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Philae (spacecraft)

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Philae
Illustration of Philae approaching the comet
Mission typeComet lander
OperatorEuropean Space Agency
COSPAR ID2004-006C Edit this at Wikidata
Websitewww.esa.int/rosetta
Mission duration1–6 weeks (planned) 2 days, 7 hours, 4 minutes
Spacecraft properties
Launch mass100 kg (220 lb)[1]
Payload mass21 kg (46 lb)[1]
Dimensions1 × 1 × 0.8 m (3.3 × 3.3 × 2.6 ft)[1]
Power32 watts at 3 AU[2]
Start of mission
Launch date2 March 2004, 07:17 (2004-03-02UTC07:17Z) UTC
RocketAriane 5G+ V-158
Launch siteKourou ELA-3
ContractorArianespace
End of mission
Last contact15 November 2014, 00:36 (2014-11-15UTC00:36Z) UTC
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko lander
Landing date12 November 2014, 17:32 (2014-11-12UTC17:32Z) UTC[3]
Landing siteUndetermined
Instruments
APX Alpha: Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer
CIVA: Comet nucleus Infrared and Visible Analyser
CONSERT COmet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission
COSAC: COmetary SAmpling and Composition
MUPUS: Multi-Purpose Sensors for Surface and Subsurface Science
PTOLEMY: gas chromatograph and medium resolution mass spectrometer
ROLIS: ROsetta Lander Imaging System
ROMAP: ROsetta lander MAgnetometer and Plasma monitor
SD2: Sample and Distribution Device
SESAME: Surface Electric Sounding and Acoustic Monitoring Experiment

Philae (/ˈfaɪli/[4] or /ˈfiːleɪ/[5]) is a robotic European Space Agency lander that accompanied the Rosetta spacecraft[6] until its designated landing on Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P), more than ten years after departing Earth.[7][8][9] On 12 November 2014, the lander achieved the first-ever controlled touchdown on a comet nucleus.[10][11] Its instruments obtained the first images from a comet's surface.[12] Philae is tracked and operated from the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) at Darmstadt, Germany.[13] Several of the instruments onboard Philae made the first in situ analysis of a comet sending back data that will be analysed to determine the composition of the surface.[14]

The lander is named after the Philae obelisk bearing a bilingual inscription used along with the Rosetta Stone to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics.

Mission

Video report by the German Aerospace Centre about Philae's landing mission. (10 min, English, in 1080p HD)

Philae's mission was to land successfully on the surface of a comet, attach itself, and transmit data from the surface about the comet's composition. An Ariane 5G+ rocket carrying the Rosetta spacecraft and Philae lander launched from French Guiana on 2 March 2004, 07:17 UTC, and travelled for 3,907 days (10.7 years) to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Unlike the Deep Impact probe, which by design struck comet Tempel 1's nucleus on 4 July 2005, Philae is not an impactor. Some of the instruments on the lander were used for the first time as autonomous systems during the Mars flyby on 25 February 2009. CIVA, one of the camera systems, returned some images while the Rosetta instruments were powered down; ROMAP took measurements of the Martian magnetosphere. Most of the other instruments need contact with the surface for analysis and stayed offline during the flyby. An optimistic estimate of mission length following touchdown was "four to five months".[15]

Scientific goals

The scientific goals of the mission focus on "elemental, isotopic, molecular and mineralogical composition of the cometary material, the characterisation of physical properties of the surface and subsurface material, the large-scale structure and the magnetic and plasma environment of the nucleus."[16]

One of the first discoveries was that the magnetic field of the comet oscillates at 40 – 50 millihertz. Scientists have modified the signal by speeding it up 10,000X so that people can hear the signal. It has been characterized as a “song”, but is considered a natural phenomenon.[17]

Landing

Philae remained attached to the Rosetta spacecraft after rendezvousing with comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko until 12 November 2014. On 15 September 2014, ESA announced "Site J" on the smaller lobe of the comet as the lander's destination.[18] Following an ESA public contest in October, Site J was renamed Agilkia in honour of Agilkia Island.[19]

A series of four Go/NoGo checks were performed 11–12 November 2014. One of the final tests before detachment from Rosetta showed that the lander's cold-gas thruster was not working correctly, but the "Go" was given anyway, as it could not be repaired.[20][21] Philae detached from Rosetta on 12 November 2014 at 08:35 UTC, landing seven hours later at 15:35.[22][23] A confirmed landing signal was received at Earth communication stations—28 light-minutes away—at 16:03 UTC.[1][24]

Operations on surface

An analysis of telemetry indicated that the landing was softer than expected, that the harpoons had not deployed upon landing, and that the thruster had not fired.[25][26] The harpoon propulsion system contained 0.3 grams of nitrocellulose, which was shown by Copenhagen Suborbitals in 2013 to be unreliable in a vacuum.[27] Further analysis indicated that the lander had bounced twice and landed three times;[28][29] the first bounce (with a velocity of 0.38 m/s, compared to 1 m/s incoming[30]) lasted two hours and may have been 1 km (0.62 mi) high, the second (at 0.03 m/s) lasted seven minutes.[31][32] The initial bounce was the largest in history at 1 kilometre (0.62 mi), because of the very low gravity on the comet.[33] Philae sits askew on all three legs, leaning on a rock in partial darkness as much as a kilometre from the first landing spot at an unknown location.[34][35]

The limited sunlight (1.5 hours per 12-hour comet day) is inadequate to maintain Philae's activities, at least in this region of the comet's orbit; the initial battery charge cannot power the instruments for more than about 60 hours[36] without sufficient illumination of the solar panels.[30][34]

Final operations and communication loss

On the morning of 14 November 2014, the battery charge was estimated to be only enough for continuing operations for the remainder of the day. After first obtaining data from instruments whose operation did not require mechanical movement, comprising about 80% of the planned initial science observations, both the MUPUS soil penetrator and the SD2 drill were commanded to deploy. Subsequently, MUPUS data[37] as well as COSAC and Ptolemy data from the drill samples were returned. A final set of CONSERT data was also downlinked towards the end of operations. During the evening's transmission session, the lander was lifted 4 cm and rotated 35° in an attempt to position the solar panels more favorably for the future.[38] Shortly afterwards, electrical power dwindled rapidly and all instruments were forced to shut down. The downlink rate finally slowed to a trickle before coming to a stop.[39] Contact was lost at 00:36 UTC on 15 November.[40]

Regarding the communication loss, DLR's lander manager Stephan Ulamec stated:

Prior to falling silent, the lander was able to transmit all science data gathered during the First Science Sequence. [...] This machine performed magnificently under tough conditions, and we can be fully proud of the incredible scientific success Philae has delivered.[40]

While Philae appears to have lost all communication capability, it is possible that by around August 2015 the movement of the comet in its orbit will increase solar panel illumination enough for it to reawaken.[39]

Design

Rosetta and Philae

The lander was designed to deploy from the main spacecraft body and descend from an orbit of 22.5 kilometres (14 mi) along a ballistic trajectory.[41] It would touch down on the comet's surface at a velocity of around 1 metre per second (3.6 km/h; 2.2 mph).[42] The legs were designed to dampen the initial impact to avoid bouncing as the comet's escape velocity is only around 0.5 m/s (1.8 km/h; 1.1 mph),[43] and the impact energy would drive ice screws into the surface.[44] Philae would then fire a harpoon into the surface at 70 m/s (250 km/h; 160 mph) to anchor itself.[45][46] A thruster on top of Philae would fire to lessen the bounce upon impact and to reduce the recoil from harpoon firing.[20]

Communications with Earth will use the orbiter spacecraft as a relay station to reduce the electrical power needed. The mission duration on the surface is planned to be at least one week, but an extended mission lasting months is possible.

The main structure of the lander is made from carbon fiber, shaped into a plate maintaining mechanical stability, a platform for the science instruments, and a hexagonal "sandwich" to connect all the parts. The total mass is about 100 kilograms (220 lb). Its "hood" is covered with solar cells for power generation.[8]

It was originally planned to rendezvous with the comet 46P/Wirtanen. A failure in a previous Ariane 5 launch vehicle closed the launch window to reach the comet[citation needed]. It necessitated a change in target to the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The larger mass of comet 67P and the resulting increased impact velocity required that the landing gear of the redesigned lander be strengthened, in order for the spacecraft and its delicate scientific instruments to survive the landing.[citation needed]

Spacecraft component Mass[16]: 208 
Thermal control system 3.9 kg (8.6 lb)
Power system 12.2 kg (27 lb)
Active descent system 4.1 kg (9.0 lb)
Reaction wheel 2.9 kg (6.4 lb)
Landing gear 10 kg (22 lb)
Anchoring system 1.4 kg (3.1 lb)
Central data management system 2.9 kg (6.4 lb)
Telecommunications system 2.4 kg (5.3 lb)
Common electronics box 9.8 kg (22 lb)
Mechanical support system, harness, balancing mass 3.6 kg (7.9 lb)
Scientific payload 26.7 kg (59 lb)
Sum 97.9 kg (216 lb)

Power management

Philae power management has been planned for two phases. In the first phase, the lander will operate solely on battery power. In the second phase, "it will run on backup batteries recharged by solar cells".[15]

The power subsystem comprised two batteries: a non-rechargeable primary 1000 Watt-hour battery to provide power for the first 60 hours and a secondary 140 Watt-hour battery recharged from the solar panels and to be used after the primary is exhausted. The solar panels covered 2.2 square metres and were designed to deliver up to 32 Watts at a distance of 3 A.U. from the sun.[47]

Instruments

The science payload of the lander consists of ten instruments massing 26.7 kilograms (59 lb), making up just over one-fourth of the mass of the lander.[16]

Philae's instruments
APXS
The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer detects alpha particles and X-rays, which provide information on the elemental composition of the comet's surface.[48] The instrument is an improved version of the APXS of the Mars Pathfinder.
COSAC
The COmetary SAmpling and Composition instrument is a combined gas chromatograph and time-of-flight mass spectrometer to perform analysis of soil samples and determine the content of volatile components.[49][50]
Ptolemy
An instrument measuring stable isotope ratios of key volatiles on the comet's nucleus.[51][52]
CIVA
The Comet Nucleus Infrared and Visible Analyser,[53] (sometimes given as ÇIVA[54]) is a group of seven identical cameras used to take panoramic pictures of the surface plus a visible-light microscope and an infrared spectrometer. The panoramic cameras (CIVA-P) are arranged on the sides of the lander at 60° intervals: five mono imagers and the other two making up a stereo imager. Each camera has a 1024×1024 pixel CCD detector.[55] The microscope and spectrometer (CIVA-M) are mounted on the base of the lander, and are used to analyse the composition, texture and albedo (reflectivity) of samples collected from the surface.[56]
ROLIS
The Rosetta Lander Imaging System is a CCD camera that will obtain high-resolution images during descent and stereo panoramic images of areas sampled by other instruments.[57] The CCD detector consists of 1024×1024 pixels.[58]
CONSERT
The COmet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission experiment will use electromagnetic wave propagation to determine the comet's internal structure. A radar on Rosetta will transmit a signal through the nucleus to be received by a detector on Philae.[59][60]
MUPUS
The MUlti-PUrpose Sensors for Surface and Sub-Surface Science instrument will measure the density, thermal and mechanical properties of the comet's surface.[61]
ROMAP
The Rosetta Lander Magnetometer and Plasma Monitor is a magnetometer and plasma sensor to study the nucleus' magnetic field and its interactions with the solar wind.[62]
SESAME
The Surface Electric Sounding and Acoustic Monitoring Experiments will use three instruments to measure properties of the comet's outer layers. The Cometary Acoustic Sounding Surface Experiment (CASSE) measures the way in which sound travels through the surface. The Permittivity Probe (PP) investigates its electrical characteristics, and the Dust Impact Monitor (DIM) measures dust falling back to the surface.[63]
SD2
The Drill, Sample, and Distribution subsystem obtains soil samples from the comet at depths of 0 to 230 millimetres (0.0 to 9.1 in) and distributes them to the Ptolemy, COSAC, and CIVA subsystems for analyses.[64] The system contains four types of subsystems: drill, carousel, ovens, and volume checker.[65] There are a total of 26 platinum ovens to heat samples—10 medium temperature 180 °C (356 °F) and 16 high temperature 800 °C (1,470 °F)—and one oven to clear the drill bit for reuse.[66]

International contributions

Austria
The Austrian Space Research Institute developed the lander's anchor and two sensors within MUPUS, which are integrated into the anchor tips. They indicate the temperature variations and the shock acceleration.
Belgium
The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA) cooperated with different partners to build one of the sensors (DFMS) of the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) instrument.[67][68]
Canada
Two Canadian companies played a role in the mission. SED Systems located on the University of Saskatchewan campus in Saskatoon built three ground stations that were used to communicate with the Rosetta spacecraft.[69] ADGA-RHEA Group of Ottawa provided MOIS (Manufacturing and Operating Information Systems) software which supported the procedures and command sequences operations software.[70]
Finland
The Finnish Meteorological Institute provided the Memory of the Command, Data and Management System (CDMS) and the Permittivity Probe (PP).
France
The French Space Agency together with some scientific laboratories (IAS, SA, LPG, LISA) provided the system's overall engineering, radiocommunications, battery assembly, CONSERT, CIVA and the ground segment (overall engineering and development/operation of the Scientific Operation & Navigation Centre).
Germany
The German Space Agency (DLR) has provided the structure, thermal subsystem, flywheel, the Active Descent System (procured by DLR but made in Switzerland),[71] ROLIS, downward-looking camera, SESAME, acoustic sounding and seismic instrument for Philae. It has also managed the project and did the level product assurance. The University of Münster built MUPUS (it was designed and built in Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences [72]) and the Braunschweig University of Technology the ROMAP instrument. The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research made the payload engineering, eject mechanism, landing gear, anchoring harpoon, central computer, COSAC, APXS and other subsystems.
Hungary
The Command and Data Management Subsystem (CDMS) designed in the Wigner Research Centre for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The Power Subsystem (PSS) designed in the Department of Broadband Infocommunications and Electromagnetic Theory at Budapest University of Technology and Economics. CDMS is the fault tolerant central computer of the lander, while PSS assures that the power coming from the batteries and solar arrays are properly handled, controls battery charging and manages the onboard power distribution.
Italy
The Italian Space Agency (ASI) has provided the SD2 instrument and the Photo Voltaic Assembly.
Ireland
Space Technology Ireland Ltd. at Maynooth University has designed, constructed and tested the Electrical Support System Processor Unit (ESS) for the Rosetta mission. ESS stores, transmits and provides decoding for the command streams passing from the spacecraft to the lander and handles the data streams coming back from the scientific experiments on the lander to the spacecraft.
Netherlands
Moog Bradford (Heerle, The Netherlands) provided the Active Descent System (ADS) that is intended to provide the required impulse to ensure that Philae will descend towards the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. To accomplish the ADS, a strategic industrial team was formed with Bleuler-Baumer Mechanik in Switzerland.[71]
Poland
The Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences built the Multi-Purpose Sensors for Surface and Subsurface Science (MUPUS).[72]
Spain
The Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía and the Spanish National Research Council of Madrid have contributed to the mission of designing and manufacturing the ship's medium-gain antenna system, thermal control antennas and the Osiris camera,[73] while its centre in Tres Cantos (Madrid) has developed and manufactured the Star Tracker and the navigation camera control units. The GMV Spanish division has been responsible for the maintenance of the calculation tools to calculate the criteria of lighting and visibility necessary to decide the point of landing on the comet, as well as the possible trajectories of decline of the Philae module. SENER, a Spanish Aeronautics and Engineering Company, was responsible for the supply of two deployable masts, 15 shades of active thermal control and electronic control of all the Giada instrument unit, optical displays of attenuation of incident radiation on two navigation cameras and the two star trackers, and the driver of the filter wheel of cameras NAC and WAC of the Osiris instrument (the instrument onboard Rosetta ship to photographed the Comet), among other components. The Crisa group has provided the electronic unit from the star browser and navigation camera; a division of the Elecnor group Deimos Space, which has defined the path to reach the destination. Other important Spanish companies or educational institutions that have been contributed are as follows: INTA, Airbus Defence and Space Spanish division, other small companies also participated in subcontracted packages in structural mechanics and thermal control like AASpace (former Space Contact) [74], and the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.[73]
Switzerland
The Swiss Centre for Electronics and Microtechnology developed CIVA.[75]
United Kingdom
The Open University and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) have developed PTOLEMY. RAL has also constructed the blankets that keep the lander warm throughout its mission. Surrey Satellites Technology Ltd. (SSTL) constructed the reaction wheel for the lander. It stabilises the module during the descent and landing phases.[73] Manufacturer e2v supplied the CIVA and Rolis camera systems used to film the descent and take images of samples, as well as three other camera systems.[76]

On 12 November 2014, the search engine Google featured a Google Doodle of Philae on its home page.[77][78]

Vangelis composed the music for the trio of music videos released by ESA to celebrate the first ever attempted soft landing on a comet by ESA's Rosetta mission.[79][80][81]

  • Depiction of Philae's planned touchdown on the comet
    Depiction of Philae's planned touchdown on the comet
  • Depiction of Philae's foot screws (which failed to take hold)
    Depiction of Philae's foot screws (which failed to take hold)
  • Rosetta signal received at ESOC in Darmstadt, Germany (20 January 2014)
    Rosetta signal received at ESOC in Darmstadt, Germany (20 January 2014)
Philae's intended landing site Agilkia (Site J)

See also

References

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Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philae (spacecraft).
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