Hurricane Sandy: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Reverting possible vandalism by 69.244.127.80 to version by 24.1.189.44. False positive? Report it. Thanks, ClueBot NG. (1329739) (Bot)
No edit summary
Line 23: Line 23:
In [[Jamaica]], winds left 70% of residents without electricity, blew roofs off buildings, killed one, and caused about $55.23 million (2012 USD) in damage. In [[Haiti]], Sandy's outer bands brought flooding that killed at least 54, caused food shortages, and left about 200,000 homeless. In the [[Dominican Republic]], two died. In [[Puerto Rico]], one man was swept away by a swollen river. In Cuba, there was extensive coastal flooding and wind damage inland, destroying some 15,000 homes, killing 11, and causing $2 billion (2012 USD) in damage. In [[The Bahamas]], two died amid an estimated $300 million (2012 USD) in damage.
In [[Jamaica]], winds left 70% of residents without electricity, blew roofs off buildings, killed one, and caused about $55.23 million (2012 USD) in damage. In [[Haiti]], Sandy's outer bands brought flooding that killed at least 54, caused food shortages, and left about 200,000 homeless. In the [[Dominican Republic]], two died. In [[Puerto Rico]], one man was swept away by a swollen river. In Cuba, there was extensive coastal flooding and wind damage inland, destroying some 15,000 homes, killing 11, and causing $2 billion (2012 USD) in damage. In [[The Bahamas]], two died amid an estimated $300 million (2012 USD) in damage.


Some scientists have suggested that hurricane Sandy was made worse by global warming.
Some scientists have suggested that hurricane Sandy was made worse by global warming.{{cite needed|November 2012}}


In the United States, Hurricane Sandy affected at least 24 [[U.S. state|states]], from [[Florida]] to [[Maine]] and west to [[Michigan]] and [[Wisconsin]], with particularly severe damage in [[New Jersey]] and [[New York]]. Its [[storm surge]] hit [[New York City]] on October 29, flooding streets, tunnels and subway lines and cutting power in and around the city.<ref>[http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/29/hurricane-sandy-strengthens-to-85-mph/ "Superstorm Sandy causes at least 9 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast"], CNN</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap1000000088170/article/eli-manning-deals-with-superstorm-sandy-flooding|title=Eli Manning deals with Superstorm Sandy flooding|work=[[National Football League]]|date=2012-10-31|accessdate=2012-10-31}}</ref>
In the United States, Hurricane Sandy affected at least 24 [[U.S. state|states]], from [[Florida]] to [[Maine]] and west to [[Michigan]] and [[Wisconsin]], with particularly severe damage in [[New Jersey]] and [[New York]]. Its [[storm surge]] hit [[New York City]] on October 29, flooding streets, tunnels and subway lines and cutting power in and around the city.<ref>[http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/29/hurricane-sandy-strengthens-to-85-mph/ "Superstorm Sandy causes at least 9 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast"], CNN</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap1000000088170/article/eli-manning-deals-with-superstorm-sandy-flooding|title=Eli Manning deals with Superstorm Sandy flooding|work=[[National Football League]]|date=2012-10-31|accessdate=2012-10-31}}</ref>

Revision as of 06:31, 12 November 2012

Hurricane Sandy
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Sandy near peak intensity on October 25, 2012
FormedOctober 22, 2012[2]
DissipatedOctober 31, 2012[1]
(extratropical after October 29)
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 110 mph (175 km/h)
Lowest pressure940 mbar (hPa); 27.76 inHg
Fatalities193
DamageAt least $52.4 billion (2012 USD)
(Second-costliest hurricane in US history[3])
Areas affectedGreater Antilles, Bahamas, most of the eastern United States (especially the coastal Mid-Atlantic States and New England), Bermuda, eastern Canada
Part of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Sandy was the largest Atlantic hurricane on record, as well as the second-costliest Atlantic hurricane in history, only surpassed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The eighteenth named storm and tenth hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, Hurricane Sandy devastated portions of the Caribbean, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States in late October 2012.[4][5] Sandy is estimated in early calculations to have caused damage of at least $20 billion (2012 USD).[6] Preliminary estimates of losses that include business interruption surpass $50 billion (2012 USD),[7] behind only Hurricane Katrina. At least 193 people were killed along the path of the storm in seven countries.[8]

Sandy developed from a tropical wave in the western Caribbean Sea on October 22, quickly strengthened and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Sandy six hours later. Sandy moved slowly northward toward the Greater Antilles and gradually intensified. On October 24, Sandy became a hurricane, made landfall near Kingston, Jamaica, a few hours later, re-emerged into the Caribbean Sea and strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane. On October 25, Sandy hit Cuba, then weakened to a Category 1 hurricane. Early on October 26, Sandy moved through the Bahamas.[9] On October 27, Sandy briefly weakened to a tropical storm and then restrengthened to a Category 1 hurricane. Early on October 29, Sandy curved north-northwest and then[10] moved ashore near Atlantic City, New Jersey as a "post-tropical cyclone".[11]

In Jamaica, winds left 70% of residents without electricity, blew roofs off buildings, killed one, and caused about $55.23 million (2012 USD) in damage. In Haiti, Sandy's outer bands brought flooding that killed at least 54, caused food shortages, and left about 200,000 homeless. In the Dominican Republic, two died. In Puerto Rico, one man was swept away by a swollen river. In Cuba, there was extensive coastal flooding and wind damage inland, destroying some 15,000 homes, killing 11, and causing $2 billion (2012 USD) in damage. In The Bahamas, two died amid an estimated $300 million (2012 USD) in damage.

Some scientists have suggested that hurricane Sandy was made worse by global warming.[citation needed]

In the United States, Hurricane Sandy affected at least 24 states, from Florida to Maine and west to Michigan and Wisconsin, with particularly severe damage in New Jersey and New York. Its storm surge hit New York City on October 29, flooding streets, tunnels and subway lines and cutting power in and around the city.[12][13]

Meteorological history

Main article: Meteorological history of Hurricane Sandy
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Hurricane Sandy began as a low pressure system which developed sufficient organized convection to be classified as a tropical depression on October 22 south of Kingston, Jamaica.[14] It moved slowly at first due to a ridge to the north. Low wind shear and warm waters allowed for strengthening,[14] and the system became Tropical Storm Sandy late on October 22.[15] Early on October 24, an eye began developing, and it was moving steadily northward due to an approaching trough.[16] Later that day, the NHC upgraded Sandy to hurricane status about 65 mi (105 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica.[17] At about 1900 UTC that day, Sandy made landfall near Kingston with winds of about 80 mph (130 km/h).[18] Just offshore Cuba, Sandy rapidly intensified to winds of 110 mph (175 km/h),[19] and at that intensity it made landfall just west of Santiago de Cuba at 0525 UTC on October 25.[20]

After Sandy exited Cuba, the structure became disorganized,[21] and it turned to the north-northwest over the Bahamas.[22] By October 27, Sandy was no longer fully tropical, and despite strong shear, it maintained convection due to influence from an approaching trough; the same trough turned the hurricane to the northeast.[23] After briefly weakening to a tropical storm,[24] Sandy re-intensified into a hurricane,[25] and on October 28 an eye began redeveloping.[26] The storm moved around an upper-level low over the eastern United States and also to the southwest of a ridge over Atlantic Canada, turning it to the northwest.[27] Sandy reached a secondary peak of 90 mph (150 km/h) on October 29, around which time it had a wind diameter of over 1,000 nautical miles (1,150 mi, 1,850 km).[28] The convection diminished while the hurricane accelerated toward the New Jersey coast,[29] and the hurricane was no longer tropical by 2300 UTC on October 29.[30] An hour later, Sandy made landfall about 5 miles (8 km) southwest of Atlantic City,[31] with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h).[32] The remnants weakened over Pennsylvania, degenerating into a remnant trough on October 31.[33]

Relation to global warming

According to NCAR senior climatologist Kevin E. Trenberth, "The answer to the oft-asked question of whether an event is caused by climate change is that it is the wrong question. All weather events are affected by climate change because the environment in which they occur is warmer and moister than it used to be."[34] He illustrates by pointing out that steroids in a baseball player's system do not cause home runs all by themselves but do make home runs more likely.[35] UC Berkeley linguist George Lakoff describes this confusion as arising from the public's misunderstanding of the difference between "direct causation" and "systemic causation".[36]

NOAA meteorologist Martin Hoerling attributed the "immediate cause" of Sandy to "little more than the coincidental alignment of a tropical storm with an extratropical storm."[37] Trenberth agrees that the storm was caused by "natural variability" but adds that it was "enhanced by global warming".[38]

The storm acquired additional energy from unusually warm currents off the North American East Coast. Global warming has been identified as contributing 0.6°C of 3°C above normal sea surface temperatures from Florida to Canada. As the temperature of the atmosphere increases, the capacity to hold water increases, leading to stronger storms and higher rainfall amounts.[38]

Typically as they drift north, Atlantic hurricanes are blown to the east and out to sea by the jet stream's prevailing winds.[39] In the case of Sandy this typical pattern was blocked by a ridge of high pressure over Greenland resulting in a negative North Atlantic Oscillation, forming a kink in the jet stream, causing it to double back on itself off the East Coast. Sandy was caught up in this northwesterly flow.[39] The blocking pattern over Greenland also stalled an arctic front which combined with the cyclone.[39] Some scientists have attributed this blocking pattern to global warming. Mark Fischetti of Scientific American argued that the jet stream's unusual shape was caused by the melting of Arctic ice.[40] Noting that these blocking patterns are unusual in the fall but have been increasing, Masters said that three studies in 2011 found "that the recent record decline in Arctic sea ice could be responsible, since this heats up the pole, altering the Equator-to-pole temperature difference, forcing the jet stream to slow down, meander, and get stuck in large loops."[39] Trenberth said that the null hypothesis would be that the negative North Atlantic Oscillation was just part of the oscillation's natural phases, and at present the influence of polar warming was speculative.[37]

Measured sea level at New York and along the New Jersey coast has increased by a foot over the last hundred years, and climatologist Michael E. Mann attributed at least a foot of the 13-foot storm surge in lower Manhattan to global sea level rise.[41] Harvard geologist Daniel P. Schrag calls Hurricane Sandy's 13-foot storm surge an example of the "new norm".[42]

Preparations

Caribbean

Jamaica

After the storm became a tropical cyclone on October 22, the Government of Jamaica issued a tropical storm watch for the entire island.[43] Early on October 23, the watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch was issued.[44] At 3 p.m. UTC, the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning, while the tropical storm warning was discontinued.[45]

Haiti

Shortly after Jamaica issued its first watch on October 22, the Government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch for Haiti.[46] By late October 23, it was modified to a tropical storm warning.[47]

Cuba

The Government of Cuba posted a hurricane watch for the Cuban Provinces of Camagüey, Granma, Guantánamo, Holguín, Las Tunas, and Santiago de Cuba at 1500 UTC on October 23.[45] Only three hours later, the hurricane watch was switched to a hurricane warning.[48]

Bahamas

The Government of the Bahamas, at 1500 UTC on October 23, issued a tropical storm watch for several Bahamian islands, including the Acklins, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Exuma, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island, Mayaguana, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador Island.[45] Later that day, another tropical storm watch was issued for Abaco Islands, Andros Island, the Berry Islands, Bimini, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and New Providence.[48] By early on October 24, the tropical storm watch for Cat Island, Exuma, Long Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador was upgraded to a tropical storm warning.[49]

Bermuda

At 11:15 a.m. EDT (1515 UTC) on October 26, the Bermuda Weather Service issued a tropical storm watch for Bermuda, reflecting the enormous size of the storm and the anticipated wide-reaching impacts.[50]

United States

White House conference with FEMA and Department of Homeland Security in preparation for arrival of the hurricane.
Wikinews has related news:

Much of the East Coast of the United States, in Mid-Atlantic and New England regions, had a good chance of receiving gale-force winds, flooding, heavy rain and possibly snow early in the week of October 28 from an unusual hybrid of Hurricane Sandy and a winter storm producing a Fujiwhara effect.[51] Government weather forecasters said there was a 90% chance (the chance having increased from 60% on October 24), that the East Coast would be impacted by the storm. Some media outlets began referring to the expected combination of the tropical system and storm front, a few days before Halloween, as "Frankenstorm,"[52] after Hydrometeorological Prediction Center forecaster Jim Cisco coined the term in an extended forecast discussion issued on October 25.[53][54] As coverage continued, many outlets began eschewing this term in favor of "superstorm",[55] with CNN in particular declaring an embargo on the use of the term "Frankenstorm" in its reporting, citing sensitivity concerns.[56] Utilities and governments along the East Coast attempted to head off long-term power failures that Sandy might cause. Power companies from the Southeast to New England alerted independent contractors to be ready to help repair storm damaged equipment quickly and asked employees to cancel vacations and work longer hours. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University, using a computer model built on power outage data from previous hurricanes, conservatively forecast that 10 million customers along the Eastern Seaboard would lose power from the storm.[57] In New Jersey, where the storm was expected to come ashore, Jersey Central Power & Light told employees to be prepared for extended shifts.[58]

President Obama discusses preparations for Hurricane Sandy

Through regional offices in Atlanta, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) monitored Sandy and closely coordinated with state and tribal emergency management partners in Florida and the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic and New England states.[59] President Obama signed emergency declarations on October 28 for several states expected to be impacted by Sandy, allowing them to request federal aid and make additional preparations in advance of the storm.[60]

Flight cancellations and travel alerts on the U.S. East Coast were put in place in the Mid-Atlantic and the New England areas,[61] Over 5,000 commercial airline flights scheduled for October 28 and October 29 were cancelled by the afternoon of October 28.[62] and Amtrak canceled some services through October 29 in preparation for the storm.[63]

The National Guard and U.S. Air Force put as many as 45,000 personnel in at least seven states on alert for possible duty in response to the preparations and aftermath of Sandy.[64]

Southeast

Florida

Sandy brought tropical-storm force winds and rain to South Florida from October 25–27,[65][66] causing schools to close in Palm Beach, Broward and Miami-Dade counties.[67] Schools on the Treasure Coast also announced closures for October 26, in anticipation of Sandy.[68] Storm surge from Sandy also caused flooding and beach erosion along coastal areas in South Florida.[69] A Russian, intelligence-gathering ship, was allowed to stay in Jacksonville to avoid Sandy; the port is not far from Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base.[70]

North Carolina

On October 26, North Carolina Governor Beverly Perdue declared a state of emergency for 38 eastern counties in anticipation of Hurricane Sandy, taking effect October 27.[71] By Monday, October 29, the state of emergency was extended to 24 counties in western North Carolina, with up to a foot of snow attributed to Sandy anticipated in higher elevations. The National Park Service closed at least five sections of the Blue Ridge Parkway.[72]

Virginia

The U.S. Navy sent more than twenty seven ships and forces to sea from Norfolk Naval Base, for their protection.[73] Governor McDonnell authorized the National Guard to activate 630 personnel ahead of the storm.[74] Republican Party presidential candidate Mitt Romney cancelled campaign appearances scheduled for October 28 in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and New Hampshire October 30 because of Sandy. Vice President Joe Biden cancelled his appearance on October 27 in Virginia Beach and an October 29 campaign event in New Hampshire.[75] President Barack Obama cancelled a campaign stop with former President Bill Clinton in Virginia scheduled for October 29, as well as a trip to Colorado Springs, Colorado, the next day because of the impending storm, and said he will remain in Washington D.C.[76] As of the morning of November 2, 6,100 customers were without power, down from more than 180,000.[77]

Mid-Atlantic

Washington, D.C.

On October 26, Washington, D.C. Mayor Vincent Gray declared a state of emergency.[78] That same day the governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia also declared states of emergency in preparation of the approaching storm.[73]

The United States Office of Personnel Management announced federal offices in the Washington, D.C. area would be closed to the public on October 29–30.[79] In addition, Washington D.C. Metro service, both rail and bus, was canceled on October 29 due to expected high winds, the likelihood of widespread power outages, and the closing of the federal government.[80] President Obama declared a state of emergency for the District of Columbia.[81] The Smithsonian Institution closed for the day of October 29.[82]

Maryland

On October 27, Smith Island residents were evacuated with the assistance of the Maryland Natural Resources Police, Dorchester County opened two shelters for those in flood prone areas, and Ocean City initiated Phase I of their Emergency Operations Plan.[83][84][85] Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. has been putting workers on standby and making plans to bring in crews from other states.[58] On October 28, President Obama declared an emergency in Maryland and signed an order authorizing the Federal Emergency Management Agency to aid in disaster relief efforts.[86] Also, numerous areas were ordered to be evacuated including part of Ocean City, Worcester County, Wicomico County, and Somerset County.[87][88] As of October 27, 2012, there are serious possibilities that more than a hundred million tons of dirty sediment mixed with tree limbs and debris floating behind Conowingo Dam may be eventually poured into the Chesapeake Bay, posing a potential environmental threat.[89]

The Maryland Transit Administration canceled all service for October 29 and October 30. The cancellations applied to buses, light rail, Amtrak and MARC train service.[90] On October 29, six shelters opened in Baltimore and early voting was cancelled for the day.[82] Maryland Insurance Commissioner Therese M. Goldsmith activated an emergency regulation requiring pharmacies to refill prescriptions regardless of their last refill date.[91] On October 29, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge over the Chesapeake Bay and the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge and Thomas J. Hatem Memorial Bridge over the Susquehanna River were closed to traffic in the midday hours.[92]

Delaware

On October 28, Governor Markell declared a state of emergency, with coastal areas of Sussex County evacuated. Delaware Route 1 through Delaware Seashore State Park was closed due to flooding.[93] Delaware roads will be closed to the public after 5 a.m., except for emergency and essential personnel.[94] Tolls on I-95 and Delaware Route 1 in the state have been waived.[95]

New Jersey
Airmen of the New Jersey National Guard's 108th Wing assemble before being sent to assist at various emergency shelters.

In Cape May County, officials advised residents on barrier islands to evacuate on October 26. There was also a voluntary evacuation for Mantoloking, Bay Head, Barnegat Light, Beach Haven, Harvey Cedars, Long Beach, Ship Bottom, and Stafford in Ocean County.[96][97][98]

New Jersey Governor Chris Christie ordered all residents of barrier islands from Sandy Hook to Cape May to evacuate, and closed all Atlantic City casinos. Tolls were suspended on the northbound Garden State Parkway and the westbound Atlantic City Expressway starting at 6 a.m. on October 28.[99] President Obama signed an emergency declaration for New Jersey, allowing the state to request federal funding and other assistance for actions taken before Sandy's landfall.[100]

On October 28, Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer ordered residents of basement and street-level residential units to evacuate, due to possible flooding.[101] On October 29, residents of Logan Township were ordered to evacuate.[102] Jersey Central Power & Light told employees to prepare to work extended shifts.[58][103]

On October 29, Sandy made landfall near Atlantic City.[104] Most schools, colleges and universities were closed October 29, and at least 509 out of 580 school districts were closed October 30.[58][103]

Pennsylvania

Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter asked residents in low-lying areas and neighborhoods prone to flooding to leave their homes by 2 p.m. EDT October 28 and move to safer ground.[105] The Philadelphia International Airport suspended all flight operations for October 29.[106] On October 29, Philadelphia shut down its mass transit system.[82] On October 28, Harrisburg Mayor Linda D. Thompson declared a state of disaster emergency for the city to go into effect at 5 a.m. October 29. Electric utilities in the state are bringing in crews and equipment from other states like New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma, to assist with restoration efforts.[107]

New York
Avenue C in Manhattan's East Village was flooded shortly before a massive explosion at the Consolidated Edison power substation on the street took out power to the neighborhood[108]

On October 26, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for every county in the state. He also asked for a pre-disaster declaration to better access federal assistance.[109] Later that day, President Obama signed an emergency declaration for the state of New York.[110]

All state courts were closed on October 29, except for arraignments and emergency applications.[111]

Major carriers canceled all flights into and out of JFK, LaGuardia, and Newark-Liberty airports,[111] and the Metro North and Long Island Rail Roads suspended service beginning 7 p.m. October 27; these commuter rail services were not fully restored as of November 2.[111] The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed October 29 at 4 p.m. EDT due to wind conditions.[112]

Long Island

Nassau County Executive Ed Mangano ordered voluntary evacuations of the South Shore storm surge area, which includes the area south of Sunrise Highway and north of Route 25A and in elevations 15 feet above sea level or less on the North Shore.[113] Shelters were opened at Nassau Community College, Levittown Memorial High School, Locust Valley High School and SUNY Old Westbury.[citation needed]

In Suffolk County, mandatory evacuations were ordered for residents of Fire Island and in surge zone areas in Babylon, Islip, Brookhaven, Riverhead, Southampton and Southold. Shelters were opened at Hampton Bays High School, Sachem East High School, and the Brentwood High School Sonderling Building.[114] Most schools closed in Nassau and Suffolk counties on October 29, including Nassau Community College, Molloy College, Hofstra University and Adelphi University.[115]

New York City
Portions of the FDR Drive remained flooded on the Tuesday morning after the storm

On October 26, Mayor Michael Bloomberg originally told reporters that the city had begun taking precautions but that at that time there was no call for mandatory evacuations and no plans to suspend the city's mass transit or cancel school. But on October 28, Governor Cuomo ordered the MTA, including the subway, closed, and in a press conference immediately following Cuomo's announcement, Mayor Bloomberg ordered public schools closed on October 29.[116] He also ordered mandatory evacuations for Zone A, which comprises portions of Lower Manhattan, the Coney Island-Brighton Beach-Red Hook areas of Brooklyn, the entire Rockaways peninsula, much of Staten Island, City Island, and part of the Throg's Neck area of the Bronx. All these areas are near coastlines or waterways.[117] On October 28, officials activated the city's coastal emergency plan, with subway closings and the evacuation of residents in areas hit during Hurricane Irene in August 2011. More than 76 evacuation shelters were open around the city.[109]

The MTA announced that all subway, bus and commuter rail service would be suspended, beginning at 7 p.m. EDT on October 28.[118]Bus service had largely been restored by October 31, with subway service only partially restored by November 2; public transportation was free through November 2.[citation needed] After Hurricane Irene nearly submerged subways and tunnels in 2011,[119] entrances and grates were covered just before Sandy, but were flooded anyway.[120]

All PATH train service and stations were shut down at 12:01 a.m., October 29,[116] all bus carriers at the Port Authority Bus Terminal closed at 3 a.m., and 200 National Guard troops were deployed in the city.[121]

Battery Park, Central Park, and Grand Central Terminal were closed on October 29.[citation needed] The Brooklyn Battery Tunnel and Holland Tunnel closed at 2 p.m. EDT on October 29.[122][123] The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed later on that day.[citation needed] All NYC schools were closed for the week of the hurricane.[124]

NYU Langone Medical Center cancelled all surgeries and medical procedures, except for emergency procedures.[121] Additionally, one of NYU Langone Medical Center's backup generators failed on October 29, 2012, prompting the evacuation of hundreds of patients, including those from the hospital's various intensive care units.[125]

Broadway theaters cancelled all October 28 evening and October 29 performances.[111]

U.S. stock trading was suspended for October 29–30.[126]

New England

Flooding in Marblehead, Massachusetts, caused by Hurricane Sandy on October 29.

Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy partially activated the state's Emergency Operations Center on October 26[127] and signed a Declaration of Emergency the next day.[128] On October 28, President Obama approved Connecticut's request for an emergency declaration, and hundreds of National Guard personnel were deployed.[129] On October 29, Governor Malloy ordered road closures for all state highways.[130] Numerous mandatory and partial evacuations were issued in cities across Connecticut.[131]

Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick ordered state offices to be closed October 29 and recommended schools and private businesses close. On October 28, President Obama issued a Pre-Landfall Emergency Declaration for Massachusetts. Several shelters were opened, and many schools were closed.[132][133] On October 28, Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin, New Hampshire Governor John Lynch, and Maine's Governor Paul LePage all declared states of emergency.[82][134][135]

Appalachia and the Midwest

Great Lakes region

The National Weather Service issued a storm warning for Lake Huron on October 29 that called for wave heights of 26 feet, and possibly as high as 38 feet. Lake Michigan waves were expected to reach 19 feet, with a potential of 33 feet on October 30.[136] Flood warnings were issued in Chicago on October 29, where wave heights were expected to reach 18 to 23 feet along the Cook County shoreline and 25 feet in northwest Indiana.[137] Gale warnings were issued for Lake Michigan and Green Bay in Wisconsin until the morning of October 31, and waves of 33 feet in Milwaukee and 20 feet in Sheboygan were predicted for October 30.[138] The actual waves reached about 20 feet but were less damaging than expected.[139][140] The village of Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin urged a voluntary evacuation of its lakefront area, though few residents signed up, and little flooding actually occurred.[138][140]

Michigan was impacted by a winter storm system coming in from the west, mixing with cold air streams from the Arctic and colliding with Hurricane Sandy.[136] The forecasts slowed shipping traffic on the Great Lakes, as some vessels sought shelter away from the peak winds, except those on Lake Superior.[141][142] 120,000 people were without power in southeast Michigan the morning of October 30, with winds gusting to 50 mph.[143][144] Detroit-based DTE Energy says it has released 100 contract line workers to assist utilities along the eastern U.S. with storm response. Also CMS Energy Corp.'s Consumers Energy unit says the storm has also affected 1,200 of its 1.8 million Michigan customers.[145] Consumers Energy says it has released more than a dozen employees and 120 contract employees to assist in the eastern U.S.[146] Due to the widespread power outages, numerous schools had to close due to not having power, most being located in St. Clair County and areas along Lake Huron north of Metro Detroit. Wave heights on Lake Huron were reported to have reached 23 feet on the south side of the lake. Heights of 24 to 35 feet have been predicted.[145]

Snow was reported in some parts of eastern Ohio and south of Cleveland. Snow and icy roads also were reported south of Columbus.[147] As far as the state's western edge, areas were under a wind advisory.[148] All departing flights at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport were canceled until October 30 at 3 pm.[149] Gusts at Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport were reported at 68 miles per hour (109 km/h).[150] Hundreds of school districts cancelled or delayed school across the state with at least 250,000 homes and businesses without power.[147] Damage was reported across the state including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame which lost parts of its siding.[150]

Appalachian Mountains region

West Virginia Governor Earl Ray Tomblin declared a state of emergency ahead of storm on October 29.[151] Up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9m) of snow was forecast for mountainous areas of the state.[152]

Canada

The Canadian Hurricane Centre issued its first preliminary statement on Hurricane Sandy on October 25 from Southern Ontario to the Canadian Maritimes,[153] with the potential for heavy rain and strong winds.[154] On October 29, Environment Canada issued severe wind warnings for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Valley corridor, from Southwestern Ontario as far as Quebec City.[155] On October 30, Environment Canada issued storm surge warnings along the mouth of the St. Lawrence River.[156] Rainfall warnings were issued for the Charlevoix region in Quebec, as well as for several counties in New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, where 50 to 70 millimetres of rain was to be expected.[157][158][159] Freezing rain warnings were issued for parts of Northern Ontario.[160]

Impact

Casualties and damages by country
Country Fatalities Missing Damage (in USD) Sources
 United States 121 1 $50 billion (estimated) [161][162]
 Haiti 54 21 $74 million (estimated) [163][164][165]
 Cuba 11 0 $2 billion (estimated) [161][166][167]
 Bahamas 2 0 $300 million (estimated) [161][168]
 Canada 2 0 Unknown [169][170]
 Dominican Republic 2 0 Unknown [161]
 Jamaica 1 0 $55.23 million (estimated) [161][171]
 Bermuda 0 0 Unknown [161]
Total 193 22 >$52.4 billion (estimated)

At least 193 people have been confirmed killed across the United States, the Caribbean, Canada, and the Bahamas, as a result of the storm.[161][163][169][172][173]

Caribbean

Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in the Greater Antilles

Jamaica

Sandy was the first hurricane to directly hit Jamaica since Hurricane Gilbert, 24 years prior. Trees and power lines were snapped and shanty houses were heavily damaged, both from the winds and flooding rains. More than 100 fishermen were stranded in outlying Pedro Cays off Jamaica's southern coast.[174] Stones falling from a hillside crushed one man to death as he tried to get into his house in a rural village near Kingston.[175] The country's sole electricity provider, the Jamaica Public Service Company, reported that 70 percent of its customers were without power. More than 1,000 people went to shelters. Jamaican authorities closed the island's international airports, and police ordered 48-hour curfews in major towns to keep people off the streets and deter looting.[176] Most buildings in the eastern portion of the island lost their roofs.[177] Damage totaled $55.23 million throughout the country.[171]

Hispaniola

In Haiti, which was still recovering from both the 2010 earthquake and the ongoing cholera outbreak, at least 54 people have died,[164] and an estimated 200,000 were left homeless as of late Monday October 29, as a result of four days of ongoing rain from Hurricane Sandy.[178] Heavy damage occurred in Port-Salut after rivers overflowed their banks.[179] In the capital of Port-au-Prince, streets were flooded by the heavy rains, and it was reported that "the whole south of the country is underwater".[180] Most of the tents and buildings in the city's sprawling refugee camps and the Cité Soleil neighborhood were flooded or leaking, a repeat of what happened earlier in the year during the passage of Hurricane Isaac.[177] Crops were also wiped out by the storm and the country would be making an appeal for emergency aid.[181] Damage in Haiti was estimated at $74 million (2012 USD).[165]

In the neighboring Dominican Republic, two people were killed and 30,000 people evacuated.[161] An employee of CNN estimated 70% of the streets in Santo Domingo were flooded.[182] One person was killed in Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico after being swept away by a swollen river.[161]

Cuba

Costliest Cuban hurricanes
Rank Hurricane Season Damage Refs
1 Irma 2017 $13.2 billion [183]
2 Ike 2008 $7.3 billion [184]
3 Matthew 2016 $2.58 billion [185]
4 Gustav 2008 $2.1 billion [184]
5 Michelle 2001 $2 billion [186]
Sandy 2012 [187]
7 Dennis 2005 $1.5 billion [188]
8 Ivan 2004 $1.2 billion [189]
9 Charley 2004 $923 million [189]
10 Wilma 2005 $700 million [190]
Hurricane Sandy damage in Guantanamo Bay

At least 55,000 people were evacuated before Hurricane Sandy's arrival.[191] While moving ashore, the storm produced waves up to 29 feet (9 meters) and a 6 foot (2 meter) storm surge that caused extensive coastal flooding.[192] There was widespread damage, particularly to Santiago de Cuba where 132,733 homes were damaged, of which 15,322 were destroyed and 43,426 lost their roof.[166] Electricity and water services were knocked out, and most of the trees in the city were damaged. Total losses throughout Santiago de Cuba province is estimated as high as $2 billion (2012 USD).[167] Sandy killed 11 people in the country – nine in Santiago de Cuba Province and two in Guantánamo Province; most of the victims were trapped in destroyed houses.[193][194] This makes Sandy the deadliest hurricane to hit Cuba since 2005, when Hurricane Dennis killed 16 people.[195]

Bahamas

A NOAA automated station at Settlement Point on Grand Bahama Island reported sustained winds of 49 mph (74 km/h) and a wind gust of 63 mph (102 km/h).[196] One person died from falling off his roof while attempting to fix a window shutter in the Lyford Cay area on New Providence. Another died in the Queen's Cove area on Grand Bahama Island where he drowned after the sea surge trapped him in his apartment.[161] Portions of the Bahamas lost power or cellular service, including an islandwide power outage on Bimini. Five homes were severely damaged near Williams's Town.[197]

Bermuda

Owing to the sheer size of the storm, Sandy also impacted Bermuda with high winds and heavy rains. On October 28, an F1 tornado touched down in Sandys Parish, damaging homes and businesses.[198] During a three-day span, the storm produced 0.98 in (25 mm) of rain at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The strongest winds were recorded on October 29: sustained winds reached 37 mph (60 km/h) and gusts peaked at 58 mph (93 km/h).[199]

United States

Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey

A total of 24 U.S. states were in some way affected by Sandy. The hurricane caused billions of dollars in damage in the United States, destroyed thousands of homes, left millions without electric service,[200] and killed over a hundred.[201]

Due to flooding and other storm-related problems, Amtrak cancelled all Acela Express, Northeast Regional, Keystone, and Shuttle services for October 29 and 30.[202][203] More than 13,000 flights were canceled across the U.S. on October 29, and more than 3,500 were called off October 30.[204] From October 27 through early November 1, airlines cancelled a total of 19,729 flights, according to FlightAware.[205]

As of early November 1, just over 4.8 million customers remained without power in 15 states and the District of Columbia, according to a CNN tally. The states with the most customers without power are New Jersey with 1,983,694 customers; New York with 1,514,147; Pennsylvania with 526,934; and Connecticut with 352,286.[206] The storm underlines the fragility of the aging American infrastructure, with an electricity network that is ranked lower than that of considerably poorer nations like Slovenia or Portugal.[207]

Storm damage is projected to reach $50 billion, meaning it could be one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history.[208][209]

The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq reopened on October 31 after a two-day closure for storm.[210] More than 1,500 FEMA personnel are along the East Coast working to support disaster preparedness and response operations, including search and rescue, situational awareness, communications and logistical support. In addition, 28 teams containing 294 FEMA Corps members are pre-staged to support Sandy responders. Three federal urban search and rescue task forces are positioned in the Mid-Atlantic and ready to deploy as needed.[211]

On November 2, the American Red Cross announced they have 4,000 disaster workers across storm damaged areas, with thousands more en route from other states. Nearly 7,000 people spent the night in emergency shelters across the region.[212]

Hurricane Sandy: Coming Together, a live telethon on November 2 that featured rock and pop stars such as Bruce Springsteen, Billy Joel, Jon Bon Jovi, Mary J. Blige, Sting and Christina Aguilera, raised around $23 million dollars for American Red Cross hurricane relief efforts.[213]

As of November 5, 2012, the National Hurricane Center ranks Hurricane Sandy the second costliest US hurricane since 1900 in constant 2010 dollars, and the sixth costliest after adjusting for inflation, population and property values.[214] Their report also states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will "either decrease or remain essentially unchanged" overall, but the ones that do form will likely be stronger, with fiercer winds and heavier rains.[214]

Southeast

Florida

High winds and waves washed sand onto coastal roads in southeastern Florida. The storm left power outages across the region, which left many traffic lights out of order.[215] The Coast Guard rescued two sea men in Volusia County off New Smyrna Beach on the morning of October 26.[216] Brevard and Volusia Counties schools cancelled all extracurricular activities for October 26, including football.[217]

In east-central Florida, damage was minor, though the storm left about 1,000 people without power.[218] Airlines at Miami International Airport canceled more than 20 flights to or from Jamaica or the Bahamas, while some airlines flying from Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport cancelled a total of 13 flights to the islands.[73]

Two panther kittens escaped from the White Oak Conservation Center in Nassau County after the hurricane swept a tree into the fence of their enclosure and were missing for 24 hours before being found in good health.[219]

North Carolina
The Bounty, a 180-foot sailing ship, is shown submerged in the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Sandy approximately 90 miles southeast of Hatteras, N.C., Monday, October 29, 2012.

On October 28, Governor Bev Perdue declared a state of emergency in 24 western counties due to snow and strong winds.[220]

North Carolina was spared from major damage through the late evening hours of October 28, though winds, rain, and inland snow could affect the state through October 30. Ocracoke and Highway 12 on Hatteras Island were flooded with up to 2 feet (0.6 m) of water, closing part of the highway, while 20 people on a fishing trip were stranded on Portsmouth Island.[221]

On October 29, the Coast Guard responded to a distress call from the Bounty, which was built for the 1962 movie Mutiny on the Bounty. It was taking on water about 90 miles southeast of Cape Hatteras. Sixteen people were on board.[222] The Coast Guard said the 16 people abandoned ship and got into two lifeboats, wearing survival suits and life jackets.[223] The ship sank after the crew got off. As of mid-morning on October 29, the Coast Guard rescued 14. Another crew member was found hours later but was unresponsive and died later on. Only the captain remains missing.[208][224] On November 1, the Coast Guard suspended its search for Robin Walbridge the captain of the Bounty. The search lasted more than 90 hours, covering approximately 12,000 square nautical miles in the Atlantic Ocean.[225]

As of November 4, there were three Hurricane Sandy-related fatalities.[226]

Virginia

On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.[152] Gov. Bob McDonnell announced on October 30 that Virginia had been "spared a significant event", but cited concerns about rivers cresting as flood waters go into the major arteries. Virginia was awarded a federal disaster declaration, with Gov. McDonnell saying he was "delighted" that President Barack Obama and FEMA were on it immediately. At Sandy's peak, 200,000 customers were without power, and in Northern Virginia where most of the outages occurred 92,000 customers were still without power on October 30; the local utility intended to restore full service by 1 November.[227]

As of late night November 2, there had been two Hurricane Sandy-related fatalities.[173]

Mid-Atlantic

Maryland and Washington, D.C.
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in Maryland and Washington, D.C.
Flooding in Crisfield, Maryland

The Supreme Court and the United States Government Office of Personnel Management were closed on October 30, and schools were closed for two days.[228][229] MARC train and Virginia Railway Express were closed on October 30, and Metro rail and bus service were on Sunday schedule, opening at 2 p.m., until the system closes.[230]

At least 100 feet of a fishing pier in Ocean City was destroyed. Governor Martin O'Malley said the pier is "half-gone."[231] Due to high winds, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge on I-95 were closed.[232] During the storm, the Mayor of Salisbury instituted a Civil Emergency and a curfew.[233] Interstate 68 in far western Maryland and northern West Virginia closed due to heavy snow, stranding multiple vehicles and requiring assistance from the National Guard.[234] Workers in Howard County tried to stop a sewage overflow caused by a power outage October 30. Raw sewage spilled at a rate of 2 million gallons per hour. It was unclear how much sewage had flowed into the Little Patuxent River.[235] As of the morning of November 2, 28,600 are without power, down from 365,700.[77]

Delaware

By the afternoon of October 29, rainfall at Rehoboth Beach totaled 6.53 inches (166 mm). Other precipitation reports include nearly 7 inches (180 mm) at Indian River Inlet and more than 4 inches (100 mm) in Dover and Bear. At 4 p.m. on October 29, Delmarva Power reported on its website that more than 13,900 customers in Delaware and portions of the Eastern Shore of Maryland had lost electric service as high winds brought down trees and power lines. About 3,500 of those were in New Castle County, 2,900 were in Sussex, and more than 100 were in Kent County. Some residents in Kent and Sussex Counties experienced power outages that lasted up to nearly six hours. The Delaware Memorial Bridge speed limit was reduced to 25 mph (40 km/h) and the two outer lanes in each direction were closed. Officials plan to close the span entirely if sustained winds exceed 50 mph (80 km/h). A wind gust of 64 mph (103 km/h) was measured at Lewes just before 2:30 p.m. on October 29, Delaware Route 1 was closed due to water inundation between Dewey Beach and Fenwick Island. In Dewey, flood waters were 1 to 2 feet (0.30 to 0.61 m) in depth.[236] Following the impact in Delaware, President of the United States Barack Obama declared the entire state a federal disaster area, providing money and agencies for disaster relief in the wake of Hurricane Sandy. By November 2, the main coastal highway was still closed and about 400 households still lacked electricity.[citation needed]

New Jersey
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New Jersey
Damage in Long Beach Island

A 50-foot piece of the Atlantic City Boardwalk washed away. Half the city of Hoboken flooded; the city of 50,000 had to evacuate two of its fire stations and the city's Mayor asked for National Guard help.[208] In the early morning of October 30, authorities in Bergen County, New Jersey, evacuated residents after a berm overflowed and flooded several communities. Police Chief of Staff Jeanne Baratta said there were up to five feet of water in the streets of Moonachie and Little Ferry. The state Office of Emergency Management said rescues were undertaken in Carlstadt.[237] Baratta said the three towns had been "devastated" by the flood of water.[238] At least 24 people in the state were killed.[239]

Pennsylvania

Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter said the city will have no mass transit operations on any lines October 30.[211] All major highways in and around the city of Philadelphia were closed on October 29 during the hurricane, including Interstate 95, the Blue Route portion of Interstate 476, the Vine Street Expressway, Schuylkill Expressway (I-76), the Roosevelt Expressway, and U.S. Route 1.[240] The highways reopened at 4 a.m. on October 30.[240] The Delaware River Port Authority also closed its major crossings over the Delaware River between Pennsylvania and New Jersey due to high winds, including the Commodore Barry Bridge, the Walt Whitman Bridge, the Ben Franklin Bridge and the Betsy Ross Bridge.[240] More than 1.2 million were reportedly left without power as a result of the storm. As of the morning of November 2, 372,000 customer are without power, down from 1.2 million.[77]

On November 4, Pennsylvania reported 14 deaths believed to be related to Sandy according to the Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency.[241]

New York
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York
The East River, shown from Manhattan's East River Park, had already swollen to its bank by 11 a.m. on October 29.

New York governor Andrew Cuomo called National Guard members to help in the state. Storm impacts in Upstate New York were much more limited than in New York City; there was some flooding and a few downed trees, but many fewer than during the Western and Northern NY Ice Storm of March 3–4, 1991.[242] Rochester area utilities reported slightly fewer than 19,000 customers without power, in seven counties.[243]

Mayor Bloomberg announced that New York City public schools would be closed Tuesday, October 30 and Wednesday, October 31, but actually remained closed until November 2.[244] CUNY and NYU have cancelled all classes and campus activities for October 30.[245] The New York Stock Exchange was closed for trading for two days, the first weather closure of the exchange since 1985.[246] It was also the first two-day weather closure since the Great Blizzard of 1888.[247]

The East River overflowed its banks, flooding large sections of Lower Manhattan. Battery Park had a water surge of 13.88 ft.[248] Seven subway tunnels under the East River were flooded as of October 30.[249] The Metropolitan Transportation Authority said early on October 30, that the destruction caused by the storm was the worst disaster in the 108-year history of the New York City subway system.[250] Sea water flooded the Ground Zero construction site.[251] In addition, a four story Chelsea building's facade crumbled and collapsed leaving the interior on full display. However, no-one was hurt by the falling masonry.[252]

After receiving many complaints that holding the marathon would divert needed resources, Mayor Bloomberg announced late afternoon November 2 that the New York City Marathon had been cancelled. The event was to take place on Sunday, November 4. Marathon officials said that they do not plan to reschedule.[253]

Gas shortages throughout the region led to an effort by the U.S. federal government to bring in gasoline and set up mobile truck distribution at which people could receive up to 10 gallons of gas, free of charge. This caused lines of up to 20 blocks long and was quickly suspended.[254] On Thursday, November 8, Mayor Bloomberg announced odd-even rationing of gasoline would be in effect beginning November 9 until further notice.[255]

New England

Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New England
Destroyed billboard in Kenmore Square in Boston, Massachusetts

Wind gusts to 83 mph were recorded on outer Cape Cod and Buzzards Bay.[256] Over 385,000 customers were without power in Massachusetts, and roads and buildings were flooded.[257] Over 100,000 customers lost power in Rhode Island.[258] Most of the damage was along the coastline, where some communities were flooded.[259] Mount Washington, New Hampshire saw the strongest measured wind gust from the storm at 140 mph.[260] Over 200,000 customers lost power in the state.[261][262][263]

Appalachia and the Midwest

West Virginia

Sandy's rain became snow in the Appalachian mountains when a tongue of dense and heavy Arctic air pushed south through the region. This would normally cause a Nor'easter, prompting some to dub Sandy a "nor'eastercane" or "Frankenstorm." [264] There was 1–3 feet (0.30–0.91 m) of snowfall in 28 out of all 55 counties in the state of West Virginia. The highest snowfall accumulations was 33 inches (840 mm) in Clayton.[265] However, The Weather Channel indicated a peak snowfall total of 36 inches (910 mm) in Richwood. Other significant totals include 32 inches (810 mm) in Snowshoe, 29 inches (740 mm) in Quinwood,[266] and 28 inches (710 mm) in Davis, Flat Top, and Huttonsville.[265] By the morning of October 31, there were still 36 roads closed due to downed trees, powerlines, and snow in the road.[266] More than 200,000 customers lost power during the blizzard conditions.[267] A statement from the power company supplying the hardest hit region indicated that most West Virginians would have power restored by early the week after the storm, but it would be longer for customers in remote areas due to difficult terrain and heavy snow.[268] By of the morning of November 2, 104,000 customers were still without power, down from about 271,000.[77]

Snow from Hurricane Sandy in West Virginia

John Rose, Sr., the Republican candidate for the state's 47th district in the state legislature, was killed in the aftermath of the storm by a falling tree limb broken off by the heavy snowfall.[269] It is still difficult to assess the damage in the remote areas, accessible only by impassable back roads, that lost power and communications, but there are reports of collapsed buildings in several counties due to the sheer weight of the wet, heavy snow.[270] Overall, there were seven fatalities related to Hurricane Sandy and its remnants in West Virginia.[271] Governor of West Virginia Earl Ray Tomblin asked President of the United States Barack Obama for a federal disaster declaration. On October 30, President Obama approved a state of emergency declaration for the state.[272]

As of the morning of November 8, roughly 15,000 residents remained without power in the state.[273] By late evening on the 8th the number without power was down to 12,000 over six counties. [274]

Ohio

On October 30, at least 247,000 in northeast Ohio were without power, mostly in the Cleveland area. Many schools were closed or delayed as the hurricane brought high winds and the season's first snow to some parts of the state overnight.[275] As of November 2, scores of residents still remain in Red Cross shelters and many schools remain closed as power outages exist around Cleveland and 89,000 customers remain without power in mostly the northeast part of the state, down from more than 250,000.[77]

Michigan

DTE Energy said that more than 120,000 customers lost power, and Consumers Energy reported the same for 1,200 of its customers. The National Weather Service said that waves up to 23 feet high were reported on southern Lake Huron.[276] As of the morning of November 2, 5,000 customers are without power, down from 154,000.[77]

Kentucky

More than a foot of snow fell in eastern Kentucky as Sandy merged with an Arctic front.[277]

Political impact

Main article: Political impact of Hurricane Sandy
Democratic President Barack Obama and Republican New Jersey Governor Chris Christie talking to storm victims in Brigantine.

Hurricane Sandy sparked much political commentary. Many scientists say warming oceans and greater atmospheric moisture are intensifying storms while rising sea levels are worsening coastal effects. Rep. Henry Waxman (D-Calif.), the top Democrat of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, requested a hearing in the lame duck session on links between climate change and Hurricane Sandy.[278]

The storm, which hit the United States one week before its general election, affected the presidential campaign as well as local and state campaigns in storm-damaged areas. New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, one of Mitt Romney's leading supporters, praised President Barack Obama and his reaction to the hurricane and toured storm-damaged areas of his state with the president.[279]

Sandy may affect elections in several states, especially by curtailing early voting.[280] The Economist said, "In this case, the weather is supposed to clear up well ahead of election day, but the impact could be felt in the turnout of early voters."[281] However, ABC News said this may be offset by a tendency to clear roads and restore power more quickly in urban areas.[282]

The storm ignited a debate over whether Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney last year proposed to eliminate the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).[283] The Romney campaign eventually issued a statement promising to keep FEMA funded but did not explain what other parts of the federal budget he would cut to pay for it.[284]

Beyond the election, National Defense Magazine said Sandy "might cause a rethinking (in the USA) of how climate change threatens national security".[285]

Canada

Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in Canada

The remnants of Sandy produced high winds along Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, where gusts were measured at 105 km/h (63 mph). A 121 km/h (72 mph) gust was measured on top of the Bluewater Bridge.[286] One woman died after being hit by a piece of flying debris in Toronto.[169] At least 145,000 customers across Ontario lost power as of the morning of October 30,[287] and a Bluewater Power worker was electrocuted in Sarnia while working to restore power.[288] Around 49,000 homes and businesses lost power in Quebec during the storm, with nearly 40,000 of those in the Laurentides region of the province, as well as more than 4,000 customers in the Eastern Townships and 1,700 customers in Montreal.[289] Hundreds of flights were cancelled.[290] Around 14,000 customers in Nova Scotia lost power during the height of the storm.[291]

Relief efforts

Many organizations have contributed to the hurricane relief effort. Disney–ABC Television Group held a "Day of Giving" on Monday, November 5, raising $17 million on their television stations for the American Red Cross.[292] NBC raised $23 million during their Hurricane Sandy: Coming Together telethon.[293] News Corporation donated $1 million to relief efforts in the New York metropolitan area.[294]

The United Nations and World Food Programme said they will send humanitarian aid to at least 500,000 people in Santiago de Cuba.[295]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Remnants of Sandy Advisory Number 36". College Park, MD: Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. October 31, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  2. ^ "Tropical Depression Eighteen Discussion Number 1". Miami, FL: National Hurricane Center. October 22, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  3. ^ Craft, Matthew (2012-11-01). "Hurricane Sandy's Economic Damage Could Reach $50 Billion, Eqecat Estimates". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
  4. ^ "Sandy Brings Hurricane-Force Gusts After New Jersey Landfall". Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  5. ^ "Sandy Becomes Largest Atlantic Storm on Path to Northeast". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  6. ^ "Roger Pielke: Hurricanes and Human Choice". WSJ. 2012-10-31. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  7. ^ "Eqecat sees Sandy insured losses up to $20 billion in U.S". Reuters. 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  8. ^ Cumulative total of death toll by country; see chart.
  9. ^ "Hurricane Sandy storms through Bahamas, Central Florida on alert". Central Florida News 13. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  10. ^ "Post-Tropical Cyclone SANDY Update Statement". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  11. ^ "NOAA NHC Update". National Hurricane Center. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  12. ^ "Superstorm Sandy causes at least 9 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast", CNN
  13. ^ "Eli Manning deals with Superstorm Sandy flooding". National Football League. 2012-10-31. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  14. ^ a b Robbie Berg; Lixion Avila (2012-10-22). Tropical Depression Eighteen Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
  15. ^ Richard Pasch (2012-10-22). Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 2 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
  16. ^ Jack Beven (2012-10-24). Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 7 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  17. ^ Michael Brennan (2012-10-24). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 9 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  18. ^ Todd Kimberlain; James Franklin (2002-10-24). Hurricane Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  19. ^ Stewart, Stacy (October 25, 2012). "October 25 12:30 a.m. EDT". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  20. ^ Stacy Stewart; Dave Roberts (October 25, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  21. ^ Michael Brennan (2012-10-25). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 14 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  22. ^ Jack Beven (2012-10-26). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 15 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  23. ^ Jack Beven (2012-10-27). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 19 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  24. ^ Jack Beven (2012-10-27). Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 20 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  25. ^ Daniel Brown (2012-10-27). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 21 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  26. ^ Stacy Stewart (2012-10-29). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 25 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  27. ^ Richard Pasch; John Cangialosi (2012-10-29). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 28 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  28. ^ Stacy Stewart (2012-10-29). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 29 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  29. ^ Richard Knabb; James Franklin (2012-10-29). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 30 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  30. ^ Daniel Brown; Dave Roberts (2012-10-29). Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  31. ^ Daniel Brown; Dave Roberts (2012-10-30). Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  32. ^ Daniel Brown (2012-10-30). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 31 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  33. ^ Daniel Petersen; Andrew Orrison; Bruce Terry (2012-10-31). Remnants of Sandy Advisory Number 36 (Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  34. ^ Trenberth, Kevin (2012). "Framing the way to relate climate extremes to climate change" (PDF). Climatic Change. doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0441-5. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ^ "Steroids, baseball, and climate change". NCAR & UCAR Science.
  36. ^ Lakoff, George (2012-11-05). "Global Warming Systemically Caused Hurricane Sandy". The Berkeley Blog. Retrieved 2012-11-06."Any application of force to something or someone that always produces an immediate change to that thing or person is direct causation. When causation is direct, the word cause is unproblematic. Systemic causation, because it is less obvious, is more important to understand. A systemic cause may be one of a number of multiple causes. It may require some special conditions. It may be indirect, working through a network of more direct causes. It may be probabilistic, occurring with a significantly high probability. It may require a feedback mechanism. In general, causation in ecosystems, biological systems, economic systems, and social systems tends not to be direct, but is no less causal. And because it is not direct causation, it requires all the greater attention if it is to be understood and its negative effects controlled. Above all, it requires a name: systemic causation."
  37. ^ a b Andrew C., Revkin (2012-10-28). "The #Frankenstorm in Climate Context". The New York Times; Dot Earth.
  38. ^ a b Trenberth, Kevin. "Hurricane Sandy mixes super-storm conditions with climate change". The Conversation. Retrieved 2012-10-29., "The sea surface temperatures along the Atlantic coast have been running at over 3C above normal for a region extending 800km off shore all the way from Florida to Canada. Global warming contributes 0.6C to this. With every degree C, the water holding of the atmosphere goes up 7%, and the moisture provides fuel for the tropical storm, increases its intensity, and magnifies the rainfall by double that amount compared with normal conditions."
  39. ^ a b c d Masters, Jeff. "Why did Hurricane Sandy take such an unusual track into New Jersey?". Weather Underground. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  40. ^ Fischetti, Mark (October 30, 2012). "Did Climate Change Cause Hurricane Sandy?".
  41. ^ Boxall and Neela Banerjee, Bettina (4 November 2012). "Sandy a galvanizing moment for climate change?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  42. ^ Mason, Edward (6 November 2012). "Hello again, climate change". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 7 November 2012."He pointed out that since 2007, melted Arctic ice opened the Northwest Passage, a development that he believes could have a dramatic effect on weather patterns. Last spring's unseasonable warmth caused places like Rochester, Minn., to set record daytime highs. 'By midcentury, this will be the new normal,' Schrag predicted. 'How do you deal with extreme heat in the summer? It's going to be a challenge, but humans are adaptable. It's not going to be easy, just like a 13-foot storm surge will be the new norm on the Eastern seaboard.'"
  43. ^ Robbie Berg; Lixion Avila (2012-10-22). Tropical Depression Eighteen Advisory Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ Daniel Brown (2012-10-23). Tropical Storm Sandy Advisory Number 4 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  45. ^ a b c Richard Pasch (2012-10-23). Tropical Storm Sandy Advisory Number 5 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  46. ^ Richard Pasch (2012-10-22). Tropical Storm Sandy Advisory Number 2 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  47. ^ Richard Pasch (2012-10-23). Tropical Storm Sandy Advisory Number 5A (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  48. ^ a b Richard Pasch (2012-10-23). Tropical Storm Sandy Advisory Number 6 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  49. ^ John Beven II (2012-10-24). Tropical Storm Sandy Advisory Number 7 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  50. ^ Richard Pasch (2012-10-26). Hurricane Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  51. ^ "Trick, no treat: Forecasters predict pre-Halloween freak hurricane-winter storm mix for East". Newser. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  52. ^ Borenstein, Seth. "East Coast braces for monster 'Frankenstorm'". Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  53. ^ Cisco, Jim (25 October 2012). "Extended Forecast Discussion - Issued 1342Z Oct 25, 2012". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  54. ^ Borenstein, Seth (25 October 2012). "Forecasters warn East Coast about 'Frankenstorm' next week; damage could top $1 billion". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  55. ^ "Hurricane Sandy: Five Reasons It's a Superstorm". Fox News. Associated Press. October 29, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  56. ^ Day, Patrick (October 26, 2012). "No 'Frankenstorm' for CNN". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-10-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |middle= ignored (help)
  57. ^ Samenow, Jason (2012-10-28). "Cause for concern: the 7 most alarming Hurricane Sandy images". Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  58. ^ a b c d "Eastern utilities brace for expected super storm". The Washington Examiner. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  59. ^ "Closely Monitoring Hurricane Sandy". FEMA. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  60. ^ "It's watch and wait as Hurricane Sandy approaches". News.blogs.cnn.com. 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  61. ^ "Hurricane Sandy wreaks havoc on airline flights". The Wall St. Journal. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  62. ^ "Hurricane Sandy Flight Cancellations: Thousands Of Flights Canceled Due To Storm". Huffingtonpost.com. 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  63. ^ "Amtrak begins to cancel some service in advance of Hurricane Sandy". Amtrak. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  64. ^ Sullivan, Brian K.; Hart, Dan (2012-10-28). "Hurricane Sandy Barrels Northward, May Hit New Jersey". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  65. ^ Hurricane Sandy brings windy Friday to South Florida published 2012-10-26 by NBC 6 South Florida (www.nbcmiami.com). Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  66. ^ Hurricane Sandy shakes South Florida by the Miami Herald; retrieved 2012-10-30.
  67. ^ Hurricane Sandy forces cancellation of school athletic events in South Florida, by Christina Veiga, Miami Herald. Published 2012-10-25, retrieved 2012-10-30.
  68. ^ "UPDATED: Hurricane Sandy closings and cancellations". cbs12.com. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  69. ^ Ocean's wrath floods neighborhoods, rips up beaches by David Fleshler and Robert Nolin, South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Published 2012-10-28; retrieved 2012-10-30.
  70. ^ Bill Gertz (5 November 2012). "Russian Sub Skirts Coast". Washington Free Beacon. Center for American Freedom. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  71. ^ "Perdue declares state of emergency before Sandy arrives". WRAL.com. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  72. ^ "Perdue declares state of emergency for Western NC". WRAL.com. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  73. ^ a b c "Northeast in crosshairs of 'superstorm' Sandy". CNN.com. 2012-10-27. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  74. ^ "National Guard soldiers activated for Hurricane Sandy". Army Times. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  75. ^ "Hurricane Sandy scrambles campaign schedule, Romney cancels Virginia rallies". Fox News. 2012-10-27. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  76. ^ "Obama cancels stops in Virginia, Colorado because of storm". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  77. ^ a b c d e f "A State-by-State Look at Superstorm's Effects". AP. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
  78. ^ "DC mayor declares state of emergency in anticipation of Hurricane Sandy". The Washington Post. October 27, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-30. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) [dead link]
  79. ^ "Federal Government Operating Status Washington D.C. Area". Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  80. ^ Weil, Martin (2012-10-28). "Metro system to shut down on Monday". Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  81. ^ "President Obama signs state of emergency for nation's capital as Hurricane Sandy approaches". Washington Post. 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  82. ^ a b c d "A state-by-state look at the East Coast superstorm". AP. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  83. ^ "Smith Island Evacuations Under Way". WBOC. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  84. ^ "Dorchester County Offering Shelter During Hurricane Sandy". WBOC. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  85. ^ "O.C. Implementing Phase I of Emergency Operations Plan". WBOC. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  86. ^ "Obama Signs Maryland Emergency Declaration". WBOC. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  87. ^ "Worcester County Issues Mandatory Evacuations". WMDT. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  88. ^ "Ocean City Declares Local State Of Emergency". WMDT. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  89. ^ Fears, Darryl (October 27, 2012). "Sandy poses environmental threat to Conowingo Dam". Washington Post.
  90. ^ "MTA Suspends Bus & Train Service On Monday; BWI Delaying & Canceling Flights Due To Hurricane Sandy". CBS News Baltimore. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  91. ^ "Insurance Commissioner Issues Emergency Regulation Regarding Prescriptions, Pharmacy Payments". Maryland Insurance Administration. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  92. ^ "Chesapeake Bay Bridge Now Closed". WBOC TV. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  93. ^ "Sussex County Update on Hurricane Sandy". WBOC-TV. October 28, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  94. ^ "Delaware roads closed to public after 5 a.m". 6 Action News. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  95. ^ "Tolls Waived on I-95 and Route One". State of Delaware. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  96. ^ Staff (October 27, 2012). "Ocean County towns issue voluntary evacuations". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  97. ^ "Shore towns issue voluntary evac orders". ABC7. October 26, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  98. ^ Denise DiStephan (October 26, 2012). "Bay Head and Mantoloking Advising Voluntary Evacuations. Mantoloking police department urging residents to leave ahead of Sandy". Point Pleasant Patch. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  99. ^ "Christie Declares State of Emergency; Orders Evacuations In Some Parts of N.J". CBS2. October 27, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  100. ^ "President signs emergency declaration for NJ". Newsday. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  101. ^ "Hoboken mayor announces evacuation of all basements and street-level residences". NewJersey.com. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  102. ^ "Hurricane Sandy: Parts of Logan Township issued evacuation order".
  103. ^ a b "Sandy makes landfall near Atlantic City; 348K N.J. homes without power". NewsWorks. October 29, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  104. ^ Kunkle, Fredrick; Vozzella, Laura; Borden, Jeremy (29 October 2012). "Sandy slams into NJ". The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Text "publisher:Washington Post" ignored (help)
  105. ^ "Philly Mayor Tells People in Flood-Prone Areas to Leave". NBC 10 Philadelphia. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  106. ^ "Phila. Airport flights to be suspended Monday". 6 Action News. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  107. ^ "Central Pennsylvania prepares for Hurricane Sandy". WITF TV. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  108. ^ VIDEO: Dramatic Explosion at East Village Con Ed Plant, DNA Info, October 29, 2012
  109. ^ a b "NYC shutting down transit, evacuating 375,000". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  110. ^ "Obama Signs Emergency Declaration For State Of New York". CBS News New York. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  111. ^ a b c d "Hurricane Sandy forces mass transit closure, evacuations". MyFoxNY. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  112. ^ "3:15 p.m.: 'Tappan Zee Bridge to close at 4; 'Significant' storm surge expected to peak at midnight; Metro-North reports on tracks". lohud.com. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  113. ^ "Nassau County calls for evacuations in coastal areas". WABC TV. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  114. ^ "Evacuations on Long Island ahead of Sandy". WABC TV. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  115. ^ "Nassau Community, Molloy, Hofstra, Adelphi cancel classes". Valley Stream Herald. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  116. ^ a b "New York City schools, transit close ahead of Sandy". WABC TV. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  117. ^ "NYC Evacuation Zones: Bloomberg Orders 'Zone A' Residents to Evacuate". AllMediaNY. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  118. ^ Mann, Ted (2012-10-28). "New York City Subways to Shut Down". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  119. ^ Navarro, Mireya (10 September 2012). "New York Is Lagging as Seas and Risks Rise, Critics Warn". New York Times. Retrieved 3 November 2012. Irene .. one foot short of paralyzing transportation
  120. ^ Caruso, David B. (30 October 2012). "Crippled NYC subways could hamper storm recovery". Associated Press. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  121. ^ a b "Transit Systems, Schools Plan Closings Ahead Of Sandy's Arrival". NY1. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  122. ^ "Two key New York City tunnels closing; bridges open for now: governor". Reuters. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  123. ^ "Mass Transit, Schools Other Agencies Closed Ahead Of Sandy". CBS News New York. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  124. ^ "Hurricane Sandy Closes NYC Schools For 5 Days, Most Since "Asbestos Week" Of 1993". Gothamist. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
  125. ^ Katie Moisse; Sydney Lupkin (2012-10-30). "Superstorm Sandy Tests Hospital Preparedness". ABC News. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
  126. ^ October 29, 2012, 2:55 PM. "Sandy keeps financial markets closed Tuesday". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-10-30.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  127. ^ "Governor Malloy to Partially Activate the State Emergency Operations Center at 8am Saturday". Hurricane Sandy News and Information. CT.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  128. ^ "Gov. Malloy Signs Declaration of Emergency". Hurricane Sandy News and Information. CT.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  129. ^ "Obama approves pre-landfall emergency declaration for Connecticut". The Hour. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  130. ^ "All Connecticut highways closed as Sandy approaches". WABC TV. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  131. ^ "Town-By-Town Evacuations". October 28, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  132. ^ "Mass. Braces For Hurricane Sandy". WBUR Radio. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  133. ^ "Boston's MBTA to shut down at 2 pm". Boston.com. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  134. ^ Goswami, Neal. "Vt. in state of emergency ahead of Sandy". The Bennington Banner. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  135. ^ Edwards, Holly. "Gov. LePage signs emergency declaration ahead of Sandy". penbaypilot.com. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  136. ^ a b "Shipping on Great Lakes, flights to East Coast stopped by storm". The Detroit News. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  137. ^ "Sandy's Winds And Rain Cause Flood Warnings, Flight And Train Cancellations". CBS News Chicago. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  138. ^ a b Srubas, Paul (October 30, 2012). "Sandy's reach spreads to Wisconsin". Green Bay Press Gazette. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  139. ^ Robbins, John (November 1, 2012). "Superstorm waves cause little damage along Lake Michigan shoreline". Post-Tribune.
  140. ^ a b Srubas, Paul (Oct 31, 2012). "Wisconsin gets a taste of Sandy's fury". Post-Crescent.
  141. ^ Greenwood, Tom (October 30, 2012). "Shipping on Great Lakes, flights to East Coast stopped by storm". The Detroit News. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  142. ^ Kuchera, Steve (October 30, 2012). "Storm slows shipping on Great Lakes". Duluth News Tribune. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  143. ^ "33,000 without power in SE Michigan, utilities on alert for wind-related outages". WXYZ. October 29, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  144. ^ Power still out for thousands, Port Huron Times Herald, October 30, 2012
  145. ^ a b "High winds knock out power in parts of Michigan". Clickondetroit.com. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  146. ^ "56K without power in SE Michigan, utilities on alert for wind-related outages". Wxyz.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  147. ^ a b "Sandy brings high winds, snow to Ohio". Toledo Blade. October 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  148. ^ "Hurricane's winds, rain forcing local changes". WHIO-TV. October 28, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  149. ^ "For travelers, superstorm Sandy's aggravation spans globe". Associated Press. October 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  150. ^ a b Buckingham, Lindsay (October 30, 2012). "Rock Hall Damaged by Superstorm". Fox 8 Cleveland. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  151. ^ "West Virginia Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin declares state of emergency ahead of storm's full brunt". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  152. ^ a b "Sandy brings snow to Virginia". Washington Post. 2012-10-29. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  153. ^ "Weather – Canadian Hurricane Information Statements". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. 2012-07-30. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  154. ^ Thomson, Aly (October 28, 2012). "Heavy rain looms for Ontario and Quebec, plus snow possible early next week". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  155. ^ "Weather Warnings – Environment Canada". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. July 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  156. ^ "Southern Quebec – Weather Warnings – Environment Canada". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. July 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  157. ^ "Yarmouth County – Weather Warnings – Environment Canada". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. October 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  158. ^ "Shelburne County – Weather Warnings – Environment Canada". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. October 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  159. ^ "Queens County – Weather Warnings – Environment Canada". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. October 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  160. ^ "Weather Warnings – Environment Canada". Environment Canada. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  161. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "A look at Caribbean deaths and damage from Hurricane Sandy". The Washington Post. Associated Press. October 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  162. ^ "U.S. Northeast digs out from snow as gas rationing spreads". Ottawa Citizen. Reuters. November 9, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  163. ^ a b Watts, Jonathan (October 30, 2012). "Hurricane Sandy: Haiti in emergency aid plea as disaster piles upon disaster". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  164. ^ a b "Haiti storm death toll to 54; up to 71 for region". WAVY.com. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  165. ^ a b "Early U.S. state government figures estimate economic loss from Sandy at USD30 billion, according to Impact Forecasting catastrophe report". Aon Plc. Sacramento Bee. November 9, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  166. ^ a b Template:Es icon "'Sandy' deja daños por 2 mil 121 millones de pesos en Cuba". Notimex. El Universal. October 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  167. ^ a b "Beautiful Santiago de Cuba after Sandy". Martinez, Rosa. Havana Times. November 3, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
  168. ^ "Haiti raises death toll from Hurricane Sandy to 54; regional deaths up to 71". Associated Press. Fox News. October 31, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  169. ^ a b c "Flying debris kills woman amid Toronto storm". CBC News. 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  170. ^ "Sarnia, Ont., hydro worker dies repairing Sandy damage". CBC News. 2012-10-31. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  171. ^ a b "Jamaica PM says Sandy damage at J$5 billion and climbing". Stabroek News. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  172. ^ "Sandy's death toll rises as Northeast begins recovery". USA Today. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  173. ^ a b "Sandy death toll in US rises to 109; 'there could be more,' Bloomberg warns". NBC News. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  174. ^ "Weakened hurricane lashes Bahamas after 21 deaths". Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  175. ^ "Hurricane Sandy Hits Cuba after Jamaica". Sky News. 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  176. ^ "Hurricane Sandy pounds Jamaica, heads toward Cuba". Reuters. 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  177. ^ a b "Soggy Jamaica cleaning up after Hurricane Sandy". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  178. ^ Charles and Morgan, Jacqueline and Curtis. "Sandy's death toll climbs to 44 in Haiti". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  179. ^ "Hurricane Sandy pounds Jamaica, eyes U.S". CBS. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  180. ^ "65 dead as Hurricane Sandy crosses Caribbean; 'the whole south is under water,' says Haitian PM (with video)". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  181. ^ "Food Crisis, Cholera Feared in Haiti". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  182. ^ Castillo, Mariano; Almasy, Steve (2012-10-26). "Sandy kills 11 in Cuba, then batters Bahamas". CNN. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  183. ^ "Raúl Castro cifra los daños del huracán Irma a Cuba en 13.185 millones de dólares" (in Spanish). Agencia EFE. December 22, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  184. ^ a b Brown, Daniel P; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Blake, Eric S (May 1, 2010). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008*". Monthly Weather Review. 138 (5). American Meteorological Society: 1975–2001. Bibcode:2010MWRv..138.1975B. doi:10.1175/2009MWR3174.1. Archived from the original on February 11, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2012. Alt URL
  185. ^ "Hurricane Matthew in Cuba causes over 2.5 bln USD in damage". CubaSi. Xinhua. 1 November 2016. Archived from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  186. ^ Pielke, Roger A; Rubiera, Jose; Landsea, Christopher; Fernández, Mario L; Klein, Roberta (August 1, 2003). "Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials" (PDF). Natural Hazards Review. 4 (3): 101–114. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:3(101). ISSN 1527-6988. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  187. ^ Blake, Eric S; Kimberlain, Todd B; Berg, Robert J; Cangialosi, John P; Beven II, John L; National Hurricane Center (February 12, 2013). Hurricane Sandy: October 22 – 29, 2012 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  188. ^ "Lluvias intensas observadas y grandes inundaciones reportadas" [Heavy rains observed and large reported floods] (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos. 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
  189. ^ a b RA IV Hurricane Committee (August 12, 2005). Twenty-seventh Session (March 31 to April 5, 2005) (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  190. ^ "Hurricane Wilma exacts losses of 704 million dollars: Cuban government". ReliefWeb. November 28, 2005. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
  191. ^ Prezioso, Jeanine; Allen, Jonathan. "Hurricane Sandy growing stronger as it nears Cuba". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  192. ^ "Strengthening Hurricane Sandy slams into Cuba". Reuters. 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  193. ^ "Cuban state media say 11 deaths in Hurricane Sandy". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  194. ^ "Hurricane Sandy leaves trail of destruction in Cuba". Trust.org. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  195. ^ "Hurricane Sandy rages through Bahamas, after killing 29 in the Caribbean, en route to US coast". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-10-26. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) [dead link]
  196. ^ Richard Pasch. Hurricane Sandy Advisory Number 18 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  197. ^ "Btc Post Hurricane Update". The Tribune (Nassau). October 27, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  198. ^ "Hurricane Sandy Spawns a tornado in Bermuda". Bermuda Weather. October 28, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  199. ^ "Daily Climatology Written Summary: October 1, 2012 to October 30, 2012". Bermuda Weather Service. October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  200. ^ "Sandy leaves millions without power; 16 dead". USA Today. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  201. ^ "Sandy death toll in US rises to 109; 'there could be more,' Bloomberg warns". Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  202. ^ "Amtrak Northeast Corridor Services Canceled on Monday, October 29". Amtrak. October 28, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  203. ^ "Most Amtrak Service in the Northeast remains Suspended on Tuesday, October 30". Amtrak. October 29, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  204. ^ "Catastrophic flooding hits Northeast as Sandy plows ashore". NBC News. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  205. ^ "Sandy: Flight cancellations push 20,000, but start to ease". USA Today. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  206. ^ "Millions could face cold weekend from Sandy's power outages". CNN. 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  207. ^ Uken, Marlies (2012-10-30). "Sandy zeigt, wie marode Amerikas Infrastruktur ist". Zeit Online (in German). Hamburg, Germany. Retrieved 2012-11-02. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  208. ^ a b c "SUPERSTORM SANDY SLAMS INTO NEW JERSEY COAST". Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  209. ^ "Sandy's Damage So Far: More than $20 Billion". The Atlantic. 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  210. ^ "Superstorm Sandy: 33 Dead and 8 Million Customers Without Power". ABC News. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  211. ^ a b "Vicious Superstorm Sandy Smashes U.S. Northeast Cities". newswire.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  212. ^ "Storm Aftermath: Live Updates". New York Times. 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
  213. ^ "Concert to Help Hurricane Sandy Victims Raises $23 Mln". RIA NOVOSTI WEBSITE GROUP. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  214. ^ a b "Is Sandy the second-most destructive U.S. hurricane ever? Or not even top 10?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  215. ^ "South Florida cleans up after Sandy". WSVN-TV. October 26, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  216. ^ "2 boaters rescued near New Smyrna Beach". Central Florida News 13. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  217. ^ "Hurricane Sandy cancels and postpones Brevard and Volusia County football on October 26. games". CFN13. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  218. ^ "Hurricane Sandy brings rain, strong winds to Central Florida". Click Orlando. October 26, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  219. ^ Wrenn, Eddie. "Sandy sets panthers free in Florida after falling tree destroys enclosure". Daily Mail. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
  220. ^ "Gov. Perdue Declares State of Emergency for 24 Western Counties". State of NC. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  221. ^ "Hatteras, Ocracoke get worst of Hurricane Sandy in NC". wral.com. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  222. ^ "Coast Guard Monitors Tall Ship in Distress off NC". ABC News. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  223. ^ "CREW OF TALL SHIP OFF NC ABANDONS SHIP". Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  224. ^ "Hurricane Sandy sinks tall ship HMS Bounty". Yahoo News. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  225. ^ "Search halted for missing ship captain after 3 days scouring sea off NC; ship sank in Sandy". The Washington Post. 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
  226. ^ "Hurricane Sandy: CT, NY, NJ And Other East Coast States Assess Region After Deadly Storm". Huffington Post. 2012-11-03. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  227. ^ "Gov. McDonnell: Virginia 'Spared' in Hurricane Sandy Damage". Annandale Patch. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  228. ^ "Supreme Court won't convene on Tuesday due to storm: spokeswoman". Reuters. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  229. ^ "Federal Government Operating Status". United States Office of Personnel Management. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  230. ^ "Sandy leaves behind outages, flooded roads". WTOP FM. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  231. ^ "Sandy Damages Pier in Downtown Ocean City". Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  232. ^ "Md. governor: Bay Bridge closing to traffic". SFGate. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  233. ^ "Declaration of Civil Emergency" (PDF). City of Salisbury, Maryland. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  234. ^ "Sandy picks up speed, may make landfall in Delaware or southern NJ". Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  235. ^ "Sandy pummels West Virginia as grueling recovery begins on East Coast". CNN. 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  236. ^ "Sandy picks up speed, may make landfall in Delaware or southern NJ". October 29, 2012.
  237. ^ "Thousands of people may need to be rescued from New Jersey dam break, Bergen County Police Chief of Staff says". CNN. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  238. ^ "Levee breaks in Northern New Jersey, floods three towns". Reuters. 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  239. ^ "Battered NJ confronts how to rebuild its shore". google.com. November 1, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
  240. ^ a b c "Philadelphia area highways, bridges shut down". WPVI-TV. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  241. ^ "Death toll from Sandy now 96 in U.S". CNN. 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
  242. ^ "Storm takes a toll on area trees". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  243. ^ "Power outages in the Rochester area". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  244. ^ "Hurricane Sandy closures". New York Post. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  245. ^ Gonen, Yoav; Goldenberg, Sally; Li, David K.; Stretten, Amy; Simeone, Jessica; Sutherland, Amber; Mongelli, Lorena; Celona, Larry; Antenucci, Antonio; Vincent, Isabel; Auer, Doug (2012-10-30). "Follow live Hurricane Sandy updates from around the city". New York Post. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  246. ^ Andrew, Tangel (October 29, 2012). "Stock market to remain closed Tuesday". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  247. ^ "Hurricane Sandy to keep stock markets shuttered Tuesday, Market Day". October 29, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  248. ^ Long, Colleen (2012-10-29). "Water, fire and darkness: NYC after the superstorm". TheState.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  249. ^ "Tracking Storm Sandy Recovery". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  250. ^ "Worst disaster in NYC subway's history, says MTA chief". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
  251. ^ "Superstorm Sandy: flood, wind damage and travel chaos in New York City". The Telegraph. 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  252. ^ "Hurricane Sandy: Large sections of Manhattan left without power". The Oregonian. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  253. ^ "NYC Marathon Won't Be Held Sunday: Officials". WNBC TV. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
  254. ^ Barron, James; Dolnick, Sam; Schwirtz, Michael (2012-11-03). "Fractured Recovery Divides the Region". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  255. ^ Newman, Andy (2012-11-08). "New York City and Long Island Impose Odd-Even Gas Rationing". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  256. ^ "Highest Winds from Sandy in Massachusetts". WCVB.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  257. ^ "High winds, rain knock out power to thousands in Mass". Boston.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  258. ^ Armental, Maria. "More than 100,000 in RI without power, 600 without natural gas after Sandy". News.providencejournal.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  259. ^ "Sandy pounds Southern New England; Thousands without power". Turn to 10. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  260. ^ "Mount Washington Observatory October 2012 F6 Data" (PDF). MountWashington.org. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  261. ^ "Emergency declared as Sandy brings high winds, rain". Wmur.com. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  262. ^ "Outage map". Unitil.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  263. ^ "Outage Details". Outage.psnh.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  264. ^ "How Sandy Became a Snowstorm". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  265. ^ a b "Post-Tropical Cyclone SANDY Public Advisory". Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  266. ^ a b "Sandy's Snowy Side Turns Deadly". Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  267. ^ "Superstorm Sandy's West Virginia Weapon: Killer Snow". CNN. 2012-10-31. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  268. ^ "FirstEnergy Storm Center". Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  269. ^ Cavaliere, Victoria (October 31, 2012). "West Virginia legislative candidate killed by tree that fell in storm". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  270. ^ "W.Va. officials confirm 6th death related to Superstorm Sandy; electricity still out for many". Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  271. ^ "Hurricane Sandy death toll climbs above 110, NY hardest hit". X1 Law. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  272. ^ "Obama approves state of emergency declaration for West Virginia". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  273. ^ "WV power outages from Sandy down to about 15K". The State Journal. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  274. ^ "'Forgotten' West Virginia struggling in Sandy's aftermath". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2012-11-09.
  275. ^ "Thousands without power as effects of superstorm Sandy drench northeast Ohio". NewsNet 5. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  276. ^ "High winds knock out power in parts of Michigan". ClickOnDetroit.com. October 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  277. ^ "Power outages continue after Sandy dumps snow on eastern Kentucky". WKYT TV. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  278. ^ "Rep. Waxman seeks lame-duck hearing on Sandy, climate change links". The Hill. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  279. ^ Horsey, David (2012-10-31). "Chris Christie and Hurricane Sandy give Obama a timely boost". LA Times. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  280. ^ W.E. Messamore (2012-10-31). "Hurricane Sandy effect on election could hurt Democrats". Foundation for Independent Voter Education.
  281. ^ "The politics of Hurricane Sandy". The Economist. 2012-10-29.
  282. ^ "Could Sandy push back Election Day?". ABC News.
  283. ^ "Did Mitt Romney suggest eliminating FEMA?". Christian Science Monitor. 2012-10-30.
  284. ^ Andrew Taylor (AP) (October 31, 2012). "Mitt Romney Disaster Relief Position Faces Scrutiny". US News & World Report.
  285. ^ Erwin, Sandra I. (2012-10-31). "Superstorm Sandy Topples Traditional Notions of National Security". National Defense Magazine. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  286. ^ "Ontario – Special Weather Statements – Environment Canada". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. July 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  287. ^ "Sandy leaves 145,000 Canadians without power, one dead". Reuters. 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  288. ^ Hydro worker killed during Sandy repairs in Ontario
  289. ^ "32,000 still without power in Quebec because of Sandy". CTV Montreal. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  290. ^ "Hurricane Sandy grounds all Porter flights from Toronto's island airport". Metro. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  291. ^ "Superstorm Sandy's death toll climbs; millions without power across the East U.S". Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  292. ^ Molloy, Tim (7 November 2012). "ABC's "Day of Giving" for Sandy Raises $17million". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  293. ^ "NBC Hurricane Sandy Telethon Raises $23 Million". Rolling Stone. 5 November 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  294. ^ Kenneally, Tim (31 October 2012). "News Corp. Donates $1M to Hurricane Sandy Relief". The Wrap. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  295. ^ "UN to send food for 500,000 in eastern Cuba after Sandy; power grid at 64 percent in Santiago". The Washington Post. 6 November 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Sandy&oldid=522598234"