseille, France
Milan, Italy
Monaco
Moscow (MIBC), Russia
File:Centro Direzionale in Naples.jpg
Naples, Italy
Oslo, Norway
Paris (La Défense), France
Prague, Czech Republic
Rome, Italy
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sochi, Russia
Stockholm, Sweden
Tallinn, Estonia
Valencia, Spain
Vienna, Austria
Vilnius, Lithuania
File:Warsaw6vb.jpg
Warsaw, Poland
Yekaterinburg, Russia
File:ZagrebSkyline11.jpg
Zagreb, Croatia

This list of tallest buildings in Europe ranks skyscrapers in Europe by height. Initially, only a few major financial centres, such as London, Paris, Frankfurt, Warsaw and Moscow contained skyscrapers. In recent years, however, skyscraper construction has spread to many other cities, including Amsterdam, Barcelona, Brussels, Istanbul, Katowice, Lisbon, Madrid, Milan, Naples, Rotterdam, Valencia and others.

Tallest building

The Mercury City Tower in Moscow, Russia is the tallest building in Europe, standing at 339 meters. It is also the tallest in Russia.

Other tall European skyscrapers

This lists ranks skyscrapers in Europe that stand at least 140 metres (459 ft) tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. Existing structures are included for ranking purposes based on present height. This list includes buildings under construction that have already been topped out.

Name City Flag Height A
(metres)
Height A
(feet)
Floors Year built
Mercury City Tower Moscow Russia 339 1,112 75 2012
The Shard[1] London United Kingdom 309.6 1,017 87 2012
Eurasia[2] Moscow Russia 308.9 1,013 72 2013
City of Capitals: Moscow Tower[3][4] Moscow Russia 301.8 990 76 2010
Naberezhnaya Tower C Moscow Russia 268.4 881 59 2007
Triumph Palace[5] Moscow Russia 264.3 867 57 2005
Istanbul Sapphire Istanbul Turkey 261 856 54 2010
Commerzbank Tower Frankfurt Germany 258.7 849 56 1997
City of Capitals: Saint Petersburg Tower[3][6] Moscow Russia 256.9 843 65 2010
Messeturm Frankfurt Germany 256.6 842 55 1990
Torre Caja Madrid Madrid Spain 250 820 45 2008
Torre de Cristal Madrid Spain 249 817 45 2008
Varyap Meridian Grand Tower 1 Istanbul Turkey 244 801 61 2012
Federation West Tower Moscow Russia 242.4 795 62 2007
Moscow State University Moscow Russia 240 787 36 1953
Imperia Tower Moscow Russia 238.6 783 60 2011
Palace of Culture and Science Warsaw Poland 237 779 43 1955
Torre PwC Madrid Spain 236 774 52 2008
1 Canada Square London United Kingdom 235.1 771 50 1991
Unicredit Tower Milan Italy 231 758 32 2011
Tour First ParisB France 231 758 56 2010
Heron Tower London United Kingdom 230.0 755 46 2010
Torre Espacio Madrid Spain 228 750 57 2008
DC Towers Vienna Austria 220 721 60 2013[7]
House on Mosfilmovskaya 2[8] Moscow Russia 213.3 700 54 2011[9]
Sky Tower[10] Wrocław Poland 212 696 50 2012
Tour Montparnasse Paris France 210 689 59 1972
Warsaw Trade Tower Warsaw Poland 208 682 43 1999
Westend Tower Frankfurt Germany 208 682 53 1993
Millennium Tower Vienna Austria 202 663 51 1999
Tower 185 Frankfurt Germany 200 656 50 2011
Main Tower Frankfurt Germany 200 656 55 1999
25 Canada Square London United Kingdom 199.5 655 45 2001
8 Canada Square London United Kingdom 199.5 655 45 2002
Hotel Ukraine Moscow Russia 198 650 34 1955
Tricolor Tower A[11] Moscow Russia 194 636 56 2013
Anthill Residence 1[12] Istanbul Turkey 210 638 54 2011
Anthill Residence 2[13] Istanbul Turkey 210 638 54 2011
Varyap Meridian Tower A[14] Istanbul Turkey 193 633 54 2013[7]
Mirax-Plaza Tower A[15] Moscow Russia 193 633 47 2013
Złota 44 Warsaw Poland 192 630 54 2012
Vysotsky 3[16] Yekaterinburg Russia 192 630 50 2011
Rondo 1[17] Warsaw Poland 192 630 40 2006
Continental[18] Moscow Russia 191 627 48 2011
HSB Turning Torso Malmö Sweden 190 620 57 2005
Flame Tower 1 Baku Azerbaijan 190 620 33 2012
Gran Hotel Bali Benidorm Spain 187 614 52 2002
Tour Total ParisB France 187 614 48 1985
Trianon Frankfurt Germany 186 610 45 1993
Tour T1 ParisB France 185 607 36 2008
Tour Areva ParisB France 184 604 44 1974
Tower 42 London United Kingdom 183 600 47 1980
Tour Granite ParisB France 183 600 36 2008
Isbank Tower 1 Istanbul Turkey 181 594 52 2000
Varyap Meridian Tower C[19] Istanbul Turkey 180 591 45 2013[7]
30 St Mary Axe London United Kingdom 179.8 590 41 2003
Tour Gan ParisB France 179 587 44 1974
Sparrow Hills Tower II[20] Moscow Russia 178 584 48 2004
Edelweiss Moscow Russia 176 577 43 2003
Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Moscow Russia 176 577 32 1952
Aliye Parusa 2[21] Moscow Russia 175.6 576 48 2003
Avaz Twist Tower Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina 172 564 42 2009
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Moscow Russia 172 564 27 1953
Nordstar Tower[22] Moscow Russia 172 563 42 2009
Şişli Plaza Istanbul Turkey 170 558 46 2007
Opernturm Frankfurt Germany 170 558 42 2009
Beetham Tower Manchester United Kingdom 169 554 50 2006
Tekstilkent Plaza 1 Istanbul Turkey 168 551 44 2000
Mirax-Plaza Tower B[23] Moscow Russia 168 551 41 2013
Tekstilkent Plaza 2 Istanbul Turkey 168 551 44 2000
Tour Alicante ParisC France 167 548 37 1995
Tour Chassagne ParisC France 167 548 37 1995
Swissôtel Krasnye Holmy Moscow[24] Moscow Russia 166.5 546 34 2005
Silberturm Frankfurt Germany 166 545 32 1978
Maastoren Rotterdam Netherlands 165 541 35 2009
Tour du Crédit Lyonnais Lyon France 165 541 42 1977
Tour EDF ParisD France 165 541 41 2001
Iberdrola Tower Bilbao Spain 165 541 40 2011
Broadgate Tower London United Kingdom 164.3 539 35 2009
Selenium Twins 1 [25] Istanbul Turkey 164 541 34 2008
Selenium Twins 2 [25] Istanbul Turkey 164 541 34 2008
Varyap Meridian Tower E[26] Istanbul Turkey 164 538 41 2012
InterContinental Warsaw Warsaw Poland 163.5 536 45 2003
Post Tower[27] Bonn Germany 163 535 42 2002
Well House na Leninskom[28] Moscow Russia 162 531 46 2009[29]
Palazzo Lombardia[30] Milan Italy 161.3 529 39 2010
Cœur Défense ParisB France 161 528 40 2001
Sparrow Hills Tower I[31] Moscow Russia 161 528 43 2004
Sparrow Hills Tower III[32] Moscow Russia 161 528 43 2004
Kudrinskaya Square[33] Moscow Russia 160 520 22 1954
Sky Tower 1[34] Istanbul Turkey 160 520 42 2010
Flame Tower 2 Baku Azerbaijan 160 520 30 2012
Tour Assur (AXA) ParisB France 159 522 39 1974
Westend Gate Frankfurt Germany 159 522 47 1976
Akbank Tower Istanbul Turkey 158 518 39 1993
Torre Lugano[35] Benidorm Spain 158 518 43 2008
New Orleans[36] Rotterdam Netherlands 158 518 45 2010
Torre Picasso Madrid Spain 157 515 43 1988
Parus Business Centre Kiev Ukraine 156 512 34 2007
One Churchill Place London United Kingdom 156 512 32 2004
Tour Adria ParisB France 155 509 40 2002
Tour Egée ParisB France 155 509 40 1999
Deutsche Bank Tower I Frankfurt Germany 155 509 40 1984
Deutsche Bank Tower II Frankfurt Germany 155 509 38 1984
Trump Towers Istanbul[37] Istanbul Turkey 155 508 39 2010
Hotel Arts Barcelona Barcelona Spain 154 505 44 1992
Torre Mapfre Barcelona Spain 154 505 40 1992
Skyper Frankfurt Germany 154 505 38 2004
Uprise Elite[37] Istanbul Turkey 154 505 42 2010
Süzer Plaza Ritz-Carlton[37] Istanbul Turkey 154 504 34 1998
25 Bank Street London United Kingdom 153 502 33 2003
40 Bank Street London United Kingdom 153 502 33 2003
Polat Tower Residence[38] Istanbul Turkey 153 500 40 2001
Tour Ariane ParisD France 152 499 36 1975
Gebouw Delftse Poort 1[39] Rotterdam Netherlands 151 497 41 1992
PRISMA[40][41] Yekaterinburg Russia 151 495 37 2009
Gazprom[42] Moscow Russia 151 495 35 1994
10 Upper Bank Street London United Kingdom 151 495 32 2003
Hochhaus Neue Donau[43] Vienna Austria 150 492 34 2001
Tour du Midi Brussels Belgium 150 492 38 1967
Rembrandt Tower[44] Amsterdam Netherlands 150 492 36 1995
Millennium Tower Rotterdam Netherlands 149 489 35 2000
Europa Tower Vilnius Lithuania 149 489 33 2004
KölnTurm[45] Cologne Germany 148 486 43 2001
Eurotower Frankfurt Germany 148 486 39 1977
Strata SE1 London United Kingdom 148 486 43 2010
Pan Peninsula London United Kingdom 147.4 484 48 2008
Sun Plaza[46] Istanbul Turkey 147 482 38 2005
Colonia-Hochhaus Cologne Germany 147 482 42 1972
Tour CMA-CGM[47] Marseille France 147 482 33 2009
House in Sokolniki[48] Moscow Russia 146.9 482 43 2008
Ministry of Security and Justice[49] The Hague Netherlands 146 479 37 2012
Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations The Hague Netherlands 146 479 37 2012
Hochaus Uptown München[50] Munich Germany 146 479 38 2004
Finance Tower[51] Brussels Belgium 145 476 36 1984
Dexia Tower[52] Brussels Belgium 145 476 38 2006
Jen-Tower Jena Germany 145 476 30 1973
Neguri Gane[53] Benidorm Spain 145 476 40 2002
Trump Towers Istanbul[54] Istanbul Turkey 145 475 37 2010
Torre Agbar Barcelona Spain 144.4 474 33 2004
Tour Bretagne Nantes France 144 472 32 1976
Warsaw Financial Center[55] Warsaw Poland 144 472 35 1998
Torre Pontina[56] Latina Italy 143 469 37 2010
Metrocity Tower 2 Istanbul Turkey 143 469 35 2000
Metrocity Tower 3 Istanbul Turkey 143 469 35 2000
TAT Tower 1[54] Istanbul Turkey 143 469 34 2000
TAT Tower 2[54] Istanbul Turkey 143 469 34 2000
Metrocity Tower 1 Istanbul Turkey 143 469 31 2000
Tour Pleyel ParisE France 143 469 37 1972
Guy's Tower London United Kingdom 142.6 468 34 1974
Tour CBX ParisB France 142 466 36 2005
City-Haus[57] Frankfurt Germany 142 466 42 1974
Frankfurter Büro Center[58] Frankfurt Germany 142 466 40 1980
City-Hochhaus Leipzig[59] Leipzig Germany 142 466 36 1971
Hoftoren The Hague Netherlands 142 466 30 2003
Westpoint Tower Tilburg Netherlands 142 466 48 2004
Torre de Madrid Madrid Spain 142 466 37 1957
Sea Towers Gdynia Poland 141.6 464 36 2009
Gulliver Kiev Ukraine 141 463 35 2012
Ušće Tower Belgrade Serbia 141 463 25 1961
Montevideo Rotterdam Netherlands 140 459 43 2005
Centrum LIM[60] Warsaw Poland 140 459 43 1989
Oxford Tower, Warsaw Warsaw Poland 140 459 40 1978
West Tower Liverpool United Kingdom 140 459 40 2007
IZD Tower[61] Vienna Austria 140 459 37 2001
Izmailovsky 1[62] Moscow Russia 140 459 37 2008
Izmailovsky 2[62] Moscow Russia 140 459 37 2008
Sabanci Center 2 Istanbul Turkey 140 459 34 1993
Sisli Elit Residence[63] Istanbul Turkey 140 459 35 2000
22 Marsh Wall East Tower London United Kingdom 140 459 40 2010
Edificio Kronos[64] Benidorm Spain 140 459 41 2008
Flame Tower 3 Baku Azerbaijan 140 460 28 2012
Avenue 77 block 1[65][66] Moscow Russia 148.5 - 45 2008
Avenue 77 block 2[65][66] Moscow Russia 148.5 - 45 2008
Avenue 77 block 3[65][66] Moscow Russia 148.5 - 45 2008
many lower buildings

Timeline of tallest buildings

Name City Years as tallest Metres Feet Floors
Mercury City Tower Russia Moscow 2012-Present 339 1,112 75
The Shard United Kingdom London 2012 310 1,016 87
City of Capitals: Moscow Russia Moscow 2009–2012 302 989 77
Naberezhnaya Tower C Russia Moscow 2007–2009 268 881 59
Triumph-Palace Russia Moscow 2005–2007 264 867 57
Commerzbank Tower Germany Frankfurt 1997–2005 259 849 56
Messeturm Germany Frankfurt 1990–1997 257 843 55
Moscow State University Russia Moscow 1953–1990 240 787 36
Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Russia Moscow 1952–1953 176 577 32
Terrazza Martini Tower Italy Genoa 1940–1952 108 354 31
Boerentoren Belgium Antwerp 1932–1940 96 315 26
Royal Liver Building United Kingdom Liverpool 1911–1932 90 300 13
Witte Huis Netherlands Rotterdam 1898–1911 43 141 10

Projects under construction

This lists buildings that are under construction in Europe and are planned to rise at least 140 metres (459 ft).

Name City Metres Feet Floors Finalised
Lakhta Center[67] Russia St. Petersburg 462[68] 1,517 86 2016-2018
Oko Tower[69] Russia Moscow 336 1,101 91 2015
The Pinnacle United Kingdom London 288 945 63 On hold
Diamond of Istanbul Turkey Istanbul 270 886 53 On hold
ATO Binası Turkey Ankara 270 881 70 2016
Riverside South - south tower United Kingdom London 237 776 45 2016+-->
122 Leadenhall Street United Kingdom London 225 738 48 2014
DC Towers 1[70] Austria Vienna 220 721 60 2013
Warsaw Spire Poland Warsaw 220 721 50 2014
CityLife - Il Dritto[71] Italy Milan 220 720 51 2014
Piedmont Region Headquarters Italy Turin 205 685 42 2014
Çiftçiler Zincirlikuyu 1[72] Turkey Istanbul 204 669 46 2014
Çiftçiler Zincirlikuyu 2[72] Turkey Istanbul 204 669 46 2014
Sky Towers Ukraine Kiev 210 689 47 2012
Spine Tower [73] Turkey Istanbul 202 663 56 2013
Residencial In Tempo[74] Spain Benidorm 200 656 52 2012
Tour Incity France Lyon 200 660 39 2013
SOCAR Tower[75] Azerbaijan Baku 200 656 40 2013
Özdilek Plaza 1 [76] Turkey Istanbul 195 640 38 2012
Mirax-Plaza Ukraine Kiev 192 630 46 2012
CityLife - Lo Storto[77] Italy Milan 190 623 44 2014
European Central Bank Headquarters Germany Frankfurt 185 607 45 2014
Ronesans Tower [78] Turkey Istanbul 185 607 36 2013
St George's Wharf Tower United Kingdom London 181 594 49 2014
My Towerland Tower A [79] Turkey Istanbul 181 594 52 2013
Cajasol Tower Spain Seville 180 584 40 2012
Roche Building 1[80] Switzerland Basel 175 574 41 2015
Ak-Asya Shopping Center and Tower1 Turkey Istanbul 172.6 566 40 2013
Ak-Asya Shopping Center and Tower2 Turkey Istanbul 172.6 566 40 2013
Taunusturm[81] Germany Frankfurt 170 558 40 2013
CityLife - Il Curvo[82] Italy Milan 170 558 36 2015
Özdilek Plaza 2 [76] Turkey Istanbul 170 558 37 2013
Tour Odeon Monaco Monaco 170 558 49 2012
MCTT Russia Moscow 167 548 42 2015
Torre Intesa SanPaolo[citation needed] Italy Turin 167 548 44 2011
Tour Carpe Diem France Paris 166 545 32 2012
Sky Towers Ukraine Kiev 165 541 46 2012
20 Fenchurch Street United Kingdom London 160 525 39 2014
Cosmopolitan Twarda 2/4 Poland Warsaw 160 525 42 2012
Soyak Tower Turkey Istanbul 160 525 35 2012
Tour D2 France Paris 160 525 37 2013
Dâmbovița Center Romania Bucharest 155 509 34 On hold
Bastion Russia Moscow 153 502 40 2009
Torre Solaria[83] Italy Milan 150 492 38 2013
Istanbloom [84] Turkey Istanbul 150 492 46 2012
Varesine Tower A[85] Italy Milan 150 492 35 2013
Hines Hochhaus [86] Germany Berlin 150 492 46 2016
De Rotterdam [87] Netherlands Rotterdam 149 489 43 2013
Dumankaya İkon 1 [87] Turkey Istanbul 149 489 41 2012
Dumankaya İkon 2 [87] Turkey Istanbul 149 489 41 2012
Dumankaya İkon 3 [87] Turkey Istanbul 149 489 40 2012
Torre La Sagrera [87] Spain Barcelona 148 48 34 2014
IFC Bomonti Hotel [88] Turkey Istanbul 143 470 48 2014
Light House Denmark Århus 142 466 43 2012
Varesine Tower B[85] Italy Milan 140 459 35 2013
Torre Parco degli Erzelli[89] Italy Genoa 140 459 40 2014
Grozny-City[citation needed] Russia Grozny 140 459 40 2012

Tallest European skyscrapers by pinnacle height

The Shard

Some skyscraper enthusiasts prefer this measurement, claiming that the extensions that can or cannot be deemed "architectural" are subjective. However, many non-architectural extensions (such as radio antennas) are easily added and removed from tall buildings without significantly changing the style and design of the building, which is seen as a significant part of the value of these buildings. The list includes all skyscrapers at least 200 metres (656 ft) tall, but it is subject to change because of simplicity of mast changes.

Name City Metres Feet Floors Completed
Mercury City Tower[90] Russia Moscow 339 1,112 75 2012
The Shard United Kingdom London 310 1,017 87 2012
City of Capitals:[3] Russia Moscow 302 989 76 2009[29]
Commerzbank Tower Germany Frankfurt 300 985 56 1997
Naberezhnaya Tower C Russia Moscow 268 881 59 2007
Triumph-Palace Russia Moscow 264 868 57 2005
Sapphire of Istanbul Turkey Istanbul 261 856 54 2010
City of Capitals: Saint Petersburg[3] Russia Moscow 257 843 65 2009[29]
Messeturm Germany Frankfurt 257 843 55 1990
Torre Caja Madrid Spain Madrid 250 820 45 2008
Torre de Cristal Spain Madrid 249 817 45 2007
Federation West Tower Russia Moscow 242 795 62 2007
Main Tower Germany Frankfurt 240 787 55 1999
Moscow State University Russia Moscow 240 787 36 1953
Imperia Tower Russia Moscow 239 784 60 2011 [91]
Torre Sacyr Vallehermoso Spain Madrid 236 774 52 2007
Torre Espacio Spain Madrid 236 774 57 2007
One Canada Square United Kingdom London 235 771 50 1991
Tour First France Paris 231 758 56 2010
Palace of Culture and Science Poland Warsaw 230.7 757 43 1955
Heron Tower United Kingdom London 230 755 47 2010
House on Mosfilmovskaya 2[8] Russia Moscow 213.3 700 54 2012
Anthill Residence 1 Turkey Istanbul 210 689 54 2011
Anthill Residence 2 Turkey Istanbul 210 689 54 2011
Gran Hotel Bali Spain Benidorm 210 689 52 2002
Tour Montparnasse France Paris 210 689 59 1972
Westend Tower Germany Frankfurt 208 682 53 1993
Warsaw Trade Tower Poland Warsaw 208 682 43 1999
Millennium Tower Austria Vienna 202 663 51 1999
25 Canada Square United Kingdom London 200 656 45 2001
8 Canada Square United Kingdom London 200 656 45 2002
many lower buildings

Notes

  • ^A To the architectural tip
  • ^B Specifically located in Courbevoie, in the inner suburbs of Paris
  • ^C Specifically located in Nanterre, in the inner suburbs of Paris
  • ^D Specifically located in Puteaux, in the inner suburbs of Paris
  • ^E Specifically located in Saint-Denis, in the inner suburbs of Paris

See also

References

  1. ^ "Shard London Bridge". SkyscraperNews.com. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  2. ^ "Eurasia Tower". Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d "City of Capitals". Skyscrapercity.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  4. ^ CTBUH. "CTBUH City of Capitals profile". 55.74794 37.53901: Buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ^ Triumph-Palace official site[dead link]
  6. ^ CTBUH. "CTBUH City of Capitals profile". 55.74740 37.53852: Buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  7. ^ a b c topped out in 2012
  8. ^ a b Official site[dead link]
  9. ^ Topped out in 2009, but still under construction
  10. ^ "Sky Tower 1, Wrocław". PL /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  11. ^ http://www.emporis.com/building/tricolor-1-moscow-russia
  12. ^ CTBUH: Anthill Residence 1
  13. ^ CTBUH: Anthill Residence 2
  14. ^ CTBUH: Varyap Meridian A Block
  15. ^ http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/moscow/mirax-plaza-1/1893/
  16. ^ CTBUH. "CTBUH: Antey-III". 56.83613 60.61449: Buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  17. ^ "Rondo 1-B, Warsaw". Warsaw /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  18. ^ CTBUH: Continental
  19. ^ CTBUH: Varyap Meridian C Block
  20. ^ CTBUH: Vorobiovy Gory Tower II
  21. ^ "Aliye Parusa 2". Moscow /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  22. ^ CTBUH: Nordstar Tower
  23. ^ http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/moscow/mirax-plaza-2/2907/
  24. ^ "Swissotel Krasnye Holmy at SkyscraperPage". Skyscraperpage.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  25. ^ a b "Selenium Twins". Ascioglu.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  26. ^ CTBUH: Varyap Meridian E Block
  27. ^ "Post Tower, Bonn". Bonn /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  28. ^ Wellhouse at Leninsky Official site
  29. ^ a b c topped out in 2008
  30. ^ CTBUH. "Palazzo Lombardia at CTBUH". 45.48668 9.19650: Buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  31. ^ CTBUH: Vorobiovy Gory Tower I
  32. ^ CTBUH: Vorobiovy Gory Tower III
  33. ^ "Kudrinskaya Square". Moscow /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  34. ^ Official site
  35. ^ "Torre Lugano". Benidorm /: Emporis.com. 2006-09-13. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  36. ^ "New Orleans, Rotterdam". Rotterdam /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  37. ^ a b c "Süzer Plaza Ritz-Carlton, Istanbul on". Istanbul /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  38. ^ "Polat Tower Residence, Istanbul on". Istanbul /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  39. ^ "Gebouw Delftse Poort 1". Rotterdam /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  40. ^ PRISMA, Gefest metal factory
  41. ^ Prisma, Yekaterinburg at emporis.com
  42. ^ "Gazprom building". Moscow /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  43. ^ "Hochhaus Neue Donau". Vienna /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  44. ^ "Rembrandt Towerat". Amsterdam /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  45. ^ "Köln Turm". Cologne /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  46. ^ "Sun Plaza, Istanbul on". Istanbul /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  47. ^ "Tour CMA-CGM, Marseille". Marseille /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  48. ^ Official site[dead link]
  49. ^ "Bouw ministeries bereikt hoogste punt - Nieuws - InOverheid.nl - Alles over werken bij de overheid". InOverheid.nl. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  50. ^ "Hochhaus Uptown München". Munich /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  51. ^ "Tour Finances / Financietoren". Brussels /: Emporis.com. 2005-01-01. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  52. ^ "Dexia Tower". Brussels /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  53. ^ "Neguri Gane". Benidorm /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  54. ^ a b c "TAT Towers, Istanbul on". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  55. ^ "Warsaw Financial Center, Warsaw". Warsaw /: Emporis.com. 1998-10-13. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  56. ^ Skymino. "Torre Pontina — Urbanfile Italia". Urbanfile.it. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  57. ^ "City-Haus, Frankfurt". DE /: Emporis.com. 1973-08-22. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  58. ^ "Frankfurter Büro Center, Frakfurt". DE /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  59. ^ "Panorama Tower". Leipzig /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  60. ^ "Centrum LIM, Warsaw". Warsaw /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  61. ^ "IZD Tower SkyscraperPage entry". Skyscraperpage.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  62. ^ a b Official site[dead link]
  63. ^ "Sisli Elit Residence, Istanbul". Istanbul /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  64. ^ "Edificio Kronos". Benidorm /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  65. ^ a b c Avenue 77, Moscow at emporis.com
  66. ^ a b c "Moscow". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  67. ^ CTBUH: Lakhta Center
  68. ^ http://www.gazeta.ru/interview/nm/s3685321.shtml
  69. ^ CTBUH: Oko Tower 1
  70. ^ "DC Towers Facts and Figures". DC Towers. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
  71. ^ "Milano – CityLife — Urbanfile Italia". Urbanfile.it. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  72. ^ a b 04:15 AM. "Çiftçi Towers | 46fl x 2 | 204m | U/C - Page 12". SkyscraperCity. Retrieved 2012-07-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  73. ^ 08.07.2012 05:15. "Maslak Spine Tower'da metrekaresi 12 bin dolara!". Emlakkulisi.Com. Retrieved 2012-07-08. {{cite web}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  74. ^ "Residencial In Tempo, Benidorm". Benidorm /: Emporis.com. 2004-03-11. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  75. ^ "Tekfen Construction web page". Tekfeninsaat.com.tr. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  76. ^ a b "Özdilek Plaza | LEVENT | 38fl | 170m | 37fl | 170m | U/C". SkyscraperCity. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  77. ^ "CityLife". City-life.it. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  78. ^ "Rönesans Kulesi'nde Doğu'nun Ruhu". Milliyetemlak.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  79. ^ "AÄ&#x;aoÄ&#x;lu Andromeda Plus Projesi Lansman Ă–ncesi SatÄąĹ&#x;ta". Emlakjet.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  80. ^ "presents Building 1, its new main office building in Basel". Roche. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  81. ^ "Tishman Speyer". Tishman Speyer. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  82. ^ "CityLife – Torre il Curvo – Torre Daniel Libeskind — Urbanfile Italia". Urbanfile.it. 2010-10-31. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  83. ^ "Milano – Solaria e Solea Porta Nuova — Urbanfile Italia". Urbanfile.it. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  84. ^ "İstanbloom". İstanbloom. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  85. ^ a b "Milano – Torre Varesine B Diamantone – Porta Nuova — Urbanfile Italia". Urbanfile.it. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  86. ^ http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/berlins-mitte-erster-wolkenkratzer-am-alex-wird-ein-wohnturm/4602296.html
  87. ^ a b c d e "De Rotterdam". Rotterdam /: Emporis. Retrieved 2013-02-14. Cite error: The named reference "emporis1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  88. ^ "IC İçtaş İnşaat". Ictas.com.tr. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  89. ^ Genius_Loci. "Parco Tecnologico e Scientifico degli Erzelli — Urbanfile Italia". Urbanfile.it. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  90. ^ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-10-31/moscow-mercury-city-tops-shard-as-europe-s-tallest-tower.html
  91. ^ "Imperia Tower". Skyscraperpage.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.