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COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country

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This article contains the number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths per population as of 10 March 2026, by country. It also has cumulative death totals by country. For these numbers over time see the tables, graphs, and maps at COVID-19 pandemic deaths and COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory.

This data reflects entire populations and does not adjust for age-specific risk. According to U.S. CDC data, COVID-19 has had markedly different impacts across demographics, with factors such as pre-existing conditions, socioeconomic status, and urban versus rural residency influencing outcomes. For example, the CDC reported that as 27 April 2021, the reported case fatality ratios were 0.015%, 0.15%, 2.3%, and 17% for the age groups 0–17, 18–49, 50–74, and 75 or over, respectively.[1] Similar patterns were observed in other countries, with older populations consistently experiencing higher mortality, emphasizing the critical role of age distribution in pandemic modeling.

Data reliability

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Variation between testing programmes worldwide results in different ascertainment rates per country: not every SARS-CoV-2 infection, nor every COVID-19-related death, will be identified. Additionally, testing availability, public compliance with testing, and differences in healthcare infrastructure further complicate accurate reporting. Some deaths may be wrongly attributed to COVID-19 (for example if all suspected COVID-19 deaths are counted as COVID-19 deaths, for example, Belgium counted suspected deaths as confirmed cases in September 2020, and Public Health England initially counted all deaths after a positive test "to be sure not to underestimate the number of COVID-19 related deaths", while Scotland reported all deaths within 28 days of such a positive test).[2][3] Therefore, according to WHO analyses, the true numbers of infections and deaths are expected to exceed the confirmed numbers everywhere, though the extent will vary by country.[4] These statistics are therefore less suitable for between-country comparisons. As deaths are easier to identify than infections (which are regularly asymptomatic), the true case fatality rate (CFR) is likely lower than the observed CFR. Underreporting is especially severe in countries with limited healthcare access or conflict zones, where both testing and vital registration systems are incomplete.

Reports from Socialstyrelsen in Sweden indicate 20,797 cases of Covid-19 deaths as of 2024-10-15[5] which differs from the table below.

Causes of variation in true CFRs between countries, include variations in age and overall health of the population, medical care, and classification of deaths.[6] For instance, countries with higher prevalence of comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, or cardiovascular disease often experienced elevated mortality rates even among younger age groups.

Excess mortality provides a broader estimate of these numbers. According to WHO, it includes both "direct COVID-19 and indirect, non-COVID-19 deaths".[7] They compare overall mortality with that of previous years, and as such also include the potentially vast number of deaths among people with unconfirmed COVID-19. These statistics have been crucial for understanding the broader societal impact of the pandemic, including deaths due to delayed healthcare, mental health crises, and economic stressors.

Examples from specific countries

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Russia

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COVID cases in Russia

According to excess-mortality analyses, Russia's total COVID-19 deaths in 2020 were estimated to exceed 186,000[8] while confirmed COVID-19 deaths were at 56,271.[9] This discrepancy reflects not only under-testing but also policy-driven reporting choices and limited transparency in regional reporting systems.

The Netherlands

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COVID in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands, excess-mortality estimates indicate around 20,000 deaths from COVID-19 in 2020,[10] while only the death of 11,525 identified COVID-19 cases was registered.[9] The official count of COVID-19 deaths as of December 2021 is slightly more than 5.4 million, according to World Health Organization's report in May 2022. WHO also said that the real numbers are far higher than the official tally because of unregistered deaths in countries without adequate reporting.[11] WHO emphasized that undercounting remains a global issue, particularly in low and middle-income countries where civil registration and death certification are incomplete.

COVID cases in China

China

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The number of reported deaths and cases in China is likely severely undercounted. Multiple independent studies estimate China's true COVID-19 death toll may be between one to two million, rather than the official count of 122,398.[12][13] This is partly due to how deaths caused by COVID-19 are counted. Only deaths occurring in hospitals are included.[14] Furthermore, regional disparities in reporting and sudden changes in testing strategy contributed to challenges in determining the actual mortality burden.

Age and gender adjusted mortality

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COVID‑19 mortality varies substantially by age, with older populations experiencing disproportionately higher fatality rates. According to provisional CDC mortality data, COVID‑19 death rates per 100,000 population rise steeply with age, from under 1 in young children to over 1,395 per 100,000 in those aged 85+ in 2021.[15] CDC data also indicates that men experienced higher mortality rates, with 208,718 men passing in 2020 and 175,818 females passing. This number spiked to 258,507 and 202,006 in 2021. Biological, behavioral, and occupational factors may contribute to these differences, including a higher prevalence of comorbidities among men and differntial exposure risk.

According to one comparative study of European countries, “once differences in population age distributions are taken into account, variations in mortality rates between countries are considerably smaller”, and highlighted the importance of age-standardized mortality for international comparisons.[16] Age-standardized mortality is critical for assessing international comparisons accurately.These metrics allow policymakers and researchers to distinguish the impact of the disease itself from demographic factors that influence observed death rates.

Timeline of reporting changes and policy shifts

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Throughout the pandemic, many countries revised their case and death reporting systems. Public Health England changed its definition, counting deaths within 28 days of a positive test, noting: “death in a person with a laboratory-confirmed positive COVID-19 test and died within (equal to or less than) 28 days of the first positive specimen date.”[17] A technical review later noted that “the UK daily COVID death counts … were changed to report deaths within 28 days of a first [positive test].”[18] At the global level, the World Health Organization noted changes in international reporting frequency beginning in 2023. As the organization stated, “a number of countries have stopped reporting or changed their frequency … As of 25 August 2023, WHO declared that it is no longer necessary … to report daily counts."[19] WHO further cautioned that “case detection, definitions, testing strategies, reporting practice, and lag times … differ between countries. This variability makes longitudinal analyses challenging and requires careful interpretation of trends over time. Countries also introduced retroactive adjustments, further complicating historical data comparisons.

Table of total cases, deaths, and death rates by country

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Note: Table is automatically updated daily.[note 1] Data source is Our World in Data.[note 2][note 3]

Updated February 26, 2026.
COVID-19 pandemic cases and mortality by country[20]
Country Deaths / million Deaths Cases
World[a] 893 7,110,645 779,035,962
Peru 6,603 221,067 4,533,436
Bulgaria 5,680 38,777 1,341,038
North Macedonia 5,429 9,991 352,093
Bosnia and Herzegovina 5,119 16,407 404,289
Hungary 5,072 49,124 2,240,618
Croatia 4,813 18,805 1,371,375
Slovenia 4,686 9,914 1,366,751
Georgia 4,519 17,151 1,864,337
Montenegro 4,317 2,654 251,280
Czech Republic 4,116 43,938 4,885,505
Latvia 4,098 7,710 977,795
Moldova 4,042 12,290 656,455
Slovakia 3,908 21,393 1,889,565
Greece 3,863 40,232 5,856,910
San Marino 3,693 126 25,292
United States 3,616 1,235,172 103,436,829
Romania 3,604 69,093 3,603,769
Lithuania 3,521 9,921 1,447,821
United Kingdom 3,404 232,112 25,110,923
Brazil 3,346 703,725 37,962,511
Italy 3,329 198,523 26,969,821
Chile 3,298 64,497 5,410,441
Martinique 3,159 1,104 230,354
Poland 3,151 120,983 6,839,635
Armenia 3,049 8,785 454,893
Gibraltar 3,002 113 20,550
Belgium 2,949 34,339 4,906,789
Paraguay 2,940 19,880 735,759
Trinidad and Tobago 2,934 4,390 191,496
Argentina 2,881 130,837 10,118,855
Portugal 2,845 29,641 5,671,586
European Union[b] 2,831 1,270,412 186,969,879
Sweden 2,793 29,301 2,785,050
Russia 2,777 404,290 24,901,467
Colombia 2,760 142,805 6,402,704
Aruba 2,708 292 44,224
Ukraine 2,678 109,937 5,555,148
Serbia 2,658 18,057 2,568,004
Guadeloupe 2,654 1,021 203,235
France 2,616 168,199 39,058,068
Mexico 2,605 335,093 7,629,844
Spain 2,548 121,880 13,980,340
Bermuda 2,547 165 18,860
Guam 2,536 419 52,287
Estonia 2,525 3,409 617,072
Austria 2,485 22,534 6,083,750
Tunisia 2,427 29,423 1,153,361
French Polynesia 2,318 650 79,451
Saint Lucia 2,293 410 30,254
Uruguay 2,269 7,696 1,043,228
Liechtenstein 2,262 89 21,649
Suriname 2,256 1,406 82,516
Sint Maarten 2,182 92 11,051
Bahamas 2,135 849 39,127
Malta 2,116 1,118 125,283
Barbados 2,100 593 109,141
Germany 2,080 174,979 38,437,951
Finland 2,058 11,466 1,517,263
Grenada 2,035 238 19,693
Ecuador 2,023 36,064 1,081,978
Panama 2,006 8,830 1,045,652
Andorra 1,994 159 48,015
Republic of Ireland 1,912 9,771 1,765,889
Lebanon 1,905 10,947 1,239,904
Kosovo 1,869 3,212 274,279
Bolivia 1,853 22,389 1,212,180
Costa Rica 1,848 9,394 1,241,702
Puerto Rico 1,832 5,938 1,252,713
Hong Kong 1,798 13,466 2,876,106
Montserrat 1,787 8 1,403
Monaco 1,720 67 17,181
Belize 1,708 688 71,493
Denmark 1,696 10,012 3,453,247
British Virgin Islands 1,669 64 7,661
Curaçao 1,645 305 45,883
South Africa 1,644 102,595 4,073,151
Iran 1,640 146,837 7,627,863
Switzerland 1,611 14,170 4,491,241
Guyana 1,596 1,312 75,520
Collectivity of Saint Martin 1,591 46 12,324
Antigua and Barbuda 1,572 146 9,106
Jersey 1,555 161 66,391
Luxembourg 1,530 1,000 401,395
United States Virgin Islands 1,525 132 25,389
Cyprus 1,450 1,364 718,604
Caribbean Netherlands 1,430 41 11,922
Canada 1,424 55,282 4,819,055
Namibia 1,422 4,110 172,557
Israel 1,395 12,707 4,841,699
French Guiana 1,384 413 98,041
Isle of Man 1,378 116 38,008
Seychelles 1,370 172 51,899
Netherlands 1,283 22,986 8,656,989
Jamaica 1,279 3,634 157,664
Albania 1,275 3,608 337,234
Jordan 1,254 14,122 1,746,997
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1,214 124 9,674
Eswatini 1,170 1,427 75,356
Turkey 1,164 101,419 17,004,725
Botswana 1,148 2,801 330,699
Guatemala 1,132 20,205 1,255,261
Dominica 1,107 74 16,047
New Caledonia 1,093 314 80,203
Malaysia 1,076 37,351 5,329,836
Palestine 1,075 5,708 703,228
Honduras 1,062 11,114 473,041
Réunion 1,056 921 494,595
Guernsey 1,050 67 35,326
Norway 1,050 5,732 1,550,562
Azerbaijan 1,005 10,353 836,510
Bahrain 1,001 1,536 696,614
Saint Kitts and Nevis 984 46 6,607
Oman 978 4,628 399,449
Australia 963 25,236 11,861,161
Fiji 962 885 69,047
Kazakhstan 951 19,072 1,504,370
Turks and Caicos Islands 893 41 6,933
Libya 891 6,437 507,269
Northern Mariana Islands 889 41 14,985
New Zealand 884 4,538 2,668,236
Anguilla 844 12 3,904
Mauritius 841 1,074 332,105
Cabo Verde 802 417 64,550
Wallis and Futuna 782 9 3,760
Belarus 775 7,118 994,083
Cuba 771 8,530 1,113,834
Sri Lanka 740 16,907 672,812
Taiwan 739 17,672 9,970,937
American Samoa 702 34 8,359
South Korea 693 35,934 34,571,873
El Salvador 673 4,230 202,066
Mongolia 630 2,136 1,011,489
Mayotte 612 187 42,027
Maldives 602 316 186,694
Japan 597 74,694 33,803,572
Philippines 586 66,864 4,173,631
Indonesia 581 162,059 6,830,274
Federated States of Micronesia 579 65 31,765
Iraq 575 25,375 2,465,545
Palau 562 10 6,372
Kuwait 559 2,570 667,290
Faroe Islands 518 28 34,658
Cayman Islands 516 37 31,472
Iceland 489 186 211,230
Thailand 487 34,993 5,419,906
Saint Barthélemy 456 5 5,507
Morocco 436 16,305 1,279,115
Vietnam 433 43,206 11,624,000
Marshall Islands 424 17 16,297
Nepal 404 12,034 1,003,946
Brunei 399 182 350,550
Dominican Republic 390 4,384 661,103
Greenland 374 21 11,971
India 374 533,847 45,056,126
Myanmar 362 19,494 643,401
Singapore 358 2,024 3,006,155
Zimbabwe 357 5,740 266,436
Sao Tome and Principe 353 80 6,771
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 347 2 3,426
Lesotho 310 709 36,140
Saudi Arabia 299 9,646 841,469
Solomon Islands 254 199 25,954
Qatar 238 690 514,524
United Arab Emirates 229 2,349 1,067,030
Egypt 220 24,830 516,023
Venezuela 207 5,856 552,743
Mauritania 204 997 63,891
Zambia 202 4,078 349,892
Afghanistan 197 7,998 235,214
Comoros 193 161 9,109
Kiribati 183 24 5,085
Cambodia 177 3,056 139,326
Bangladesh 174 29,531 2,052,275
Macau 174 121 3,514
Djibouti 166 189 15,690
Algeria 151 6,881 272,435
Kyrgyzstan 147 1,024 88,953
Samoa 144 31 17,057
Gambia 141 372 12,627
Syria 140 3,163 57,423
Cook Islands 135 2 7,375
Malawi 130 2,686 89,168
Gabon 126 307 49,069
Pakistan 125 30,656 1,580,631
Tonga 123 13 16,992
Senegal 111 1,972 89,437
Rwanda 107 1,468 133,274
Kenya 104 5,689 344,140
Sudan 102 5,046 63,993
Equatorial Guinea 101 183 17,130
Timor-Leste 100 138 23,460
Tuvalu 99 1 2,943
Laos 88 671 219,060
China[c] 85 122,398 99,381,761
Nauru 84 1 5,393
Guinea-Bissau 84 177 9,614
Uganda 76 3,632 172,222
Somalia 76 1,361 27,334
Haiti 74 860 34,901
Cameroon 71 1,974 125,320
Mozambique 68 2,252 233,927
Papua New Guinea 65 670 46,864
Republic of the Congo 64 389 25,234
Ethiopia 60 7,574 501,324
Yemen 56 2,159 11,945
Liberia 54 294 8,090
Angola 54 1,937 107,487
Madagascar 46 1,428 68,733
Vanuatu 44 14 12,019
Ghana 44 1,463 172,779
Nicaragua 36 245 16,805
Guinea 33 468 38,593
Mali 32 743 33,199
Togo 31 290 39,553
Eritrea 30 103 10,189
Uzbekistan 29 1,016 175,158
Ivory Coast 27 835 88,434
Bhutan 26 21 63,193
Central African Republic 22 113 15,492
Burkina Faso 17 400 22,217
Sierra Leone 15 126 7,985
Democratic Republic of the Congo 14 1,474 101,010
Nigeria 14 3,155 267,229
South Sudan 13 147 18,873
Tanzania 13 846 43,606
Niger 12 315 9,573
Tajikistan 12 125 17,786
Benin 11 163 28,036
Chad 10 194 7,702
Burundi 1 15 54,569
Vatican City 0 0 26
Niue 0 0 1,092
Falkland Islands 0 0 1,923
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 0 0 2,166
Pitcairn Islands 0 0 4
Tokelau 0 0 80
North Korea 0 0 0
Turkmenistan 0 0 0
  1. ^ Countries which do not report data for a column are not included in that column's world total.
  2. ^ Data on member states of the European Union are individually listed, but are also summed here for convenience. They are not double-counted in world totals.
  3. ^ Does not include special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau) or Taiwan.


Map of death rates

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Total confirmed COVID-19 deaths per million people by country:[21][note 3][note 4]

See date at top of map.
Total confirmed COVID cases by country at the start.

Regional overviews

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Significant regional disparities in COVID-19 mortality reflect demography, vaccination, surveillance capacity, and timing. According to WHO, as of March 2023, 43% of global reported COVID-19 deaths were in the Americas, followed by 32% in Europe and 12% in South-East Asia.The remaining WHO regions—Western Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean, and Africa—accounted for 14% of global deaths.[22] These variations are influenced by population density, public health infrastructure, vaccine rollout, and pre-existing healthcare inequalities. Additionally, cultural factors, mobility patterns, and government interventions significantly affected the timing and magnitude of mortality waves.

COVID-19 death rates according to vaccination status in the US.

Comparison with other global health threats

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The WHO estimates that “COVID-19 was directly responsible for 8.7 million deaths in 2021,” making it one of the world’s leading causes of death that year.[23] However, it did not exceed major chronic diseases: “The world’s biggest killer is ischaemic heart disease, responsible for 13% of the world’s total deaths.” Lower respiratory infections (non-COVID) remained “the fifth leading cause of death in 2021.”[23] COVID-19’s mortality risk strongly increases with age. Analysis by Think Global Health notes that while children and adolescents face minimal direct mortality, indirect effects such as missed education, malnutrition, and mental health deterioration add significant long-term health burdens.[24] After adjusting for under-reporting, analyses found COVID-19 ranked among the top three causes of death in several regions, including the second leading cause in the Americas and third in Europe.[24]

The pandemic also produced substantial indirect health impacts. Cardiovascular mortality rose markedly during periods of healthcare disruption, according to a science journal: “in the early months of the pandemic, studies showed a significant increase in deaths from CVD compared to … 2019,” and these elevated levels “persisted until early 2022.”[25] Other indirect effects shown included excess mortality due to untreated chronic conditions, reduced vaccination coverage for other infectious diseases, and increased mental health crises. Health systems worldwide experienced strain that exposed vulnerabilities in both high and low-resource settings.

Summary

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COVID-19 has demonstrated a highly age-dependent mortality profile, with older populations experiencing disproportionately higher fatality rates. Mortality rates have varied over time due to changes in reporting practices, public health interventions, virus variants, and vaccine rollout. Regional differences reflect disparities in healthcare access, population age structures, and policy responses. Comparison with other global health threats emphasizes COVID-19's significant impact relative to chronic diseases. Age and gender-adjusted mortality analyses provide a clearer understanding of the pandemic's burden across populations, highlighting the importance of protective measures for vulnerable groups. The pandemic underscores the critical role of timely, accurate data reporting and international cooperation in mitigating the effects of emerging diseases. Furthermore, COVID-19 highlighted systemic inequalities and the long-term societal implications of global health crises.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The table this note applies to is updated daily by a bot. For more info see Template:COVID-19 data/Cite.
  2. ^ Our World in Data (OWID). See Coronavirus Source Data for OWID sourcing info. Excerpt: "Deaths and cases: our data source. Our World in Data relies on data from Johns Hopkins University. ... JHU updates its data multiple times each day. This data is sourced from governments, national and subnational agencies across the world — a full list of data sources for each country is published on Johns Hopkins GitHub site. It also makes its data publicly available there."
  3. ^ a b "CSSEGISandData/COVID-19". GitHub. 5 August 2022. COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. The CSV files are downloaded via the "Raw" links. The "Raw" link doesn't show up until you click the csv file link. This opens into a GitHub page with the data and the "Raw" link. See How to Use our Data for more info and links. See: Pandemic Data Initiative. See more sourcing history and info.
  4. ^ Our World in Data (OWID) maps and graphs on cases and deaths. Click on the download tab to download the image. The table tab has a table of the exact data by country. The source tab says the data is from the COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. The image at the source is interactive and provides more detail. For example, for maps run your cursor over the color bar legend to see the countries that apply to that point in the legend. For graphs run your cursor over the graph for more info. See Coronavirus Source Data for more OWID sourcing info.

References

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  1. ^ "Demographic Trends of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the US reported to CDC". 2021-04-27.
  2. ^ John Newton (12 August 2020). "Behind the headlines: Counting COVID-19 deaths". UK Health Security Agency. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  3. ^ Beaney, Thomas; Clarke, Jonathan M; Jain, Vageesh; Golestaneh, Amelia Kataria; Lyons, Gemma; Salman, David; Majeed, Azeem (2020). "Excess mortality: the gold standard in measuring the impact of COVID-19 worldwide?". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 113 (9): 329–334. doi:10.1177/0141076820956802. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 7488823. PMID 32910871. Russia's case definition for a COVID-19 death, for example, relies solely on results from autopsy, unlike most European countries.6 Death must have been due directly to COVID-19, so it is not counted if a patient was found to have COVID-19 but it did not cause their death.6,7 This will lead to significant underreporting, especially as Russia has one of the highest numbers of COVID-19 cases worldwide and yet has a case fatality rate of only 1.7% as of 31 July 2020.3 Spain's definition requires a positive polymerase chain reaction or antibody test for COVID-19, with only hospital deaths included in the death count despite a significant number of deaths from COVID-19 in the community and care homes.8,9 Belgium, by contrast, has one of the broadest definitions for a COVID-19 death, including all suspected cases. Care home deaths in Belgium account for around half of all excess deaths, but only 26% of care home deaths were confirmed (rather than suspected) COVID-19,10 leading to possible overcounting relative to other countries.11
  4. ^ Verity, Robert (March 30, 2020). "Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 20 (6): 669–677. Bibcode:2020LanID..20..669V. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30243-7. PMC 7158570. PMID 32240634.
  5. ^ "Statistik om covid-19, influense och RS". Socialstyrelsen. October 15, 2024.
  6. ^ Aravindan, John Geddie (18 September 2020). "Why is Singapore's COVID-19 death rate the world's lowest". Reuters.
  7. ^ Beaney, Thomas; Clarke, Jonathan M; Jain, Vageesh; Golestaneh, Amelia Kataria; Lyons, Gemma; Salman, David; Majeed, Azeem (2020). "Excess mortality: the gold standard in measuring the impact of COVID-19 worldwide?". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 113 (9): 329–334. doi:10.1177/0141076820956802. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 7488823. PMID 32910871. Under the assumption that the incidence of other diseases remains steady over time, then excess deaths can be viewed as those caused both directly and indirectly by COVID-19 and gives a summary measure of the 'whole system' impact. ... Despite this, when seeking to understand the full impact of deaths due to COVID-19 and explain why excess deaths vary, there is a need to distinguish the component parts – of direct COVID-19 and indirect, non-COVID-19 deaths.
  8. ^ Agence France-Presse (December 28, 2020). "Russia admits to world's third-worst Covid-19 death toll". The Guardian.
  9. ^ a b "COVID-19 Data Explorer". Our World in Data.
  10. ^ "CBS: afgelopen jaar ruim 20.000 coronadoden". nos.nl (in Dutch). 7 April 2021.
  11. ^ Rigby, Jennifer (2022-05-05). "Almost three times as many died as a result of COVID than officially reported - WHO". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  12. ^ Du, Zhanwei; Wang, Yuchen; Bai, Yuan; Wang, Lin; Cowling, Benjamin John; Meyers, Lauren Ancel (2023-10-29). "Estimate of COVID-19 Deaths, China, December 2022–February 2023". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 29 (10): 2121–2124. doi:10.3201/eid2910.230585. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 10521589. PMID 37640373.
  13. ^ Bai, Yao; Peng, Zhihang; Wei, Fengying; Jin, Zhen; Wang, Jinjie; Xu, Ximing; Zhang, Xinyan; Xu, Jun; Ren, Zixiong; Lu, Bulai; Wang, Zhaojun; Xu, Jianguo; Huang, Senzhong (2023-03-22). "Study on the COVID-19 epidemic in mainland China between November 2022 and January 2023, with prediction of its tendency". Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity. 5 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1016/j.jobb.2023.03.001. PMC 10030260. PMID 36992708.
  14. ^ Glanz, James; Hvistendahl, Mara; Chang, Agnes (2023-02-15). "How Deadly Was China's Covid Wave?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-08-31.
  15. ^ Ahmad, Farida (29 April 2022). "Provisional Mortality Data — United States, 2021". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 71 (17): 597–600. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7117e1. PMC 9098238. PMID 35482572. Retrieved 17 November 2025.
  16. ^ Sepulveda, Edgardo (December 2021). "Income inequality and COVID-19 mortality: Age-stratified analysis of 22 OECD countries". SSM - Population Health. 16 100904. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100904. PMC 8456048. PMID 34584934.
  17. ^ Loke, Yoon (16 July 2020). "Why no-one can ever recover from COVID-19 in England – a statistical anomaly". The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine.
  18. ^ "Changes to the way we report on COVID-19 deaths". UK Health Security Agency.blog.gov. UK Health Security Agency. 27 January 2023.
  19. ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Epidemiological Updates and Monthly Operational Updates". World Health Organization.
  20. ^ Mathieu, Edouard; Ritchie, Hannah; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Dattani, Saloni; Beltekian, Diana; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Roser, Max (2020–2024). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2026-02-26.
  21. ^ World map of cumulative confirmed COVID-19 deaths per million people. From Our World in Data.
  22. ^ "COVID-19 cases | WHO COVID-19 dashboard". WHO Data. World Health Organization.
  23. ^ a b "The top 10 causes of death". The top 10 causes of death. World Health Organization.
  24. ^ a b Troeger, Christopher. "Just How Do Deaths Due to COVID-19 Stack Up?". Think Global Health.
  25. ^ Henry, Timothy (17 November 2021). "The direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular disease throughout the world". European Heart Journal. 43 (11): 1154–1156. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab782. PMC 8690059. PMID 34791131.
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