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OpenStack

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OpenStack
Stable release
Icehouse (2014.1)[1] / 17 April 2014; 10 years ago (2014-04-17)
Repository
Written inPython
Operating systemCross-platform
TypeCloud computing
LicenseApache License 2.0
Websiteopenstack.org

OpenStack is a free and open-source software cloud computing platform.[2] It is primarily deployed as an infrastructure as a service (IaaS) solution. The technology consists of a series of interrelated projects that control pools of processing, storage, and networking resources throughout a data center, able to be managed or provisioned through a web-based dashboard, command-line tools, or a RESTful API. It is released under the terms of the Apache License.

OpenStack began in 2010 as a joint project of Rackspace Hosting and NASA, and is currently managed by the OpenStack Foundation, a non-profit corporate entity established in September 2012[3] to promote OpenStack software and its community.[4] More than 200 companies have joined the project, including Arista Networks, AT&T, AMD, Canonical, Cisco, Dell, EMC, Ericsson, Go Daddy, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intel, Mellanox, NEC, NetApp, Nexenta, Oracle, Red Hat, SUSE Linux, VMware and Yahoo!.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

The OpenStack community collaborates around a six-month, time-based release cycle with frequent development milestones.[11] During the planning phase of each release, the community gathers for the OpenStack Design Summit to facilitate developer working-sessions and to assemble plans.[12]

The most recent OpenStack Summit, in May 2014 in Atlanta, drew 4,500 attendees, a 50% increase from the Hong Kong Summit six months earlier.[13][14]

History

NASA's Nebula platform

In July 2010 Rackspace Hosting and NASA jointly launched an open-source cloud-software initiative known as OpenStack. The OpenStack project intended to help organizations offer cloud-computing services running on standard hardware. The community's first official release, code-named Austin, appeared four months later, with plans to release regular updates of the software every few months. The early code came from NASA's Nebula platform as well as from Rackspace's Cloud Files platform.

In 2011, developers of the Ubuntu Linux distribution adopted OpenStack[15] with an unsupported technology preview of the OpenStack "Bexar" release for Ubuntu 11.04 "Natty Narwhal".[16] Ubuntu's sponsor Canonical then introduced full support for OpenStack clouds, starting with OpenStack's Cactus release.

OpenStack became available in Debian Sid from the Openstack "Cactus" release in 2011, and the first release of Debian including OpenStack was Debian 7.0 (code name "Wheezy"), including OpenStack 2012.1 (code name: "Essex").[17][18]

In 2012, Red Hat announced a preview of their OpenStack distribution,[19] beginning with the "Essex" release. After another preview release, Red Hat introduced commercial support for OpenStack with the "Grizzly" release, in July 2013.[20]

In July 2013 NASA released an internal audit citing lack of technical progress and other factors as the agency's primary purpose from dropping out as an active developer of the project and instead focus on the use of public clouds.[21]

Components

Cisco Cloud Computing CTO, Cloud Computing on OpenStack and network-as-a-Service

OpenStack has a modular architecture with various code names for its components.[22]

Compute (Nova)

OpenStack Compute (Nova) is a cloud computing fabric controller, which is the main part of an IaaS system. It is designed to manage and automate pools of computer resources and can work with widely available virtualization technologies, as well as bare metal and high-performance computing (HPC) configurations. KVM and XenServer are available choices for hypervisor technology, together with Hyper-V and Linux container technology such as LXC.[23][24]

It is written in Python and uses many external libraries such as Eventlet (for concurrent programming), Kombu (for AMQP communication), and SQLAlchemy (for database access).[25] Compute's architecture is designed to scale horizontally on standard hardware with no proprietary hardware or software requirements and provide the ability to integrate with legacy systems and third-party technologies.

Object Storage (Swift)

OpenStack Object Storage (Swift) is a scalable redundant storage system. Objects and files are written to multiple disk drives spread throughout servers in the data center, with the OpenStack software responsible for ensuring data replication and integrity across the cluster. Storage clusters scale horizontally simply by adding new servers. Should a server or hard drive fail, OpenStack replicates its content from other active nodes to new locations in the cluster. Because OpenStack uses software logic to ensure data replication and distribution across different devices, inexpensive commodity hard drives and servers can be used.

In August 2009, Rackspace started the development of the precursor to OpenStack Object Storage, as a complete replacement for the Cloud Files product. The initial development team consisted of nine developers.[26] SwiftStack, an object storage software company, is currently the leading developer for Swift.

Block Storage (Cinder)

OpenStack Block Storage (Cinder) provides persistent block-level storage devices for use with OpenStack compute instances. The block storage system manages the creation, attaching and detaching of the block devices to servers. Block storage volumes are fully integrated into OpenStack Compute and the Dashboard allowing for cloud users to manage their own storage needs. In addition to local Linux server storage, it can use storage platforms including Ceph, CloudByte, Coraid, EMC (VMAX and VNX), GlusterFS, Hitachi Data Systems, IBM Storage (Storwize family, SAN Volume Controller, XIV Storage System, and GPFS), Linux LIO, NetApp, Nexenta, Scality, SolidFire, HP (StoreVirtual and 3PAR StoreServ families) and Pure Storage. Block storage is appropriate for performance sensitive scenarios such as database storage, expandable file systems, or providing a server with access to raw block level storage. Snapshot management provides powerful functionality for backing up data stored on block storage volumes. Snapshots can be restored or used to create a new block storage volume.

Networking (Neutron)

OpenStack Networking (Neutron, formerly Quantum[27]) is a system for managing networks and IP addresses. OpenStack Networking ensures the network will not be the bottleneck or limiting factor in a cloud deployment and gives users real self-service, even over their network configurations.

OpenStack Networking provides networking models for different applications or user groups. Standard models include flat networks or VLANs for separation of servers and traffic. OpenStack Networking manages IP addresses, allowing for dedicated static IP addresses or DHCP. Floating IP addresses allow traffic to be dynamically rerouted to any of your compute resources, which allows you to redirect traffic during maintenance or in the case of failure. Users can create their own networks, control traffic and connect servers and devices to one or more networks. Administrators can take advantage of software-defined networking (SDN) technology like OpenFlow to allow for high levels of multi-tenancy and massive scale. OpenStack Networking has an extension framework allowing additional network services, such as intrusion detection systems (IDS), load balancing, firewalls and virtual private networks (VPN) to be deployed and managed.

Dashboard (Horizon)

OpenStack Dashboard (Horizon) provides administrators and users a graphical interface to access, provision and automate cloud-based resources. The design allows for third party products and services, such as billing, monitoring and additional management tools. The dashboard is also brandable for service providers and other commercial vendors who want to make use of it.

The dashboard is just one way to interact with OpenStack resources. Developers can automate access or build tools to manage their resources using the native OpenStack API or the EC2 compatibility API.

Identity Service (Keystone)

OpenStack Identity (Keystone) provides a central directory of users mapped to the OpenStack services they can access. It acts as a common authentication system across the cloud operating system and can integrate with existing backend directory services like LDAP. It supports multiple forms of authentication including standard username and password credentials, token-based systems and AWS-style (i.e. Amazon Web Services) logins. Additionally, the catalog provides a queryable list of all of the services deployed in an OpenStack cloud in a single registry. Users and third-party tools can programmatically determine which resources they can access.

Image Service (Glance)

OpenStack Image Service (Glance) provides discovery, registration and delivery services for disk and server images. Stored images can be used as a template. It can also be used to store and catalog an unlimited number of backups. The Image Service can store disk and server images in a variety of back-ends, including OpenStack Object Storage. The Image Service API provides a standard REST interface for querying information about disk images and lets clients stream the images to new servers.

Telemetry (Ceilometer)

OpenStack Telemetry Service (Ceilometer) provides a Single Point Of Contact for billing systems, providing all the counters they need to establish customer billing, across all current and future OpenStack components. The delivery of counters is traceable and auditable, the counters must be easily extensible to support new projects, and agents doing data collections should be independent of the overall system.

Orchestration (Heat)

Heat is a service to orchestrate multiple composite cloud applications using templates, through both an OpenStack-native ReST API and a CloudFormation-compatible Query API.[28]

Database (Trove)

Trove is a database-as-a-service provisioning relational and non-relational database engines.[29]

Amazon Web Services compatibility

OpenStack APIs are compatible with Amazon EC2 and Amazon S3 and thus client applications written for Amazon Web Services can be used with OpenStack with minimal porting effort.[30][31]

Governance

OpenStack is governed by a non-profit foundation and its board of directors, a technical committee and a user committee. The board of directors is made up of eight members from each of the eight platinum sponsors, eight members from the 24 defined maximum allowed Gold sponsors, and eight members elected by the Foundation individual members.[32]

The current sitting board of directors is:[33]

The Foundation's stated mission is [by] providing shared resources to help achieve the OpenStack Mission by Protecting, Empowering, and Promoting OpenStack software and the community around it, including users, developers and the entire ecosystem. Though, it has little to do with the development of the software, which is managed by the technical committee - an elected group that represents the contributors to the project, and has oversight on all technical matters.[36]

Users

OpenStack has a wide variety of users, from a number of different sectors.[37] Notable users include:

Distributions

Release history

Release name Release date Included Component code names [22] Notes
Austin 21 October 2010[53][54] Nova, Swift Austin Release Notes
Bexar 3 February 2011[55] Nova, Glance, Swift Bexar Release Notes
Cactus 15 April 2011[56] Nova, Glance, Swift Cactus Release Notes
Diablo 22 September 2011[57] Nova, Glance, Swift Diablo Release Notes
Essex 5 April 2012[58] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone Essex Release Notes
Folsom 27 September 2012[59] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Quantum, Cinder Folsom Release Notes
Grizzly 4 April 2013[60] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Quantum, Cinder Grizzly Release Notes
Havana 17 October 2013[61] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer Havana Release Notes
Icehouse 17 April 2014[62] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove Icehouse Release Notes

See also

References

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  14. ^ "OpenStack Design Summit Fall 2013".
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  39. ^ Marketplace Business: Telecom opens new cloud marketplace (german)
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