User:Telecineguy/sandbox

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Beranton Whisenant

Beranton Whisenant. Beranton Whisenant

Beranton Whisenant Jr. graduated from the University of Florida Law School in 2004. He was admitted to the Florida Bar in 2004. He joined the U.S. Attorney's Office in Miami in January 2017.

On June 1, 2017 a motion was made in Philadelphia District Court to combine case # 0:16-cv-61511, from the United States District Court, Southern District of Florida with case 2:17-cv-00984. A previous motion requested that case number 2:17-cr-00137 and case 1:17-cv-02726 also be combined. These cases involve Jeffrey Cutler, Tax Collector East Lampeter Township, R. Seth Williams and George Soros. Also mentioned in the motion is Seth Rich, Beranton Whisenant, Jonathan Luna, and the Amtrak 188 derailment (2015 Philadelphia train derailment). Beranton Whisenant will not be able to be part of the motion.

U.S. Attorney

U.S. Attorney's Office in Miami in its major crimes unit. The office prosecutes criminal and civil cases from Fort Pierce to Key West. He was reportedly working on visa and passport fraud cases prior to his death.

Death

The body of was found on a Florida beach with possible head trauma or possible gunshot wound. Miranda Grossman a Hollywood police spokeswoman reported that his body was found early May 25, by a passerby on the city's beach. He was wearing a dress shirt and black pants. Hollywood police detectives working to determine if the death was a homicide, suicide or something else. All of Whisenant personal effects were on his body, for robbery is not a motive. Whisenant was 37 years old and is survived by a wife and three children. He had been a U.S. Attorney for only five months. http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/05/25/federal-prosecutor-found-dead-on-florida-beach.html http://www.cbsnews.com/news/beranton-whisenant-jr-federal-prosecutor-found-dead-on-florida-beach/ http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/mystery-federal-prosecutor-found-dead-waves-florda-beach-article-1.3198776

Theories

Because Whisenant worked in Debbie Wasserman Schultz's Florida's 23rd congressional district many theories have come out about his death. There is no evidence to connect the two. Schulzt's is under investigation of the Awan Brothers and the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak in to favoring Hillary over Berni. The is no evidence to connect the Philadelphia District Court case to the death.

v ship

see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SS

SS Oshkosh Victory

Ship Date Time Event Cause Result Deaths Survivors Attacked by Operation Location

• SS Elmira Victory 1945-01-12 Kamikaze Damaged Philippines at 16°11'N, 120°20'E

• SS Morgantown Victory 1945-04-11 Mine Damaged Normandy France

• SS Minot Victory 1945-04-12 Kamikaze Damaged off Okinawa

• SS Bozeman Victory 1945-04-28 Depth charge or Kaiten or Mi Damaged Okinawa Ryukyu Islands

• SS Bucknell Victory 1945-05-09 Kamikaze Damaged Okinawa Ryukyu Islands

• SS Cuba Victory 1945-05-12 Collision Damaged Pacific

• SS Saginaw Victory 1945-05-12 Collision Damaged Pacific

• SS Attleboro Victory 1945-06-14 Mine Damaged Med

The SS Minot Victory was a Victory ship built during World War II under the Emergency Shipbuilding program. It was built and launched by the Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation on October 7, 1944 and completed on February 1, 1945. The ship's United States Maritime Commission designation was VC2-S-AP3 and hull number 149 (1203). The Maritime Commission turned it over for Merchant navy operation to a civilian contractor, the Isthmian Steamship Company under the United States Merchant Marine act for the War Shipping Administration. She was named after Minot, Maine and Minot, North Dakota.

Victory ships were designed to supersede the earlier Liberty Ships. Unlike Liberty ships, Victory ships were designed to serve the US Navy after the war and also last longer. The Victory ship differed from a Liberty ship in that they were: faster, longer and wider, taller, and had a thinner stack set farther toward the superstructure. They also had a long raised forecastle.

World War II

For World War II the Minot Victory operated by Isbrandtsen Line, and had United States Navy Armed Guard to man the guns. The Minot Victory arrived at Okinawa on April 11, 1945 in a fleet of 15 merchant ships serving in the Pacific War during World War II. The ship were supplying goods for the Battle of Okinawa operations that lasted from 1 April until 22 June 1945. On April 12, 1945 at 2:55pm while anchored at Hagushi, the fleet came under attack, the Minot Victory shot down a Japanese plane which had strafed her. But, the Kamikaze plane crashed into her number 4 king post mast. The attack wounding five of the crew. She was repaired and put back in service. Minot Victory's international radio call letters were A N G P. In 1948 she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet first at Wilmington, North Carolina and later transferred to Beaumont, Texas.

Korean War

In 1950 she was reactivated for the Korean War. She made eight trips to Korean between March of 1951 and March of 1952. She helped American forces engaged against Communist aggression in South Korea. About 75 percent of the personnel taken to Korea for the Korean War came by the merchant marine ships. SS Minot Victory transported goods, mail, food and other supplies. About 90% of the cargo was moved by merchant marine ships to the war zone. After the Korean War she was laid up in 1952 in the reserve fleet.

Vietnam War

Minot Victory to goods and ammunition to support the Vietnam War. In May of 1967 the Minot Victory ran aground on a coral reef the in the Paracel Islands off the coast of Vietnam, 240 miles northeast of Danang. When she ran around she was loaded with 6000 tons of machinery and supplies for the military forces in Vietnam. It took seven days and 300 men to unload enough of the cargo that she could float again. Heavy earth moving equipment were put on barges. The Rescue and salvage ship the USS Current (ARS-22) helped in the operation. The tugs USS Mataco (AT-86), USS Tawakoni (ATF-114), USS Hitchiti (ATF-103), and USS Mahopac (ATA-196) helped pull her off the reef at high tide with only minors hull damage. She unload the remaining cargo at Danang.

The Minot Victory was scrapped in 1985.

World War II

On 12 January 1945 at 8:00am off the west coast of Luzon Philippine, Kamikazes attacked and damaged the Elmira Victory. At the time she was being operated by the Alaska SS company. She has just steamed from Kossal Road in a convoy. The first plane crashed in to her # 5 cargo hold cover and did minor damage. But, a second plane hit the ship side near the superstructure. A bomb on the plane explored and started a fire on the deck and a life boat. The fire dropped in to hold #4, which held bombs, but the crew was able to put the fire out before any detonate. The same, 12 January 1945, day off west coast of Luzon kamikazes damaged the destroyer escorts USS Richard W. Suesens (DE 342) and USS Gilligan (DE 508) also the damaged was the transport USS Zeilin (APA 3), and the tank landing ship LST-700. The USS Zeilin lost 129 of her 506 Army troops, being transported. Shell on the destroyer escorts exploded and did some damage to the Elmira Victory. Six Elmira Victory crew members were injured in the plane explosion, no lose of life in attack.

In 1949 she was laid up inthe National Defense Reserve Fleet at the Hudson River and later transferred to Suisun Bay National Defense Reserve Fleet. In 1993 she was scrapped.

Private use

In 1947 she was one of three Victory ships sold from the United States Marine Corps to South Africa Marine Corporation in Cape Town. The three cargo ships had accommodation for 12 passengers added and were renamed. The New Bern Victory became Constantia. She steamed from New York in August 1947 to the first run of her new South African cargo liner service. In 1961 she was renamed the South African Vanguard. In 1964 she was renamed again to the S. A. Vanguard with out change of owners. In 1969 she was sold to Fairwind Maritime Corp. in Panama and renamed the Isabena. On July 4th, 1972 while off Manora Point, Karachi she took on a heavy list in rough seas. She had load on 9400 tons of grain from a tanker Overseas Joyce. On 24 July she capsized and sank in shallow water. Later she was hit by a passing ship, that ship was severely damaged.

http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/vicshipsN.html

https://patch.com/california/monrovia/remembering-the-monrovia-airport

site:hazegray.org "Victory"

The Type S1 ship is a United States Maritime Administration (MARAD) designation for World War II Derrick Barges. Type S1 was used in World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War.

Type V ships were used to move ships and barges. Type V tugboats were made of either steel or wood hulls.

" Arta-s1 Barge Length: 30 m x 9 m IMO: 9876554 Draught (min/avg/max): 4.5 m / 4.5 m / 4.5 m AG - Persian Gulf Latitude / Longitude: 25.94647° / 56.05836

Monarch ? Chapman & Scott?

See also

• Victory ships
• Liberty ship
• Type C1 ship
• Type C2 ship
• Type C3 ship
• United States Merchant Marine Academy
• List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy

References

]

)

http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships.htm

USS Iowa (BB-61) SS Lane Victory http://www.usmm.org/sunk45.html

Mariners, The Website Of The Mariners Mailing List., Victory Ships "Stack that was set farther"

Ship pic https://www.flickr.com/photos/46311608@N05/sets/72157623410600490/page3

945 BAYLOR VICTORY, U.S.War Shipping Admin., Los Angeles. (American-Hawaiian SS Company) 1949 Laid up Mobile. 1966 Reactivated from reserve for Vietnam crisis 1970 Reported at Yokosuka Naval Base in damaged condition. 1970 Scrapped Taiwan. http://shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships/2victoryships.htm

Baylor University in Waco,Texas

Hull MCV-772 (V56) Cal ship BAYLOR VICTORY - IMO 5038478

American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines ? when v war

SS Baylor Victory

January 13, 1945 March 6, 1945 March 30, 1945 Christen March 6, 1945

Sponor Alumni of Baylor University

San Francisco. 1948 July 11

Baylor Victory: (VC2-S-AP 2) Hull 772. she made ten trips into Korean waters between 10 February 1951 and 8 May 1953.

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Luxembourg Victory serviced in the Pacific Theater of Operations during the last few months of World War II in the Pacific War. Luxembourg Victory tool supplies to support the Battle of the Philippines as part of Task Group 30.8).

World War II 

At the Battle of Leyte]] Luxembourg Victory used her deck guns to fired at enemy planes both November 12 and 24, 1944 to defend herself and other ships. Luxembourg Victory was at Leyte 33 days and had 156 air alerts. Luxembourg Victory took supplies to support the Battle of Okinawa from  1 April until 22 June 1945. Luxembourg Victory survived a typhoon in June of 1944. She had repair work at sea after the Battle of Okinawa on 1 July 1945. She serviced USS LST-865 and USS LST-868 July of 1944 taken on some for there cargo, along with the the Mayfield Victory at  Buckner Bay. 

Luxembourg Victory survived typhoon in December of 1944. She took supplies for the Battle of Guam from 21 July to 10 August 1944.

Ending her WW2 service the Luxembourg Victory she streamed from Apra Guam to Portland, Oregon, arriving on 27. Aug. 1947

After the war in 1949 she was laid up Suisun Bay as part of the National Defense Reserve Fleet.

Korean War

In 1950 she was put back in service for Korean War as a Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) charter for the United States Navy. She help move the 140th Medium Tank Battalion. About 75 percent of the personnel taking to Korean from the Korean War came by the merchant marine. SS Luxembourg Victory transported goods, mail, food and other supplies. About 90 percent of the cargo was moved by merchant marine naval to the war zone. SS Luxembourg Victory made trip between 1950 and 23 1951 helping American forces engaged against Communist aggression in South Korea.

The SS Luxembourg Victory carrying eighty medium tanks Korean War for 8th Army on July 28 1950. Tanks were for the Battle of Pusan Perimeter logistics She participated Iwon-Hungnam Landings on November 1950 during UN Offense campaign.

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Two Freighters Collide in Fog at Harbor Two 10,500-ton freighters collided near the San Pedro breakwater light at the entrance to Los Angeles Harbor last night as heavy pea-soup fog blanketed the entire area, cutting down visibility to 150 feet. The Matson Navigation Co.'s ship, Sea Centaur, inbound from Ban Francisco, received damage to its bow above the water line in the collision with the Isthmian Steamship Co.'s Baton Rouge Victory, sailing for the Golden Gate. The latter's captain, J. A. Keerson, reported damage to the deck and flying bridge above the water line. The Baton Rouge Victory anchored outside the breakwater, to be taken to Berth 190, Wilmington, this morning for Inspection of damage. Plans were similar for the Sea Centaur, which will go to Berth 159. So heavy was the fog along the coast last night that the American President Line's President Grant dropped anchor three miles outside the Long Beach breakwater rather than make its way to its landing.

The Los Angeles Times from Los Angeles, California · Page 1 November 29, 1946

1945 BATON ROUGE VICTORY, U.S. War Shipping Admin., Baltimore. (American Export Line and Ishmian SS Corp) 1947 Laid up James River. 1950 Reactivated for Korean War. 1952 Laid up Suisun Bay. 1966 Reactivated for Vietnam War (States SS Co). 23.8.66 mined by Vietcong in Saigon River, sank in shallow water. 30.8.66 Refloated, towed to Vung Tau. 1967 Scrapped Hualien, Formosa (Taiwan)

Private use Frostburg Victory

In 1967　Frostburg Victory Victory was sold the Unisphere Tankers Corp. and renamed the SS Oceanic Ondine. In 1968　she was sold to the Chatham Shipping Corporation and kept her name. On May 24, 1969 both the Oceanic Ondine and the SS Chatham sold at public auction for $476.000. The winner was John Kirby, representing Short Hills Shipping Corporation. Both ships had be docked at the Port of Galveston since Dec, of 1968 after the foreclose seizure by the United States Marshal after the owner failed payment to the National Bank of North America. In 1969　she was sold to the Resolute Marine Associates and kept her name. In 1969　she was sold to Windjammer Shipping, Inc. and renamed the Windjammer Susie. In 1970 she was sold to Trans World Shipping, Ltd. and renamed the Scotch Mist. In 1971 she was sold auction by the Sheriff of Singapore Supreme Court and then was scrapped.

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+++++++++++ At Battle of Okinawa SS Hobbs Victory, SS Logan Victory, SS Pierre Victory, SS Halaula Victory, SS Green Bay Victory, SS Flagstagg Victory, SS Claremont Victory, SS Whirlwind Victory, SS Silverbow Victory, SS Cape Georgia, SS Checoslovaquia Victory, SS Brigham Victory, SS Sioux Falls Victory, SS Afoundria, SS Sea Runner, SS United Victory, SS Dashing Wave, SS Minot Victory, SS Mariscal Sucre, SS Virginia City Victory, SS Rockland Victory, SS Canada Victory, SS Ames Victory, SS Harvard Victory, SS Reno Victory, SS Laredo Victory, SS Rock Springs Victory, SS Henry George, SS Skagway Victory, SS Hurricane, SS William Dale, SS Ealter Colton, SS Kota Agoeng, SS Berea Victory, SS Norman Hapgood, SS John Muir, SS William Sherman, SS Sea Quail, SS Greenville Victory, SS George Waldo, SS Stanley Matthews, SS Kota Inten, SS Segundo Ruiz-Belvis, SS Post, SS Rose, SS Snelling, SS Jean La Fitte, SS Cape Alexander, SS Allison, SS Clovis Victory, SS Chales Conrad, SS Uriah Rose, SS Donald McXleary, SS Brown Victory, SS Tisjidane, SS Jubal Early, SS Ethiopia Victory, SS Early, SS Livermore, SS William Allison, SS Clark Hoell, SS Darmouth Victory, SS Clarksdale Victory, SS Henry Gantt, SS Clearwater Victory, SS Hutchinson, SS Maurice Thompson y SS Aniston Victory.

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OregonShipbuildingCorporation1944.jpg The Kaiser Shipyards,Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation 1944 in Portland during World War II. From left to right Dominican Victory, Yugoslavia Victory, Plymouth Victory, Niantic Victory, Rock Island Victory, Claremont Victory and Rutland Victory.

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+++++++++ At The Battle of Iwo Jima Merchant Marines-Victory Ships SS Britain Victory SS Columbia Victory SS Legion Victory +++++++++++++

Honors:

Berea Victory 27 May 45 30 Jun 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto Bering 15 Feb 43 27 Feb 43

South Africa Victory 27 Jul 44 15 Aug 44 Capture and occupation of Guam South Africa Victory 6 Sept 44 14 Oct 44 Capture occupation of southern Palau Islands St Olaf 7 Sept 42 21 Sept 42

Legion Victory 16 Mar 45-16 Mar 45 Assault-occupation of Iwo Jima Skagway Victory 24 Mar 45 30 Jun 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Laredo Victory 3 May 45 19 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Sharon Victory 30 Nov 44 16 Dec 44 Leyte operation

Sioux Falls Victory 10 Apr 45 30 Apr 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Silverbow Victory 10 Apr 45 5 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Sicilian occupation Bowdoin Victory 10 May 45 22 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto Brander Matthews 24 Mar 44 28 Mar 44

Anzio Nettuno advanced landings Brigham Victory 10 Apr 45 26 Apr 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Britain Victory 7 Mar 45 16 Mar 45 Assault occupation of Iwo Jima

Brown Victory 19 May 45 6 Jun 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Bucknell Victory 3 May 45 22 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Durham Victory 23 Nov 44-29 Nov 44 Leyte landings

Luxemburg Victory 5 Nov 44-29 Nov 44 Leyte landings

Elmira Victory 11 Jan 45-18 Jan 45 Lingayen Gulf landing

Ames Victory 3 May 45-19 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Bowdoin Victory 10 May 45 22 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Clearwater Victory 3 May 45 16 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Columbia Victory 25 Feb 45 6 Mar 45 Assault occupation of Iwo Jima Columbia Victory 27 May 45 4 Jun 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Durham Victory 23 Nov 44 29 Nov 44 Leyte landings Durham Victory 9 Jan 45 18 Jan 45 Luzon operation

Honduras Victory 27 May 45 11 Jun 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Howard Victory 27 May 45 30 Jun 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Kelso Victory 17 Apr 45 30 Apr 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa

Meridian Victory 6 Sept 44-14 Oct 44 Capture-occupation of Southern Palau Islands

Ames Victory 3 May 45-19 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto Anniston Victory 3 May 45-31 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Gunto

Bartlesville Victory 10 May 45-27 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa

Cuba Victory 3-Jun-45 Assault occupation of Okinawa

El Reno Victory 3 May 45-19 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa

Ethiopia Victory 10 May 45-14 Jun 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa

Flagstaff Victory 10 Apr 45- 5 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa

Fordham Victory 31 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa

Gretna Victory 18 Apr 45- 5 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa

Grinnell Victory 7 Jun 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa

Halaula Victory 6 Apr 45-26 Apr 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa

Harvard Victory 3 May 45-30 Jun 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Honduras Victory 27 May 45-11 Jun 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Howard Victory 27 May 45-30 Jun 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Loma Victory 26 Apr 45-8 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa

Minot Victory 10 Apr 45-26 Apr 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa Moline Victory 1 Apr 45-22 May 45 Assault occupation of Okinawa

Mount Holyoke Victory 10 May 45-19 May 45 Okinawa Nicaragua Victory 10 May 45-22 May 45 Okinawa Oberlin Victory 8 Jun 45-15 Jun 45 Okinawa Paducah Victory 3 May 45-16 May 45 Okinawa Pierre Victory 6 Apr 45-30 Apr 45 Okinawa Rock Springs Victory 7 Jun 46-23 Jun 45 Okinawa Saginaw Victory 10 Apr 45-26 Apr 45 Okinawa Salina Victory 28 May 45-14 Jun 45 Okinawa Silverbow Victory 10 Apr 45- 5 May 45 Okinawa Sioux Falls Victory 10 Apr 45-30 Apr 45 Okinawa Skagway Victory 24 Mar 45-30 Jun 45 Okinawa Virginia City Victory 26 Apr 45- 8 May 45 Okinawa Waco Victory 28 May 45-30 Jun 45 Okinawa Wesleyan Victory 17 Jun 45-28 Jun 45 Okinawa Willamette Victory 17 Jun 45-30 Jun 45 Okinawa "RUTLAND VICTORY" Okinawa

++++++++++++++++ lakeland use SS Enid Victory templete http://cdm15809.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15809coll57

WW2 awards:

http://archive-org.com/org/u/usmm.org/2013-04-03_1808202_35/World_War_II_Posters_Train_or_return_to_sea/

site:koreanwar-educator.org "Brazil Victory"

YugoslaviaVictory-portland.jpg on upload http://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/oregon-journey/PublishingImages/terminal-1-portland.jpg

Have pic Victory-Ship-USMMA-still-1-e1457016179395.jpg https://www.marad.dot.gov/wp-content/uploads/jpg/1948.002.0001-Victory-Ship-USMMA-still-1-e1457016179395.jpg

References

http://www.statesmarinelines.com/

Name sake list http://www.21pw.com/dictionary/List-of-Victory-ships_3532

http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/vicshipsA.html http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/vicshipsC.html http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/vicshipsF.html F and G

http://appendix.usmaritimecommission.de/documents/costs%20on%20warbuilt%20vessels%201936%20to%201946.pdf http://www.cimorelli.com/cgi-bin/magellanscripts/ship_dates_volume.asp?ShipName=Victory

http://shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships/2victoryships.htm

http://appendix.usmaritimecommission.de/documents/ships%20sold%20under%20mssa%201946.pdf

http://marinesinforestgreen.blogspot.com/2012/10/list-of-ships-at-battle-of-iwo-jima.html

https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/n/naval-armed-guard-service-in-world-war-ii/action-at-okinawa.html

Monday, October 15, 2012 List of Ships At The Battle of Iwo Jima

Merchant Marines-Victory Ships SS Britain Victory SS Columbia Victory SS China Victory SS Joliet Victory SS Kingsport Victory SS Legion Victory SS Cape Fear SS Cape Georgia SS Cape Isabel SS Cape San Martin SS Cape Stevens SS Dashing Wave SS John Drake Sloat

sub

Japanese submarine I-70 Kaidai-type_submarine - i70 USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)#World_War_II

http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-70.htm http://fly.historicwings.com/2012/12/sinking-the-i-70 http://www.pacificwrecks.com/ships/subs/I-70.html

Ugly Christmas Sweater party http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/12/22/a-brief-history-of-the-ugly-christmas-sweater/

Vital poisons

Vital poisons Vital poisons also called Essential poisons are poisons that at high dose will cause death or damage to living organisms, but are needed at low trace doses for living organism to survive and live healthy. In high doses these poisons can be lethal, but, micro or trace amounts are essential for good health. The these traces elements come from organic natural source like plants or inorganic minerals. A number of vital poisons are essential for making proteins and other vital biochemical metabolism functions. Proteins are base for biological cells. In most cases a normal healthy diet can supply these traces chemical element needed for human nutrition.

Arsenic

Arsenic is an inorganic chemical element. Trace quantities of arsenic are an essential dietary element. A normal healthy diet will easily supply the trace arsenic needed. Early test show that arsenic has a role in gene silencing and the metabolism of the amino acid methionine. At high does arsenic poisoning is very dangerous.

Boron

Boron is an essential inorganic chemical needed by plants and animals, it is required for cell walls. Too low of a level causes boron deficiency. At high levels boron can become toxic.

Chromium

Chromium, an essential inorganic chemical, thought to be used for insulin, a hormone critical to the metabolism and storage of carbohydrate, fat and protein. Too low intake can cause chromium deficiency. At high levels causes harmful chromium toxicity. The precise mechanism of its actions in the body, however, have not been fully defined, leaving in question whether chromium is essential for healthy people.

Vincent, John B. (2013). "Chapter 6. Chromium: Is It Essential, Pharmacologically Relevant, or Toxic?". In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel (eds.). Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 171–198. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_6. </ref>

Chlorine

Chlorine is an essential inorganic chemical. Chlorine in the form of chloride ions are necessary to all known species of life. Many chlorine compounds are needed in life. Chlorine helps in digestion, by helping form hydrochloric acid. Sodium chloride is found in sweat and tears. Chlorine is a negatively charged ion in blood forming a electrolyte. Chloride deficiency is rare as as some chlorine in in all foods, but extreme sweating can cause a sharp drop in chlorine. Yet chlorine at high concentrations is extremely poisonous for all living organisms.

Cobalt

Cobalt is an inorganic ultratrace element, as very small trace amounts of are needed for the synthesis of Vitamin B12. Beneficial bacteria are also required to synthesize the vitamin B₁₂. Some volcanic soils lacked the cobalt salts essential for the ruminant cattle/bacteria food chain. Too high of level causes cobalt poisoning.

Copper

Copper is necessary to all living things. Copper is an inorganic compound needed for health of all living cells. Copper is used in proteins and metalloenzymes. Like all essential elements too much or too little copper can result in copper toxicity or a copper deficiency both with adverse health effects. Chronically elevated levels of copper intake produces zinc deficiency.

Fluorine

Fluorine is a rare poisonous inorganic gas, yet the fluorine is needed for life. Fluoride also reduces tooth decay if take at the correct levels. Fluorine in high levels can turn teeth to a dark brown color and cause fluoride toxicity.

Iodine

Iodine is an essential inorganic element needed for life. Iodine is the heaviest element needed by living organisms. Iodine is needed for the synthesis of the growth-regulating thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine Iodine deficiency leads to an enlargement of the thyroid tissue a disease called simple goitre. Too much iodine is toxic. One study concluded the range of total body iodine content in males was 12.1 mg to 25.3 mg, with a mean of 14.6 mg.

Iron

Iron an inorganic metal and is part of numerous biological processes. Iron is the most important transition metal in all living organisms. Iron-proteins are found in all living organisms: Too little iron causes iron deficiency. Iron at high levels causes iron poisoning and iron overload.

Manganese

Manganese is a required inorganic trace mineral for all known living organisms, with the exception of neurotoxin. Manganese ions are a cofactors for a many enzymes. In life forms that use oxygen, manganese enzymes are essential in detoxification of superoxide free radicals. In large amounts manganese can cause poisoning in mammals.

Molybdenum

Molybdenum an inorganic element is used by organism in nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is used by plants to get nitrogen from the atmosphere. Nitrogen fixation is need so element can be attaches to chemicals that can be assimilated by plants. Most of Earth's soil has the right amount of molybdenum. In humans molybdenum is use as a catalyst for enzymes and to help breakdown of some amino acids. Too little can cause Molybdenum deficiency. Yet, too much molybdenum can cause brain damage.

Nickel

Nickel is a inorganic metal needed by some microorganisms and plants. Nickel in plant enzyme urease, helps in hydrolysis of urea. The enzyme hydrogenases contain nickel. The enzyme Cofactor F430 uses nickel. Nickel allergy can form with too much exposures to nickel in some people.

Nitric oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) is a inorganic poisons gas, yet trace amounts are very important to life. In mammals Nitric oxide is an important cellular signaling molecule involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Low levels of nitric oxide production are important in protecting organs such as the liver from ischemic damage. Due to Nitric oxide importance in neuroscience, physiology, and immunology, Nitric oxide was proclaimed "Molecule of the Year" in 1992. Research into its function led to the 1998 Nobel Prize for discovering the role of nitric oxide as a cardiovascular signalling molecule. Nitric oxide should not be confused with nitrous oxide (N₂O), an anaesthetic, or with nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), a brown toxic gas and a major air pollutant, the latter being a product to which nitric oxide is rapidly oxidised in air.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus is an inorganic essential element needed for all life forms. Phosphates are a needed part of DNA, RNA, ATP. All cell membranes use phosphate in the form of phospholipids. Phosphorus deficiency can cause hypophosphatemia. Too much phosphorus is toxic, notable in aquatic systems.

Potassium

Potassium is an inorganic element needed for multiple physiological processes.Diets low in potassium can lead to hypertension and hypokalemia. Potassium at high levels can cause potassium poisoning, called hyperkalemia.

Selenium

Selenium is an inorganic micronutrient at trace levels. Needed for antioxidant enzymes, like glutathione peroxidase. Too low of level will cause selenium deficiency. Selenium pollution can cause high levels that are poisonous.

Sulfur

Sulfur is an inorganic essential element of all living cells. In plants and animals, the amino acids cysteine and methionine contain the most sulfur. While pure sulfur is non-toxic, sulfur in the form of sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid and hydrogen sulfide are toxic.

Tin

Tin is an inorganic metal used in a variety of biological activities including the immune system. Too high of levels can cause tin poisoning.

Vanadium

Vanadium is an inorganic ultratrace element, very small trace amounts are needed for some DNA-metabolizing enzymes. At high level vanadium is toxic. Vanadium is very important in marine life forms.

Zinc

Zinc is an inorganic metal that is an essential trace element. Zinc is found in nearly 100 specific enzymes. Too little zinc can cause Zinc deficiency Too high of levels of zinc can cause zinc toxicity.

Viktor

Viktor Harnischfeger or also called Dr. Victor Harnischfeger.

April 6, 1945: Eleven people were in Kalkumer forest in Ratingen were shot by Düsseldorf Gestapo officials. The victims, ten men and a woman, came from the Soviet Union and the Netherlands. Six victims are known by name. The victims were forced laborers. Detective Superintendent Dr. Victor Harnischfeger was the execution manager. Execution were done as the

Dr Victor Harnischfeger, together with others were accused of killing Allied nationals at Kalkumervald, Rettingen, Germany, on 6 April 1945. At JHQ Rheindahlen Harnischfeger was charged with war crimes. Other charged with him: Dr Josef Ochs and Franz Scholten.

In 1947 Harnischfeger was acquitted by the British Military Court in Hamburg. But in 1948 arnischfeger was convicted for the other murders. He death sentace was commuted to life imprisonment. But in 1952 he was granted amnesty. Harnischfeger later became a senior police commissioner in a German city.

Ref

• nationalarchives.gov.uk, Kalkumervald, Rettingen, Germany: killing of allied nationals by Gestapo
• Stadtarchiv Ratingen: Memorial to the Murdered in Kalkumer Forest forced laborers Ratingen 2000; Erika Münster-Schröer: Spring 1945: executions in Kalkumer forest and elsewhere. The investigation of the British War Crimes Group in Military District VI - Dusseldorf area. In: Ratinger Forum. Contributions to Regional history .. In: Issue 6, 1999, pp 145-184;. Erik Small Venne Kate: 1945 - Air Raid, murder and invasion. The last weeks of World War II in Ratingen In:. Romerike mountains. Journal of the Bergisch land. Issue 2/2015, pp 29-36.

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life

• Siphonophorae and Praya dubia resemble and act like jellyfish, but are Hydrozoa, colony of specialized minute individuals called zooids.
• Fussa looks like a cat but is a mongoose.

• Internal fertilization has evolved independently in sharks, some amphibians and amniotes.

P E

• Pyrotherians have evolved a body plan similar to proboscideans.? P E

Effigia Panopeidae Dartford warbler Sauropterygia Togo mouse Notocotylus fosteri Arthropod -- Proatta -

Cook's swift Porthidium Schizothorax Ctenophorus maculosus

Australerpeton Petauridae Osmylidae Nuthatch Aquatic locomotion Pachyrukhos

Thingodonta Choristodera Shrewlike rat Diving duck Exemplar (Kuhn) Pouched rat Onychopoda Purple frog Cancrocaeca Ant colony

Philippine creeper Oleanane Prasinohaema virens Mosasaur Agaonidae Yanornis - Trapeziidae Brevicoryne brassicae Rhynchippus Vladlenosaurus Mantellinae Australodelphis Atheris Shuvosaurus - Catharus Miniopterus mahafaliensis bat Celeus (bird) Wrentit Greater flameback Simopelta - Malacostraca GHMP kinase family Alucitoidea Cobitis ohridana Cassytha Sunder Lal Hora Hieraaetus Phyllastrephus Vespula vulgaris Pachystropheus Crotoniidae Macelognathus Eidonomy

Passerine

Falconiformes

Toothcomb

Paradox of the plankton

Machairodontinae

Cladogram

Odorrana

Amolops

shrew - mouse ?

Lignin

tarantula hawk Hemipepsis ustulata

Sapindaceae

Sapindaceae

Cucurbitales

Myrmecochory

Sparassodonta

Malpighian tubule system

Horusornithidae

Digit (anatomy) -?

Palorchestes

Hydrogenosome ?

Common swift

Aesthete (chiton)

Spizaetus Hierofalcon

African harrier-hawk

Tanganyicia

Gaviiformes -

Carnivorous fungus

Huia

Grebe

Sichuan takin

Feliformia

Honeyeater -

C4 carbon fixation Nitrophorin Chamaesyce Raninidae mole crabs

Gekkonomorpha

Manzanita

Army ant

Coati

Jamming avoidance response

Basidiocarp

Savannah sparrow

Burnupia

Uroplatus

Queuosine Bushshrike Allorecognition PA clan Tarrasiiformes Glyptodontidae Alpine swift Plotopteridae Tatuidris Plesiopithecus Lamprin Calliarthron Watasenia scintillans Moho (genus) Nisaetus Ormia ochracea African linsang (genus) Meridiungulata Psittacopasserae Euphorbiaceae Pinyon jay Ocepeia Cynodesmus White-winged chough Sauropodomorpha Ctenurella Infrared sensing in vampire bats Oxyurinae Woodcreeper Socorro mockingbird Crane hawk Shenshou Spindle neuron Malagasy warbler Pseudobulweri Orthocerida Salvia Geniculate (alga) Saltuarius Beilschmiedia Adzebill Squash bee Gemuendina Palaeognathae Homarus Hesperornis Endiandra Leonerasaurus Astraeus (fungus) Sirius Passet Catkin

Waiomys

Keel (bird anatomy)

Oxybelis

New World oriole

Corvidae Craniate

Pseudogene

Insect mouthparts

Lungfish

Salt gland

Lactase persistence

Paranthropus

Machairodontinae

Elaiosome

Pelecaniformes

Pharyngeal slit

Flipper (anatomy)

Odobenocetops

Creodonta -

Animal consciousness

Sphingidae

Birds of Australia

Muskox

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa

Elephant cognition

Babakotia

Rock pocket mouse

Eastern meadowlark -

Fin

Gut (anatomy)

Cormorant -

Proleg _______

Anthropic principle inequality

Anthropic principle inequality is a term introduced by Brandon Carter, a British mathematician in 1983. The new term was introduced to the scientific community to expand on the his earlier term, the Anthropic principle introduced in 1973. Carter calculated and noted that in the study of the universe scientist had found that it took a minimum of several billion years for the universe to produce a place suitable for advanced life (like human life, life on land), but in contrast advanced life can only survive in the universe for a few million years. This is a large inequality of time. Several billion years of stellar burning in stars are needed to produce all the chemical elements needed for a rocky planet, stable planetary system, stable Sun and life.

In 1987, physicist Paul Davies, concluded in his The Cosmic Blueprint book, that the physical evidence for design of the universe and of Earth for human life could rightly be described as overwhelming.

In 1986 physicists John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler calculations showed that advanced civilization cannot be sustained as even as long as Brandon Carter calculations. Their estimated is that human civilization on earth living at its current high technology level and population levels could last no more than about 41,000 years on earth or any where in the universe. By their calculations advanced civilization cannot be sustain more than this limit anywhere in the universe, due to the limits of the universe.

No matter if the Weak Anthropic Principle is used or the Strong Anthropic Principle, advanced life cannot be rush in the universe, it takes 13.7 Billion year for the universe to have a place for advanced life, notably a rocky planet and a very stable burning star-sun.

Ulf-G. Meißner, a German scholar and chair in theoretical nuclear physics at the Helmholtz Institute, University of Bonn, added with a series of discoveries that support this anthropic principle. Stephen Hawking, wrote in A Brief History of Time about a number of astrophysics proprieties and constants that support the Anthropic Principle theory. Hawking noted the universe starts with a very critical rate of expansion needed for life and still is expanding at nearly the critical rate. Meißner noted "If the rate of expansion one second after the Big Bang had been smaller by even one part in a hundred thousand million million, the universe would have recollapsed before it ever reached its present size."

Evolution of the solar luminosity, radius and effective temperature compared to the present-day Sun. After Ribas (2010)

Anthropic principle

There are a few Anthropic principle variants models, but in common to all these models, is that all the properties and characteristics of the universe needed for human life on Earth or any were in the universe, must be correct, before life existed anywhere in the universe. These properties must be in a narrow range given raise to the fine-tuned Universe proposition.. The Cambrian explosion, during which most major animal phyla appeared, as indicated by the fossil record, happen about 542 million years ago. This was earliest the event could have happen, as at this time Earth's oxygen levels increased to a level that would support derives forms of life. Before the Cambrian explosion, oxygen levels did not increase substantially in the atmosphere. . .

The first person to make the anthropic principle popular was American physicist John Archibald Wheeler He wrote "A life-giving factor lies at the centre of the whole machinery and design of the world."

Limitations, the inequality

Barrow and Tipler listed properties of the universe and Earth that limits any advanced life on Earth or any place in the universe. Here are some of the findings:

• The second law of thermodynamics, also called the entropy limits advanced civilization. The universe is running out of useful energy and will continue to grow dark and cold, this is not good for advanced civilization. This is called the heat death of the universe.

• The expansion rate of the universe is increasing at a ever faster and faster rate. This cosmic expansion will increase entropy to bring a cold dark universe.

• The Earth's rotation is slowing, this slower rate will cause longer and hots days and longer and colder night. This slowing will make an inhospitable environmental for due to atmospheric changes. Note: Earth's rotation was faster in the past and was an inhospitable environmental for advanced civilization, but not bacteria.

• Solar stability will decrease. Our Sun currently is the most stable stars in the Milky Way. The sun currently has a very low of light variance of only .1%, so small it has no impact on Earth's climate. As the sun ages solar flares and solar radiation will increase. The unstable sun of the future, will make Earth inhospitable for advanced civilization and then later all life. Currently solar luminosity variation is 0.1%. This due to the Sun being a G2V star with a 5,778K temperature, 4.6 billion years old, with the correct metallicity and size. Stars with an age of 4.6 billion years are at the most stable state. Proper metallicity and size are also very important to low luminosity variation.

• Solar luminosity will increase. As the sun brighten human life will not be able to survive. The Sun is increasing by about 0.05 percent per decade.

• Sub-replacement fertility caused by declining birth rates around the world, short term this is only a minor problem, but long term will effect advanced civilization.

• Increasing genetic disorders, A single-gene disorder is the result of a single mutated gene. Over 4000 human diseases are caused by single-gene defects. Single-gene disorders can be passed on to subsequent generations, with new mutations being added by to the population.

• Natural disaster to the environment on Earth can create a global catastrophic risk like: large volcanic eruption, or nearby Near-Earth supernova or a large Impact event.

• Environmental disaster to the natural environment due to human activity is an increase risk.

• Nuclear war is an increase risk.

• Societal collapse due to too much economic inequality and too few natural resource, like running out of fossil fuels, fresh water and arable land

See also

• Doomsday argument
• Goldilocks principle
• Rare Earth hypothesis
• Triple-alpha process
• Inverse gambler's fallacy

References

C ategory:Physical cosmology C ategory:Philosophical concepts C ategory:Religion and science C ategory:Principles C ategory:Astronomical hypotheses

Further reading

• Mallove, Eugene F. and Matloff, Gregory L. The Starflight Handbook: A Pioneer's Guide to Interstellar Travel, Wiley. ISBN 0-471-61912-4.

______

PRC

Pasadena Republican Club

RPC
Formation	29 March 1884 (1884-03-29)
Headquarters	Pasadena, California
Affiliations	Republican Party of Los Angeles County and California Republican Party
Website	www.pasadenarepublican.com

Pasadena Republican Club (PRC) is the oldest, continuously active Republican club in America, founded on March 29, 1884. Ever two years for the last 140 years the Pasadena Republican Club has operated the Greater Pasadena Area Republican Headquarters in Pasadena, California with the help of volunteers. Greater Pasadena Area Republican Headquarters supports the towns in the west side of the San Gabriel Valley. Pasadena Republican Club works closely with Republican running for office of the California's 41st State Assembly district.

The Pasadena Republican Club helps Republican candidates get elected to federal, state, and local office. Pasadena Republican Club is funded by membership donations and general donations.

Pasadena Republican Club also hosts forums during the year on many different subject, promoting education programs of interest to the general public. Past speakers have included: First Lady Laura Bush, Secretary of State of California Bruce McPherson, Los Angeles County District Attorney Steve Cooley and Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors Michael D. Antonovich and more. The Pasadena Republican Club has a volunteer board of directors that make quarterly newsletters, voter guides and invitations to local events.

History

Colonel Jabez Banbury, Pasadena Republican Club first president, a veteran of the Civil War, and California politician in California State Assembly. Treasurer for Los Angeles county and the first treasurer of Pasadena Ca. Early settlers of Pasadena

Pasadena Republican Club was started on March 29, 1884. Colonel Jabez Banbury was the first president of the Club. Banbury was one of the early settlers of Pasadena and a veteran of the Civil War from 5th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment. After the war, with Thomas Croft, Banbury purchased a large lot of land in Pasadena on Orange Grove Ave between Colorado Boulevard and California St. Banbury was also a treasurer for Los Angeles county and the first treasurer of Pasadena. Banbury was one of the founders of the Rose Parade and founding member of the School Board of Trustees. Banbury went on to served a term in the California State Assembly., In 1884 Ben E. Ward was the club secretary. Banbury, Ward, and H. W. Magee went on to be delegates to a LA Republican convention that voted on delegates to the Republican State convention, for the selection of the Republican candidate for US Congress Sixth District. On July 23, 1884 Henry Markham was nominated by the sixth district Republican caucus. Markham was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1885 to 1887. He declined to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1886. During his campaign for Governor, Markham was referred to as "the dashing colonel from Pasadena." Markham won his race for Governor and was the 18th governor of California from January 8, 1891 until January 11, 1895. Markham was a member of the Pasadena Republican Club. He died in Pasadena on October 9, 1923.

See also

• California State Assembly
• California State Assembly districts
• Districts in California
• Republican National Committee
• National Republican Senatorial Committee
• National Republican Congressional Committee

External links

• www.pasadenarepublican.com Official Web site Pasadena Republican Club]
• Facebook page Pasadena Republican Club
• District map from the California Citizens Redistricting Commission

Logo right ref https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Californian_Republican_Party_logo.png

zones

Scientist studying Earth's place in the solar system have over the years discovered more habitable zones. The first habitable zone, called Circumstellar habitable zone is the water habitable zone. was publised in 1953 by Hubertus Strughold. The water habitable zone, is often just called the the "habitable zone". Over the years other habitable zone have been discover, studied and record. Rory Barnes, a University of Washington postdoctoral researcher in astronomy noted. "The best places to look for habitability are where this new definition and the old definition overlap.” In other words look at places that the water habitable zone overlaps with the newer discovered habitable zones. [1]

Universität Wien, Habitable Zone, Isabella Kraus, January 18, 2012

Texas U. Habitable Zones around Main Sequence Stars, by DP Whitmire - ‎1993

Ohio State, Habitable Zones around Stars, by Prof. Richard Pogge, 2012

To date 9 habitable zones have been discovered:

• 1) Water habitable zone
• 2) Ultraviolet habitable zone
• 3) Photosynthetic habitable zone
• 4) Ozone habitable zone
• 5) Planetary rotation rate habitable zone
• 6) Planetary obliquity habitable zone
• 7) Tidal habitable zone
• 8) Atmosphere habitable zone
• 9) Electric Wind habitable zone

Water habitable zone

When hearing about habitable zone HZ or the goldilocks Zone, it is normally implied this is the water habitable zone. In a water habitable zone a planet is able to have liquid water some where on the planet for a short period of time. It is agreed that for life liquid water is required. In the water habitable zone the plants stellar radius and distance from a single star, creates a place where there there is liquid water. To close to the star the surface of the planet is too hot for liquid water. Too far way on outer radius and all water on the surface freezes. This stars variation XXX. There are also theories that the other heat sources could create liquid water, such as plants core. Earth has a large amount of liquid water, H2O. Earth also has water in its other two states ice and vapor. Earth has H2O precipitate in different forms: rain, mist, fog, snow, hail, Freezing rain and sleet.

Ultraviolet habitable zone

Ultraviolet habitable zone is determined from the plants parent star temperature, the distance from the star and the planet's atmosphere. Too much ultraviolet radiation damages life, but too little and synthesis cannot be effective. A star with a color temperature above 7100K, the ultraviolet radiation (UV) habitable zone is then found out beyond the water habitable zone. A star with a color temperature below 4,600K, then UV habitable zone is found closer to the star than the water habitable zone. Earth has a stable color temperature of 7,137K.

Cornell University , Habitable Zones and UV Habitable Zones around Host Stars, by Jianpo Guo, Fenghui Zhang, Xianfei Zhang, Zhanwen Han, on 5 March 2010

Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ultraviolet radiation constraints around the circumstellar habitable zones, by Andrea P. Buccino, Guillermo A. Lemarchand, Pablo J.D. Mauas. 9 December 2005

Photosynthetic habitable zone

Photosynthetic habitable zone is the zone that allows the correct amount of carbon dioxide levels in the planet's atmosphere. Too much carbon dioxide would create a runaway greenhouse effect and too little carbon dioxide green plants would be unable to maintain efficient photosynthesis. Note, after much research, it has been found that only carbon as enough stable molecules to make carbon-based life. Silicon, arsenic and boron were past candidates for life, but these molecules quickly fall apart or only make crystals. Only carbon molecules are strong and diverse enough for life. Earth's atmosphere currently has a carbon dioxide level of 0.039%. Other atmosphere gases are: 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen and 0.93% argon. But these levels where different in the past.

Harvard, Tectonics and the photosynthetic habitable zone, by Sleep, N. H., Dec. of 2009

space.com, How to Find Aliens: Follow the Photosynthesis, By Charles Q. Choi, July 22, 2010

Washington U., The Feasibility of Photosynthesis on Extrasolar Planets, By Edward Schwieterman

Harvard, Photosynthetic Constraints on the Habitable Zone, By Storrie-Lombardi, M. C., Tsapin, A. I., McDonald, G. D., Coleman, M. L., & Meadows, V. S. Bioastronomy 2002: Life Among the Stars, Proceedings of IAU Symposium #213. Edited by R. Norris, and F. Stootman. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2003., p.309, 2001

Ozone habitable zone

Ozone habitable zone is zone that gives a planet a needed ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. The planet surface temperatures must be correct to allow for ozone shield. A too thin ozone level would allow too much UV radiation at the surface. Too much UV radiation damages life.

Astrobiology Magazine Contributor, Could Alien Life Cope with a Hotter, Brighter Star? By Adam Hadhazy, March 20, 2014

How to Astrobiology Magazine, Find Habitable Planets in Our Galaxy's Danger Zone, By Gemma Lavender September 27, 2011

Planetary rotation rate habitable zone

Planetary rotation rate habitable zone is zone that a stable planet rotation period exist. If too slow Diurnal temperature variation would be too great for life. If too fast surface atmospheric wind velocities would be too great for life. Earth's rotation rate is currently 23^h 56^m 4.098903691^s., and slowing, Earth rotation was faster in the past. Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox, misnamed its sidereal day, is 86,164.09053083288 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23^h 56^m 4.09053083288^s) as of 1982. Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms. The length of the mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623–2005 and 1962–2005.

Astrobiology Mag., Rotation of Planets Influences Habitability, By Amanda Doyle, Aug. 7, 2014

Planetary obliquity habitable zone

Planetary obliquity habitable zone is define as the zone that a planet has a stable axial tilt. If the axial tilt varies to much the surface temperature differences would be too great for life and stable water. For a rocky planets orbiting in the water habitable zones of a star that is prominently 90% of the Sun’s mass will only have a obliquity zone for more than a billion years. In low mass stars the primordial obliquities is lost much sooner. Earth currently has a stable axial tilt of about 23.4°.

Effects of Extreme Obliquity Variations on the Habitability of Exoplanets, by J. C. Armstrong, Department of Physics, Weber State University & R. Barnes, University of Washington & S. Domagal-Goldman, NASA Goddard & J. Breiner, T. R. Quinn, and V. S. Meadows, University of Washington

Space.com lien Life May Depend on Planetary Tilt, By Adam Hadhazy, January 20, 201

Astrobiology Magazine. Loss of Planetary Tilt Could Doom Alien Life, By Adam Hadhazy, Jan. 12, 2012

NASA, Aphelion Away!, July 3, 2001

Tidal habitable zone

A dim star, like a red dwarf star, with a planet in the water habitable zone, would be so close to the star that it would have tidal locking to the star, one side with permanent day and the other permanent night side. Plate tectonics are important for climate stability and the stable surface temperatures. To much tectonic forces can destroy life. Tidal lock planets would also make one side the planet too hot and the other too cold. Water habitable zone would be very small spot on the plant dark to light side, diurnal temperature variation would be very large. Thus the habitability of red dwarf systems is challenging.

astrobio.net, Tidal Habitable Zone, Jun 17, 2009

University of Washington, Tidal Constraints on Planetary Habitability, R. Barnes,1,2 B. Jackson,3 R. Greenberg,4 S. N. Raymond,2,5 and R., Heller6, 1Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, 2Virtual Planetary Lab, 3NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, Planetary Systems Laboratory, Goddard Space Flight Center, 4Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, 5Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, University of Colorado, 6Hamburger Sternwarte, University of Hamburg,

Harvard, Tidal Limits to planetary habitability, R. Barnes 2009

Atmosphere habitable zone

Atmosphere habitable zone is the star's solar wind, the siz of the planet and plant's magnetic field The solar wind is made of charged particles, this plasma is made of electrons, protons and alpha particles. Earth's magnetic field is very large and give Earth protection from the solar wind and high-energy cosmic radiation. Without the magnetic field, the solar wind would blow away Earth's atmosphere, this happened on Mars. Radiation is deadly to life.

Surface composition determines temperature and therefore habitability of a planet, by Anthony Watts, July 15, 2016

Electric Wind habitable zone

Electric Wind habitable zone, Venus Express spacecraft's electron spectrometer measured the electric potential in Venus's atmosphere. Venus's atmospheric electric field was measured to be 10 volts. This was a high level than astronomers expected the measurement to be. The 10 volts creates in Venus's atmosphere an electric. This wind is powerful and thus pushes all the ionosphere's heavy ions into outer space. So both Venus's high temperature and atmospheric electric field have removed all Venus's oxygen ions in Venus's water molecules.

"The Electric Wind of Venus: A Global and Persistent 'Polar Wind'-Like Ambipolar Electric Field Sufficient for the Direct Escape of Heavy Ionospheric Ions: Venus Has Potential," Geophysical Research Letters, by Glyn Collinson. June 2016

"Electric Mars: The First Direct Measurement of an Upper Limit for the Martian 'Polar Wind' Electric Potential," Geophysical Research Letters 42, by Glyn Collinson, November 2015

• Zones move over time. Reviews of Geophysics, The faint young Sun problem, by Georg Feulner, Feb 11, 2014

Other zones

• Abiotic Habitable Zone, (AHZ), Zone not changed by a planets life form.
• Inhabited Habitable Zone, (InHZ) This takes in to account the changes plant and animal life makes to a planet.

planetary.org, The Habitable Zone of Inhabited Planets, by Jaime Green, July 7, 2014

ASTROBIOLOGY, Volume 16, Number 1, 2016, The Case for a Gaian Bottleneck: The Biology of Habitability, by Aditya Chopra and Charles H. Lineweaver

Other planetary habitability factors

main page Planetary habitability

• Star:
• Solitary star, binary system makes unstable plant orbits.
• Size - Class. Stellar classification
• Age
• Stellar activity (x‐ray, solar flares)
• Solar irradiance, total solar radiation that reaches surface.
• Correct metallicity
• Low solar luminosity variation, Sun is 0.1%
• Temperature

• Plant:
• Planetary Eccentricity, (near circular orbit needed)
• Planetary Tidal heating
• Planetary Mass
• Planetary orbit stability
• Planetary Radius
• Geophysical effects (plate tectonic)
• Long‐term climate stability
• Age of planet
• Internal structure of a planet for plate tectonics and magnetic field
• Atmosphere
• Stability of the other plants in solar system
• Large single moon, for plant stability
• Planet with balance of needed elements.
• Plant crust thickness
• Plants albedo, reflected light to amount falling on surface.
• Plants water vapor in the atmosphere
• Volcanic activity, carbon dioxide to atmosphere.
• Atmospheric pressure at surface
• Atmospheric transparency

Stony Brook Astronomy Program, Department of Physics and Astronomy NY Stony Brook University, The Habitable Zone

Habitable Zone Lifetimes of Exoplanets around Main Sequence Stars, byAndrew J. Rushby,1 Mark W. Claire, Hugh Osborn, and Andrew J. Watson1, ASTROBIOLOGY, Volume 13, Number 9, 2013

International Journal of Astrobiology, Cambridge University Press, Earth-like worlds on eccentric orbits: excursions beyond the habitable zone, Darren M. Williams1 and David Pollard, 2002