COVID-19 pandemic in Poland
| COVID-19 pandemic in Poland | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Map of voivodeships with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases
10000–99999 confirmed cases
1000–9999 confirmed cases
100–999 confirmed cases | |
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | Poland |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, China |
| Index case | Zielona Góra[2][3] |
| Arrival date | 4 March 2020[2][3] (4 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 6 days) |
| Confirmed cases | 29,788[4] |
| Recovered | 14,383[5](External links) |
Deaths | 1,256[6] (U07.2 included from 1 April for hospitalised cases[7] but quarantine COVID-19 U07.2 deaths excluded[8][9]) [10] |
The COVID-19 pandemic in Poland is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In February and March 2020, health authorities in Poland carried out laboratory testing of suspected cases of infection by SARS-CoV-2, one of the seven known human coronaviruses, as well as home quarantining and monitoring.[11][12] The first case of a laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in Poland was that of a man hospitalised in Zielona Góra, with confirmation announced officially on 4 March 2020.[2][3] The local transmission phase of SARS-CoV-2 in Poland was declared to the World Health Organization on 10 March.[13][14] The first death from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Poland was that of a 56-year-old woman on 12 March.[15] Polish authorities did not participate in the 28 February 2020 European Union tender procedure for purchasing COVID-19 pandemic related medical equipment, in which 20 other member states participated. Poland applied on 6 March for the 17 March tender for the purchase of gloves, goggles, face shields, surgical masks and protective clothing; the European Commission stated that all requests in the tender were satisfied by offers.[16]
As of 15 June 2020[update], there were 29,788 laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases,[17] 1,256 deaths,[17] and 14,383 recoveries.[18]
Lockdown-type control measures started on 10–12 March, closing schools and university classes and cancelling mass events,[19][20][21] and were strengthened on 25 March, limiting non-family gatherings to two people and religious gatherings to six and forbidding non-essential travel.[22] On 20 March, the Ministry of Health tried to prevent medical personnel from commenting on the pandemic. The Polish Ombudsman Adam Bodnar defended medical personnel's right to speak publicly about the epidemic on constitutional grounds of freedom of speech and the right of the public to information. Doctors opposed the self-censorship orders.[23] Fatality counts initially only included deaths from lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (U07.1[24]).[25] Starting on 1 April 2020, fatalities that were clinically or epidemiologically diagnosed as COVID-19 (U07.2)[24]) were also considered as COVID-19 deaths by NIPH–NIH.[7] As of 28 March 2020[update], people in Poland who died in quarantine from suspected COVID-19 were not tested post mortem for SARS-CoV-2.[8] As of 29 March 2020[update], there were 269,307 people under quarantine for suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection and 42,783 SARS-CoV-2 tests had been made since the beginning of testing.[26] The lockdown restrictions were tightened starting on 31 March–1 April by a government regulation, requiring individuals walking in streets to be separated by two metres, closing parks, boulevards, beaches, hairdressers and beauty salons, and forbidding unaccompanied minors from exiting their homes.[27] A followup regulation on 10 April loosened the restrictions on public gatherings starting from 20 April, allowing religious gatherings and funerals to be held for up to a maximum of 50 people.[28]
Background
Predictions of a pandemic were made repeatedly in the early twenty-first century, prior to the 2019–20 COVID-19 pandemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank warned about the risk of pandemics throughout the 2000s and the 2010s, especially after the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.[29] The WHO coined the term Disease X in 2018, so that preparations for the next, at-the-time unknown, pandemic could be undertaken.[30] In 2005–2006, prior to the 2009 swine flu pandemic, and during the decade following the pandemic, governments in the United States and France prepared stocks of pandemic protective items and then depleted these stocks.[31][32] In late December 2019 and early January 2020, an outbreak of infections from a virus, which was found to be closely related to the SARS virus, rapidly expanded in Wuhan in China, prior to spreading elsewhere around the world, with the first COVID-19 death being officially reported on 11 January 2020 in Wuhan.[33]
Preparations
During January 2020, Warsaw Chopin Airport carried out special screening measures for passengers arriving from China.[34]
Testing and monitoring
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As of 29 February 2020[update], four-member teams at the National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene (NIPH–NIH) together with the Berlin hospital Charité had carried out 307 genetic tests of samples from suspected SARS-CoV-2 carriers, and 28 tests were waiting to be analysed. NIPH–NIH carried out the tests in its Warsaw laboratory and in the Wojewódzki Szpital Zakaźny in Warsaw. Diagnostic laboratories in eight other towns were being prepared for making similar analyses. The Ministry of Health refused to state how many test kits were available in Polish laboratories.[36]
On 4 March, the Minister of Health claimed that nine laboratories were carrying out SARS-CoV-2 testing (NIPH–NIH and Voivodeship Infectious Disease Hospital in Warsaw, and laboratories in Olsztyn, Wrocław, Poznań, Katowice, Rzeszów, Gdańsk and Kielce),[3] while OKO.press claimed that only four laboratories were carrying out the testing.[37] The Minister claimed that "sanitary–epidemiological stations" in Lublin, Łódź and Poznań would start SARS-CoV-2 tests the following day.[3] On 6 March, the Minister stated that 13 laboratories were running SARS-CoV-2 tests.[38]
New law: "specustawa"
A new law (nicknamed Polish: specustawa,[39] lit. special law) to manage a possible epidemic of COVID-19 or other infectious diseases in Poland via administrative, budgetary and epidemiological measures passed through a first reading by a parliamentary committee and through second and third readings by the Polish lower house of parliament, the Sejm, on 1 and 2 March, with 400 votes out of 418 in favour in the third reading.[40] Konfederacja was the only parliamentary club which voted against the measure.[41] Philosopher and law professor Jerzy Zajadło praised the discussion of the bill in the Sejm, in that the Speaker allowed members of parliament to discuss the bill under the principles of deliberative democracy, which he judged rare for the parliament dominated by PiS. Zajadło criticised the bill as establishing vague powers with little chance of checks and balances, which he saw as being in the spirit of the approach of the political party in power; he saw the bill as establishing a permanent state of emergency for COVID-19 and all other contagious diseases; he criticised the wide array of changes implied in the law as having consequences difficult to predict; and he judged the law to be unnecessary given that laws covering the situation already existed.[39] Ewa Łętowska, a former judge in the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, also criticised the law as effectively creating a new, 180-day long state of emergency, in addition to the state of emergency rules defined in the Polish Constitution for a maximum of 90 days. She interpreted the law as giving the authorities arbitrary power without control by administrative courts.[42]
Timeline
Pre-4 March 2020
On 19 February, twelve people remained hospitalised "in connection with the coronavirus", 13 were under home quarantine and 1000 were being monitored by health services.[43] On 27 February 47 people remained hospitalised with suspicions of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 55 were under home quarantine and 1570 were being monitored by health services.[12] Polish Minister of Health Łukasz Szumowski stated on 27 February that he expected positive SARS-CoV-2 laboratory confirmed cases in the following days.[12]
On 3 March, a total of 559 SARS-CoV-2 tests had been run for people in Poland suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection, all with negative results,[44] while the numbers of people home quarantined and monitored increased and the number of hospitalised, suspected cases dropped.[45]
4–9 March: imported cases only
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| 4 March 2020 | First confirmed case |
|---|---|
| 12 March | First confirmed death |
| 12 March | Lockdown-type controls: schools and university are closed (extended several times) |
| 15 March | Sanitary cordon on all Polish borders |
| 20 March | Government officially declared a state of epidemic[46] |
| 21 March | 500 confirmed cases |
| 6 April | 100 confirmed deaths |
| 8 April | 5,000 confirmed cases |
| 22 April | 10,000 confirmed cases |
| 25 April | 500 confirmed deaths |
| 8 May | 5,000 confirmed recoveries |
| 21 May | 20,000 confirmed cases |
| 25 May | 1,000 confirmed deaths |
| 26 May | 10,000 confirmed recoveries |
The first lab-confirmed case of SARS-CoV-2 in Poland was announced on 4 March 2020, out of 584 tests in total.[3] The patient, a 66-year-old man, returned from a visit to Westphalia in Germany by bus to Świecko and from there by private car to Cybinka. He telephoned a general practitioner. He was taken by ambulance to a hospital in Zielona Góra, where he arrived around midday 2 March. In the evening of 2 March, a sample from the patient was sent for analysis to Warsaw. The result was known to be positive during the night of 3 to 4 March, and announced by the Minister of Health at 8:00 local time on 4 March. OKO.press criticised the delay of 44 hours from the patient's arrival at the hospital to the announcement of the positive test result as excessive.[37] Close contacts of the patient were home quarantined. The Minister of Health requested the media to respect the patient's privacy.[3]
On 6 March, Polish Minister of Health Łukasz Szumowski announced the confirmation of four new cases:[47] one hospitalised in Ostróda, linked to "patient zero" from Cybinka (the two had travelled in the same bus); two patients in Szczecin who had returned by car from Italy; and one patient in Wrocław who had returned from the United Kingdom (UK).[38] On 7 March, another SARS-CoV-2 case, of another person who had travelled in the bus together with "patient-zero", was announced by the Minister of Health as lab-confirmed.[48]
On 8 March, The Ministry of Health reported two new cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. One person was hospitalised in Warsaw and another in Racibórz (Silesian Voivodeship). Both were in good condition.[49] In the evening, the Ministry confirmed another three positive test results, increasing the daily case count to five new cases. The patients were hospitalised in Warsaw, Wrocław and Racibórz: one elderly person, one middle-aged and one young.[50][51] The elderly person (hospitalised in Wrocław) was in serious condition.[52]
On 9 March, in the morning, Polish Minister of Health Łukasz Szumowski announced the confirmation of five new cases. Three cases were confirmed in Racibórz, one in Kraków, one in Wrocław and one in Poznań, bringing the total number of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases in Poland to 17.[53]
10 March–27 March: local transmission
On 10 March, the mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Poland was officially declared to the World Health Organization as having shifted from imported cases only to local transmission.[13][14]
The eighteenth confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was announced in the Masovian Voivodeship on 10 March. The two SARS-CoV-2 patients earlier announced in Warsaw were both seriously ill with COVID-19.[54] Armed Forces General Commander gen. Jarosław Mika was diagnosed with the virus on 10 March.[55]
On 16 March, the number of confirmed cases increased to 177 and the death toll to 4. One of those infected was Minister of the Environment Michał Woś.[56]
On 17 March, "patient zero", at Zielona Góra hospital, tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 the second time, and was considered to have recovered.[57][58]
28 March–present: nursing home and hospital clusters
On 17 March, a doctor at a hospital in Grójec, "Z.", had a dry cough and fever and had a sample taken for SARS-CoV-2 testing. While several members of staff did not want to work with him, the head of their group disagreed but decided after a long debate to isolate Z. The hospital continued to function for the rest of the day without disinfection of the places where Z. had been present. On 18 March Z. was confirmed to be SARS-CoV-2 positive, and the hospital took samples from close contacts of Z. from the previous five days. Some of the nurses were ordered back to work at the hospital while waiting for their test results. As of 24 March, 11 of the 59 patients of the hospital and seven medical personnel were found to be SARS-CoV-2 positive. Onet.pl and Gazeta Wyborcza described the situation as contagion by carelessness.[59]
One of the Grójec hospital personnel also worked at a Niedabyl nursing home. On 28 March, 52 of the 66 residents and eight employees were found to be SARS-CoV-2 positive.[60]
On 1 April, 38 hospitals and hospital sections around Poland, including twelve in the Masovian Voivodeship that includes the Polish capital of Warsaw, were temporarily closed due to the risk of SARS-CoV-2 contamination from a confirmed or likely SARS-CoV-2 infected patient.[61]
Epidemic controls
Lockdown type measures
Polish authorities' initial COVID-19 limitation strategy of laboratory testing, contact tracing, quarantining and monitoring intensified in mid-March with "lockdown" type measures. On 10 March, authorities cancelled all mass events, defined as those allowing 1000 or more participants in the case of stadiums or other events outside of buildings, and those allowing 500 or more participants in the case of events in buildings.[19] Cultural institutions, such as philharmonic orchestras, operas, theatres, museums, and cinemas, had their activities suspended beginning on 12 March 2020.[20]
All schools in Poland were closed starting on 12 March, with a reopening initially scheduled for 25 March 2020.[21] The closure was extended to 10 April, with schools being required to carry out online classes with their students. As of 20 March, the dates of final exams for eighth (final) year of primary school and matura, the exam during the final year of secondary school (liceum or technikum), remained unchanged.[62]
Universities cancelled classes for the same period, while typically keeping research and administrative staff at work and allowing exceptions for research purposes.[63]
An official epidemic was declared in Poland on 20 March 2020 by the prime minister, Mateusz Morawiecki.[46]
On 24 March, Poland's government announced further restrictions on people leaving their homes and on public gatherings to further limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The new limits constrained gatherings by default to a maximum of two people (with an exception for families); an exception for religious gatherings, such as mass in the Catholic Church, funerals and marriages in which five participants and the person conducting the ceremony were allowed to gather; and an exception for work places. Non-essential travel was prohibited, with the exception of travelling to work or home, SARS-CoV-2 control related activities, or "necessary everyday activities". Everyday activities qualifying as "necessary" included shopping, buying medicines, visiting doctors, walking dogs, jogging, cycling and walking, provided that no more than two people participate and contact with others was avoided. The restrictions were initially defined for the period from 25 March to 11 April inclusive.[22][64]
As of 12 March 2020, the National Bank of Poland, to which commercial banks in Poland send their bank notes to, carried out a two-week quarantine procedure and heating at 150 °C (302 °F) for all bank notes, prior to returning the notes for circulation.[65][66]
On 31 March, the prime minister announced that Poland would strengthen the restrictions starting from 31 March–1 April. Lawyers contacted by OKO.press expected the restrictions to be issued as a regulation (secondary legislation) (Polish: rozporządzenie), which they considered would be an unconstitutional method of introducing the rules.[67] The regulation was published in Dziennik Ustaw on 31 March 2020 as a regulation issued by the government.[27] According to the regulation, minors (aged under 18) were prohibited from leaving their homes unaccompanied by a legal guardian. Parks, boulevards and beaches were closed, as well as all hairdressers, beauty parlours and tattoo and piercing salons. Hotels were allowed to operate only if they had residents in quarantine, in another form of isolation, on an obligatory work delegation for services such as building construction or medical purposes. Individuals walking in public were obliged to be separated by at least two metres, with the exception of guardians of children under 13 and disabled persons. No restrictions were applied to people travelling in private cars.[68][67]
The 31 March regulation allowed religious (Article 9.3a) and other (Article 15.1, 15.2) gatherings of only five people plus a religious personnel or funeral employees from 1 to 11 April. The gatherings were allowed to be bigger, up to 50 people, inclusive of religious personnel, to start from 12 April 2020 until further notice.[27] An updated regulation on 10 April retained the authorisation of religious/funeral gatherings of up to 50 people but shifted the start date to 20 April (Article 9.2) while other gatherings remained banned (Article 14)[28][69] 1 person per 10 m2.[70][71]
On 9 April, Mateusz Morawiecki announced that the closure of educational institutions and international transport would continue to 26 April, the borders would remain "closed" until 3 May, and people entering Poland would still be required to be quarantined for 14 days. Szumowski stated that the closure of cultural institutions and limits implemented in shops would continue to 19 April. A new control measure was planned to start from 16 April, making it obligatory to cover one's nose and mouth in public places.[72] After being asked where people could obtain masks from, Szumowski clarified that any form of face covering, such as scarves, would be acceptable.[73] A government website differed from the 31 March regulation, stating that religious gatherings were to be limited to at most five people until 19 April.[74] Police stated that the 10 April gathering of the de facto leader of Poland Jarosław Kaczyński[75] and nine other people, standing close together, commemorating the Smolensk air disaster by laying a wreath, did not constitute a gathering in the sense of big gatherings forbidden in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Former prime minister of Poland Leszek Miller described the gathering as showing contempt for ordinary people respecting the COVID-19 restrictions.[76]
SARS-CoV-2 tests
As of 20 March 2020[update], the number of SARS-CoV-2 tests per capita in Poland was lower than that of 22 other members of the European Union, the EFTA and the European Economic Area, and above that of Croatia and Hungary.[77] Among 19 mostly European countries analysed by OKO.press using data from 20 March, the number of tests per positive detection was 30.8 tests per positive detection in Poland, higher than for any of the other European countries listed, including Germany (28.7) and Norway (28.1), and lower than in South Korea at 36.6 and Russia at 721 tests per positive detection.[78]
Medical supplies
On 26 March, the Minister of Health Łukasz Szumowski claimed that European solidarity in the provision of medical equipment to Poland had failed. OKO.press qualified the claim as "false" and accused the minister of deliberately misleading public opinion.[16] OKO.press referred to the European Union (EU) tender process for masks and other protective equipment as a "success" that Poland applied for very late, and commented as context that the EU does not have the legal powers to impose health management policy, such as quarantine measures or closing schools, on member states. The EU tender process was announced on 28 February 2020, to which 20 member states, without Poland, responded. Poland joined the mechanism on 6 March, qualifying for a procedure opened on 17 March for the purchase of gloves, goggles, face protectors, surgical masks and clothing. The European Commission claimed that all the purchases were satisfied by offers, and should arrive within two weeks. Commissioner Thierry Breton described the procedure as illustrating the power of EU coordination.[16] On 19 March, the EU announced the creation of the rescEU strategic stockpile of medical equipment, to be financed at the level of 90% by the Commission, to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic.[79]
Impact
Economy
The pandemic and the isolation measures in response to it had a serious influence on the Polish economy, especially commerce, tourism and the hospitality industries.[80]
Anti-crisis Shield
 |
The government prepared a plan of public assistance to businesses, called the "Anti-crisis Shield" (Polish: Tarcza antykryzysowa). The program was launched on 1 April 2020.[80] The program consists primarily of the following five areas.[81]
- Financial safety of employees and protection of jobs
- Government-paid social insurance contributions for three months, for companies employing up to nine people, self-employed individuals and freelancers.
- One-off benefits of circa 2000 PLN gross (80% of the monthly minimal wage) for self-employed and freelancers. Around 2.2 million people are estimated to be eligible for these benefits.
- Working permits for non-citizens are to be prolonged to 30 days after the official revoking of the state of epidemic (as of early April 2020, a formal state of emergency or state of natural disaster had not been declared), if they expire during the state of epidemic.[82]
- Finance of business
Business finance measures include:[83]
- Public co-financing of employees' salaries up to 40% of the average monthly wage, if working time has been reduced up to 20%, but no less than working time for a part-time position.
- The taxpayers affected by pandemic are entitled to deduct their losses incurred in 2020 from income obtained in 2019 providing that revenue has diminished by more than 50%.
- Non-repayable loans up to 5000 PLN for companies employing up to 9 people, but there cannot be any lay-offs within the next 6 months.[84]
- Enabling legally the company credit-worthiness assessing on the basis of former year financial statement in order to extend the repayment terms of business overdrafts.
- Postponing the deadlines of withholding taxes, submitting the fiscal declarations and implementation of mandatory Employee Pension Plan (EPP, pol. Pracownicze Plany Kapitałowe, PPK)
- Healthcare
- Enabling the taxpayers to deduct their donations given for counteracting the pandemic from their income.
- Enhancing financial market soundness
- Reducing banks' capital buffers requirements by Financial Stability Committee.[85]
- Public investment plan
- Elongated deadlines of public projects and cancellation of deadlines penalties in public tenders.
- The public purchases for equipment needed in counteracting the pandemic no longer has to conform the public procurement law.
Solidarity with other countries
Polish authorities and citizens took several solidarity actions to support people in other countries affected by the pandemic and to help in repatriations.[86][87][88]
The Polish government sent medical supplies to Italy and San Marino, including 20,000 litres of disinfectants to Veneto and San Marino, produced by the state-owned Polfa Tarchomin, and a load of medical supplies on 7 April 2020.[86] The Polish Centre for International Aid sent a team of 15 Polish doctors and paramedics to a field hospital in Brescia, Lombardy.[89] Doctors from WIM Warszawa share their Italian COVID-19 experience with Armenian, Azeri and Moldovan colleagues. Polish farmers allocated some of their production to Italian doctors, nurses and other healthcare professionals.[90] The Italian flag was shown as an illumination on many buildings in Poland.[91][92] Polish authorities sent Spain 20,000 litres of Trisept Complex disinfectant liquid.[93]
A medical mission from Warsaw's Military Institute of Medicine went to Chicago on 23 April 2020 to help in COVID-19 management.[94][95] On 13 April 2020, the Representation of Solidarity Fund PL in Georgia provided spraying equipment, 500 visors and 800 reusable face masks to municipal authorities in Rustavi and Marneuli (Lower Kartli), Gori (Inner Kartli) and to a clinic in Nikozi, near the demarcation line with South Ossetia.[96] The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs allocated 1.2 million PLN to projects aimed at supporting emergency services in Georgia and Ukraine.[97] A convoy of the Polish State Fire Service carrying humanitarian cargo for the National Medical Response Center arrived in Minsk in Belarus on 24 April, for medical institutions in Grodno Oblast, including 50,000 litres of disinfectant, 30,000 litres of antiseptic, 100,000 surgical masks and chloroquine.[98]
The Polish company Wipasz donated 100,000 reusable protective masks to Kazakhstan, laptops for Kazakhstani schoolchildren.[99][100] A team of Polish eight doctors, nurses and paramedics from Polish Center of International Aid participated in the World Health Organization support program, spending a ten-day mission training staff in Kyrgyz hospitals.[101]
The Polish community participated in grassroots solidarity actions around the world. Volunteers of the Polish Catholic Mission in Freiburg, Breisgau, organized help and emergency counselling,[102] teachers from Polish schools in the Czech Republic sewed masks and provided them to senior peoples' homes,[88] the Polish community in Canada printed 3D protective materials and helped in shopping, the Polish Medical Association from Berdyansk in Ukraine organized telephone consultations, the Association of Poles in Spain nasz Dom – Nuetra casa provided legal and psychological support and sewed protective clothing for nursing homes.[103]
The Polish airline LOT used Twitter to organise a "#LOTdoDomu" ("#aFLIGHTHome") return program of 2,000 people to their countries of origin, including 18 other member states of the European Union (EU).[87] The programme was completed on 5 April 2020. LOT also organised 388 special charter flights over 22 days which brought 55,000 Polish citizens and workers to Poland. Polish authorities offered ferry and dedicated train services, and 18 convoys of 800 vehicles, escorted by police, to help Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians to return to their countries.[104]
Censorship of medical personnel
On 18 March 2020, an experienced midwife in a Lesser Poland Voivodeship hospital published a report on Facebook on the conditions of medical personnel and the situation of the hospital in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 19 March, she was fired from the hospital[105] by Marek Wierzba. He stated that medical staff should be responsible, reliable and should publish true information. He also stated that the dismissed midwife had been spreading panic. Polish Minister of Health Łukasz Szumowski stated that she shouldn't have been fired.[106]
On 20 March, the secretary of state of the Ministry of Health, Józefa Szczurek-Żelazko, sent a written statement ordering voivodeship medical consultants to not make statements about SARS-CoV-2, the epidemiological situation, the risks for medical staff or methods of protection from infection, unless they had first consulted with the Ministry of Health or Główny Inspektorat Sanitarny. Szczurek-Żelazko motivated the order by the need to provide correct, unified information and to avoid unjustified unrest in the medical community.[107]
A surgeons group, Porozumienie Chirurgów SKALPEL, described the order as blackmail and said that it risked catastrophe. The group stated that the COVID-19 pandemic showed Poland as "not at all prepared for crisis situations" with a "lack of equipment, basic personal protective gear and disinfectant materials and a lack of standards and procedures".[23]
On 25 March 2020, the Polish Ombudsman Adam Bodnar sent a letter to the Minister of Health, Szumowski, stating that medical staff's freedom of speech and is guaranteed under Articles 2 and 54 of the Polish Constitution and the right of the public to information is guaranteed under Article 61 of the constitution. Bodnar stated that firing or punishing doctors for informing the public during the pandemic could be a violation of the "obligatory standards". Bodnar asked if Szumowski was aware of the situation and requested a clarification of policy.[105]
Spread of SARS-CoV-2 within and around Poland
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After the first laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 case in Poland on 4 March 2020, in Lubusz Voivodeship, bordering Germany,[3] cases were confirmed in seven other voivodeships throughout Poland during 5–9 March 2020,[108] covering eight of the sixteen voivodeships. On 17 March, all sixteen voivodeships had recorded SARS-CoV-2 positive cases, with the final two voivodeships being Kujawsko-Pomorskie and Podlaskie.[109][110]
On 15 March, Poland closed its land borders for 10 days, and international airports for 14 days for passenger traffic, only allowing Polish residents, citizens and those with immediate Polish family to enter Poland. People entering Poland were required to be quarantined for 14 days.[35]
Detailed case counts
COVID-19 versus non-COVID-19 death classification
On 26 March 2020, the Polish health authorities' classification of COVID-19 deaths only included deaths of people with lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, classified as U07.1 under the ICD-10 international disease classification system.[25] COVID-19 deaths under U07.2, which had been defined by WHO one day earlier[7] to mean deaths when "COVID-19 is diagnosed clinically or epidemiologically but laboratory testing is inconclusive or not available",[24] were not yet included in the NIPH–NIH instructions.[7] Stefan Karczmarewicz, writing in Polityka, interpreted this as an attempt by authorities to lower the official COVID-19 death toll in Poland. He argued that there was a policy of limiting the number of SARS-CoV-2 tests, which together with the exclusion of the ICD-10 category U07.2 implied an underestimate of the true COVID-19 death toll.[111][112] NIPH–NIH stated that the omission was unintentional due to the timing, and updated its instructions on 1 April, instructing doctors to also use the U07.2 definition of clinically or epidemiologically classified COVID-19 cases.[7] NIPH–NIH stated that the WHO considered it "irrelevant" to distinguish between U07.1 and U07.2. On 6 April, Bartosz Fiałek, a Polish rheumatologist, claimed that the NIPH–NIH instructions were unclear, and that it appeared that U07.2 was not being used for COVID-19 deaths in hospital in which SARS-CoV-2 tests had not been carried out, nor for people dying of COVID-19 in quarantine.[9]
Suspected COVID-19 deaths in quarantine
On 21 March 2020, a 45-year-old man who was quarantined in Głogów after returning from outside of Poland and who had shown COVID-19 symptoms was found dead by police. As of 26 March 2020, the prosecutor investigating his death had not decided whether or not to carry out a SARS-CoV-2 laboratory test on the corpse.[8] The dead body of a 50-year-old woman who returned from Germany to Konin and felt ill was found by her family on 24 March. Główny Inspektorat Sanitarny (GIS, the national health agency) refused to test the corpse for SARS-CoV-2. As of 27 March 2020[update], GIS had not stated what procedures were in place for post mortem tests.[8] As of 6 April 2020[update], it was not known if any laboratories in Poland were qualified to carry out post-mortem SARS-CoV-2 tests.[9]
Unofficial deaths
There were several claims of COVID-19 deaths unreported by the Ministry of Health. In early April, Warsaw City Council stated that there had been 32 COVID-19 deaths in Warsaw, while official statistics only listed eight. The Minister of Health stated that the difference was that deaths were officially allocated according to the official places of residence of the deceased. The mayor of Warsaw, Rafał Trzaskowski, stated that the data were carefully checked, and that 18 of the 32 were registered as officially living in Warsaw, not eight.[113]
OKO.press claimed that two COVID-19 deaths at a Ministry of Interior and Administration hospital in Warsaw, on 19 March 2020 of a man born in 1942 who had returned from Austria[114] and on 24 March of a psychiatric patient, were not announced by the Ministry of Health.[115] On 26 March, the family of the man born in 1942 claimed that his 19 March death had not been announced.[114] On the same day, 26 March, the Ministry of Health announced the death of a 78-year-old man in Warsaw.[116]
Disagreement between local media, the head of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, and GIS continued for several days in early April in relation to the 4 April death in a Grudziądz hospital of a 64-year-old woman from Grudziądz who was SARS-CoV-2 positive.[117] Gazeta Pomorska stated that the head of the voivodeship only accepted including the 64-year-old's death in official reports after the newspaper "intervened". As of 8 April 2020[update], according to Gazeta Pomorska, the Ministry of Health still listed only one COVID-19 death from Grudziądz (that of an 80-year-old), while local branches of the health agency stated zero SARS-CoV-2 infections from Grudziądz in their reports.[118]
SARS-CoV-2 cases and COVID-19 deaths in Poland: bigger graphs
The information in the COVID-19 cases in Poland and SARS-CoV-2 cases and COVID-19 deaths in Poland graphs above can be seen in more detail in the graphs below. See above for the cumulative lab-confirmed case count/deaths/recoveries graph shown as a horizontal bar graph; and for a daily cases/deaths/recoveries graph.
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- New cases, recoveries, deaths and tests per day
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| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See also
- COVID-19 pandemic in Europe
- COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory
- 2020 Polish presidential election#COVID-19, election timing, and controversy – relationship between the pandemic and the 2020 Polish presidential election
Notes
References
- ^ References at Wikimedia Commons.
- ^ a b c "Poland Reports First Coronavirus Case - Health Minister". usnews.com. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Pierwszy przypadek koronawirusa w Polsce" [First case of coronavirus in Poland]. Ministry of Health (in Polish). 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
MOHPL_new396cases_tot29788_15junewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
MOHPL_dailystats_15junewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
MOHPL_9deaths_tot1256_15junewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e Świsłowski, Kacper (1 April 2020). "Państwowy Zakład Higieny dodał nowy kod zgonów, rekomendowany przez WHO. Wyjaśniamy, o co chodzi z U07.1 i U07.2" [NIPH–NIH added a new code for deaths, as recommended by the WHO. Explanation of what U07.1 and U07.2 are]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d Jędrysik, Miłada (28 March 2020). "Umrzesz na kwarantannie, nie liczysz się do koronawirusa" [If you die in quarantine, you don't count as coronavirus]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
- ^ a b c Szukalska, Hanna (6 April 2020). "Polska zbija termometr: Covid-19 nie znajdzie się na karcie zgonu bez testu. A testów post mortem nie ma" [Poland kills the thermometer: COVID-19 is absent from the death certificates of the untested. And there are no post-mortem tests]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ See Detailed case counts and the data tables for COVID-19 deaths not reported by the Ministry of Health.
- ^ "Ministerstwo Zdrowia: W Polsce wciąż nie ma koronawirusa. Żadna z badanych próbek nie jest pozytywna" [Health Ministry: There is still no coronavirus in Poland. None of the tests was positive]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
{{cite news}}: Check|archive-url=value (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c "47 osób z podejrzeniem koronawirusa w Polsce. Szumowski: Wirus pojawi się w najbliższych dniach" [47 people suspected of coronavirus infections in Poland. Szumowski: the virus will arrive in the coming days]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ a b "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Situation Report – 49" (PDF). WHO. 9 March 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Situation Report – 50" (PDF). WHO. 10 March 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ^ "Minister @SzumowskiLukasz w #MZ: Mamy pierwszy śmiertelny przypadek wywołany przez #koronawirus. Pacjentka w wieku 56 lat miała poważne problemy zdrowotne przed zakażeniem". Twitter. 12 March 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c Pańkowska, Maria (26 March 2020). "Szumowski krytykuje UE: 'Nie ma tej europejskiej solidarności'. To wielopiętrowy fałsz" [Szumowski criticise the EU: 'There is no European solidarity'. Which is false at many levels-->]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
Bo jak byśmy czekali na inne kraje, na Europę, na świat, to byśmy się obudzili bez środków, a dookoła wszyscy by te środki sobie zakupili ... Żeby była jasność, to nie jest tak, że my ten sprzęt mamy w Europie, że są jego nieograniczone ilości. ... Bo niestety tutaj centralne zakupy zawiodły, nie ma tej europejskiej solidarności.
- ^ a b [total confirmed 29788, total deaths 1256) (15 June 2020). "(Tweet)". Twitter. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "(Tweet)". Twitter. 15 June 2020. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
Dzienny raport o #koronawirus.
- ^ a b Palińska, Ewa (10 March 2020). "Premier odwołał wszystkie imprezy masowe w Polsce" [The prime minister cancelled all mass events in Poland]. trojmiasto.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 21 March 2020.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=requires|archive-url=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Rudziński, Łukasz (10 March 2020). "Teatry zamknięte przynajmniej na 2 tygodnie". trojmiasto.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Zawieszenie zajęć dydaktyczno-wychowawczych w przedszkolach, szkołach i placówkach oświatowych" [Suspension of educational classes in preschools, schools and educational institutions]. Government of Poland (in Polish). 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Nowe ograniczenia w przemieszczaniu się. 'Będą dotyczyć nas wszystkich'" [New constraints on movement. 'They'll affect us all']. TVN24 (in Polish). 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Ministerstwo Zdrowia chce kontrolować wypowiedzi wojewódzkich konsultantów medycznych" [The Minister of Health wants to control voivodeship medical consultants' freedom of speech]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 26 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ a b c "ICD-10 Version:2019". World Health Organization. 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
U07.2 – COVID-19, virus not identified – COVID-19 NOS – Use this code when COVID-19 is diagnosed clinically or epidemiologically but laboratory testing is inconclusive or not available. Use additional code, if desired, to identify pneumonia or other manifestations
- ^ a b "WAŻNE! Wytyczne dotyczące określania przyczyn zgonów związanych z epidemią koronawirusa wywołującego COVID-19" [IMPORTANT! Procedures for defining the cause of death in relation to the epidemic of the coronavirus causing COVID-19]. Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego – Państwowy Zakład Higieny (in Polish). 26 March 2020. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 29 March 2020 suggested (help) - ^ "(Tweet)". Twitter. 29 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
Dzienny raport o #koronawirus.
- ^ a b c "Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 31 marca 2020 r. w sprawie ustanowienia określonych ograniczeń, nakazów i zakazów w związku z wystąpieniem stanu epidemii" [Regulation by the Cabinet on 31 March 2020 on setting limits, orders and prohibitions in relation to the onset of an epidemic] (PDF). Sejm (in Polish). 31 March 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 10 kwietnia 2020 r. w sprawie ustanowienia określonych ograniczeń, nakazów i zakazów w związku z wystąpieniem stanu epidemii" [Regulation by the Cabinet on 10 April 2020 on setting limits, orders and prohibitions in relation to the onset of an epidemic] (PDF). Sejm (in Polish). 10 April 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "Wanted: world leaders to answer the coronavirus pandemic alarm". South China Morning Post. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ "List of Blueprint priority diseases". WHO. 2018. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ Manjoo, Farhad (25 March 2020). "Opinion | How the World's Richest Country Ran Out of a 75-Cent Face Mask". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ "Pénurie de masques : une responsabilité partagée par les gouvernements" [Lack of masks: a responsibility shared by governments]. Public Senat (in French). 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ "Komunikat Lotniska Chopina – Aktualności i wydarzenia – Lotnisko Chopina w Warszawie". lotnisko-chopina.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ a b "Poland's borders closed from 15 March due to coronavirus". government of Poland. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ Lipiec, Aleksandra (29 February 2020). "NIZP–PZH przebadał 307 próbek pobranych od osób z podejrzeniem zakażenia koronawirusem" [NIZP–PZH analysed 307 tests from people suspected of coronavirus infection]. Medonet.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ a b Szymczak, Jakub (4 March 2020). "Koronawirus w Lubuskiem. 44 godziny, dwa razy za wolno. Daleko do laboratorium" [Coronavirus in the Lubusz Voivodeship. 44 hours, a factor of two too slow. Far from the laboratory-->]. OKO.pressp (in Polish). Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
TVN24_6Mar_4newwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Jerzy Zajadło: Demokracja deliberatywna w pułapce – Trzy grzechy ustawy dotyczącej koronawirusa" [Jerzy Zajadło: Deliberative democracy as a trap – Three sins of the coronavirus law]. konstytucyjny.pl (in Polish). 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 4 March 2020 suggested (help); Check|authorlink=value (help) - ^ "Rządowy projekt ustawy o szczególnych rozwiązaniach związanych z zapobieganiem, przeciwdziałaniem i zwalczaniem COVID-19, innych chorób zakaźnych oraz wywołanych nimi sytuacji kryzysowych" [Government bill on specific solutions linked with the prevention, response and fighting against COVID-19, other infectious diseases and crisis situations caused by them]. Sejm (in Polish). 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ^ "Sepecustawa koronawirusowa uchwalona przez Sejm". www.gazetaprawna.pl. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ Jałoszewski, Mariusz (5 February 2020). "Koronawirus w Polsce ograniczy na zawsze nasze prawa? Analiza OKO.press: ustawa PiS to prawny populizm" [Does the coronavirus in Poland limit our rights permanently? OKO.press analysis: PiS's law is legal populism-->]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
{{cite news}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 5 March 2020 suggested (help) - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Polandin_19Febwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
PAP_3March_559_neg_testswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
TVN24_316homequarantined_3Marchwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Liczba zakażonych koronawirusem przekroczyła 400. Rząd wprowadził stan epidemii" [More than 400 infected by the coronavirus. The government declared an epidemic-->]. Newsweek Polska (in Polish). 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
{{cite news}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 20 March 2020 suggested (help) - ^ "Cztery nowe przypadki koronawirusa w Polsce". tvp.info. 6 March 2020.
- ^ "Kolejny przypadek koronawirusa w Polsce" [Another coronavirus case confirmed in Poland]. wprost (Polish). 7 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=requires|archive-url=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Kolejne 2 przypadki koronawirusa w Polsce" [another 2 coronavirus cases confirmed]. Twitter(Polish). 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=requires|archive-url=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Kolejne 3 przypadki koronawirusa w Polsce" [Another 3 coronavirus cases confirmed]. Twitter. 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=requires|archive-url=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Cite error: The named reference
GazWyb_MOH_3newcases_8Marwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Kolejne przypadki zakażeń" [More cases of infection]. Onet (Polish). 8 March 2020. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
MOHPL_9Mar_5newwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
GazWyb_10Mar_case18was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Top Polish general has coronavirus - defence ministry". Reuters. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- ^ "Minister środowiska zakażony koronawirusem. Michał Woś potwierdza". Wprost. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
PAP_patient0_recoveredwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Negatywny wynik testów "pacjenta zero". Może opuścić szpital". TVP. 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Koronawirus w szpitalu w Grójcu. Rozprzestrzenił się przez uchybienia? Onet: Popełniono wszystkie błędy" [Coronavirus in the hospital at Grójec. Contagion by carelessness? Onet: All mistakes were made-->]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ "Ognisko koronawirusa pod Radomiem. Zakażonych 60 osób w domu pomocy społecznej w Niedabylu" [Coronavirus cluster at Radom. 60 people infected at a social help home in Niedabyl-->]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 28 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ Dolecka, Zofia (1 April 2020). "Koronawirus w Polsce. Zamknięte całe szpitale i pojedyncze oddziały [aktualizowana lista]" [Coronavirus in Poland. Complete hospitals and single sections closed [updated list]]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
(counts of closed hospitals/sections in 14 of the voivodeships: DS 3 KP 2 LU 1 MA 4 MZ 12 OP 0 PK 2 PM 1 SL 8 SK 2 WP 3 ZP 0)
{{cite news}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 1 April 2020 suggested (help) - ^ "Szkoły pozostaną zamknięte do Wielkanocy. Harmonogram roku szkolnego bez zmian" [Schools will remain closed until Easter. School calendar unchanged]. TVN24 (in Polish). 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ Tretyn, Andrzej (13 March 2020). "ZARZĄDZENIE Nr 34 – Rektora Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu z dnia 13 marca 2020 r. w sprawie zapobiegania rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa SARS-CoV-2 wśród członków społeczności Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu" [Decree Number 34 – Rector of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń of 13 March 2020 on the prevention of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus among the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń community]. Nicolaus Copernicus University (in Polish). Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "Czy można biegać i spacerować? Rzecznik rządu: Policja nie będzie biegła za każdym, kto wyjdzie na spacer" [Is jogging or walking allowed? Government spokesperson: The police will not chase everyone who goes for a walk-->]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ Ministry of Health (12 March 2020). "NBP odkaża gotówkę. Pieniądze są poddawane działaniu wysokiej temperatury" [The NBP disinfects cash. Money is subjected to high temperatures]. Twitter (in Polish). Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ "Some businesses shun bills, coins fearing spread of virus".
- ^ a b Jałoszewski, Mariusz (31 March 2020). "Rząd zaostrza izolację: młodzież ma być w domach, zakaz spacerów w parkach [ograniczenia w punktach]" [The government tightens the lockdown: youth at home, walks in the park forbidden [list of restrictions]-->]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Kolejne kroki w walce z koronawirusem – w sklepie mniej osób, ograniczenia w poruszaniu nieletnich, a parki, plaże i bulwary zamknięte" [Next steps in fight with coronavirus - in shops less people, restrictions in movement of minors, parks, beaches, boulevards closed]. www.gov.pl (in Polish). 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 19 kwietnia 2020 r. w sprawie ustanowienia określonych ograniczeń, nakazów i zakazów w związku z wystąpieniem stanu epidemii (Dz.U. 2020 poz. 697)
- ^ Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 2 maja 2020 r. w sprawie ustanowienia określonych ograniczeń, nakazów i zakazów w związku z wystąpieniem stanu epidemii (Dz.U. 2020 poz. 792)
- ^ Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 16 maja 2020 r. w sprawie ustanowienia określonych ograniczeń, nakazów i zakazów w związku z wystąpieniem stanu epidemii(Dz.U. 2020 poz. 878)
- ^ "Wychodzisz z domu? Zasłoń usta i nos!". Gov.pl. 16 April 2020.
- ^ "Czy trzeba będzie nosić maseczki? Łukasz Szumowski: Wprowadzamy obowiązek zakrywania ust i nosa" [Should masks be worn? Łukasz Szumowski: We're introducing an obligation to cover one's mouth and nose]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ Obowiązek zasłaniania ust i nosa już wkrótce, a zasady bezpieczeństwa na dłużej (9 April 2020). "gov.pl". gov.pl. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ Koper, Anna; Goclowski, Marcin (3 April 2020). "Spat over presidential election tests Poland's ruling coalition". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
{{cite news}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 4 April 2020 suggested (help) - ^ "PiS składa wieńce, policja mówi: To nie zgromadzenie. "Jawna pogarda wobec ludzi, którzy siedzą w domach "" [Piś lays a wreath, the police say: it's not a gathering. "Complete contempt for people who are sitting at thome"]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
{{cite news}}: Check|archiveurl=value (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Total tests for COVID-19 per 1,000 people Archived 23 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Koronawirusa mamy w Polsce najmniej w Europie – wynika z porównania liczby testów i zakażeń". OKO.press. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19: Commission creates first ever rescEU stockpile of medical equipment". European Commission. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 22 March 2020 suggested (help) - ^ a b ""Tarcza antykryzysowa" podpisana przez prezydenta - publikujemy teksty ustaw". Serwis Samorządowy PAP (in Polish). Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ "Rząd zatwierdził "tarczę antykryzysową". Szczegóły pakietu pomocy równego 10 proc. PKB". PolskieRadio24.pl. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ "Tarcza antykryzysowa: pandemia legalizuje pracę cudzoziemców". www.rp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ "Rząd przyjął pakiet projektów antykryzysowych: ma chronić pracodawców i pracowników". Serwis Samorządowy PAP (in Polish). Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ "Premier: Tarcza antykryzysowa pomoże przedsiębiorcom i pracownikom | Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów". www.premier.gov.pl (in Polish). 18 March 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ "Tarcza antykryzysowa. IV FILAR: Wzmocnienie systemu finansowego". Serwis Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "Polish support for Italian doctors". www.gov.pl. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "#LOTdoDomu – summary of actions taken by Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland". 6 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "Polish community in Zaolzie as volunteers". 6 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "European solidarity in protecting health workers and citizens". Retrieved 9 April 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Polish farmers for Italy". 15 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Warsaw: Presidential Palace illuminated with tricolour flag". 19 March 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "An inscription "Italy" appears on the National Stadium building in Warsaw". 19 March 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "On 17 April, Poland sent out 20 thousand litres of disinfectants for Spain". 16 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ NATO Spokesperson Oana Lungescu welcomed the mission, saying: "NATO Allies stand in solidarity in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Working together, our nations have been helping each other to save lives, including by sharing medical expertise. The Polish medical mission to Chicago shows once again that in facing global challenges, we are stronger together."[1]
- ^ "Polish mission in Chicago". 21 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Poland has provided Georgian medical personnel with protective equipment against coronavirus infection". 13 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Support to emergency services in Georgia and Ukraine". 12 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Polish donation for Belarus". 23 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Princes Lubomirski Foundation
- ^ 'The good gesture of Kazakhstan-friendly Poland is a clear example of global solidarity in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic,' the Kazakh Foreign Ministry's Telegram reads.[2]
- ^ "Polish doctors in Kyrgyzstan". 22 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Polish communities abroad fight against the global coronavirus pandemic with the help of Polonia4Neighbours scheme". 17 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Poles take part in charity actions". 12 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "European solidarity in bringing people home". Retrieved 9 April 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Mielcarek, Mariusz (26 March 2020). "Pielęgniarki - położna napisała jak jest w szpitalu. Została zwolniona!" [Nurses - a midwife wrote about the situation in a hospital. She was fired!]. Portal Pielęgniarek i Położnych (in Polish). Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ "Nowy Targ. Minister Zdrowia skomentował zwolnienie położnej za wpis dot. maseczek ochronnych". nowytarg.naszemiasto.pl. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Letter from Józef Szczurek-Żelazko to consultants". twitter.com. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
MOHPL_9Mar_17caseswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
MOHPL_DS6_LD3_SL2_WP2_MA1_LU1_KP1_17Marwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
MOHPL_LD8_DS5_OP1_SL1_ZP1_PD1_17Marwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Zakaz wspólnego wychodzenia z domu. Rząd zaostrza kwarantannę" [Going out together from home is forbidden. The government tightens quarantine-->]. Newsweek Polska (in Polish). 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ Karczmarewicz, Stefan (30 March 2020). "Już wiemy, dlaczego zgonów jest mało. PiS opublikował mechanizm swojej kreatywnej statystyki" [Now we know we there are so few deaths. PiS published the mechanism of its creative statistics-->]. Polityka (in Polish). Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
{{cite news}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 30 March 2020 suggested (help) - ^ "Prezydent Warszawy pyta o rozbieżności w statystykach zgonów. Zagmatwane wyjaśnienia resortu" [The mayor of Warsaw asks about the differences in fatality statistics. Confusing explanation from the ministry]. Fakty TVN (in Polish). 14 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
OKOpress_19Mar_MZ1death_clarifiedwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
OKOpress_20Mar_24Mar_MZ2deathswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
MOHPL_2deaths_tot16_26marwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
OtoTorun_64yroldCOVID19_Grudziadzwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Raport sanepidu w Grudziądzu utrzymuje: 0 zakażonych. Tymczasem zmarła, zakażona koronawirusem 64-latka, była grudziądzanką" [GIS report for Grudziądz insists: 0 infected. While a 64-year-old Grudziądz woman who was infected by the coronavirus died]. Gazeta Pomorska (in Polish). 8 April 2020. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
External links
Media related to COVID-19 pandemic in Poland at Wikimedia Commons- Ministerstwo Zdrowia - Portal Gov.pl (Ministry of Health)
- Aktualności (Główny Inspektorat Sanitarny (GIS), national health agency)
- informal and formal definitions of "isolation", "quarantine" and "monitoring" (in Polish)
- Polish government list of SARS-CoV-2 infections
- "Koronawirus - wyleczeni". Google Docs. 30 March 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
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