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Ambon, Maluku

Coordinates: 3°42′S 128°10′E / 3.700°S 128.167°E / -3.700; 128.167
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This article is about the city. For the island, see Ambon Island.

3°42′S 128°10′E / 3.700°S 128.167°E / -3.700; 128.167

Ambon
City
City of Ambon
Kota Ambon
From top, left to right: "Ambon City of Music" sign, Pattimura statue, panoramic view of Ambon Bay, governor office of Maluku, Merah Putih Bridge, Pattimura International Airport, and World Peace Gong.
Coat of arms of Ambon
Coat of arms
Motto: 
Bersatu Manggurebe Maju
Location within Maluku
Location within Maluku
Ambon is located in Maluku
Ambon
Ambon
Location in Maluku and Indonesia
Ambon is located in Indonesia
Ambon
Ambon
Ambon (Indonesia)
Coordinates: 3°42′S 128°10′E / 3.700°S 128.167°E / -3.700; 128.167
Country Indonesia
Province Maluku
Incorporated7 September 1575
Government
 • MayorRichard Louhenapessy
 • Vice MayorM. Sam Latuconsina
Area
 • Total
298.61 km2 (115.29 sq mi)
Elevation
3 m (10 ft)
Population
 (2014)
 • Total
368,987
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
Area code(+62) 911
Websiteambon.go.id

Ambon is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of Maluku. This city is also known as Ambon Manise, which means "beautiful" or "pretty" Ambon. It covers a land area of 298.61 km2, and had a population of 331,254 at the 2010 Census; the latest official estimated population was 368,987 in 2014.[1] A later estimate is 427,934.[2] The city is divided into five administrative districts (kecamatan) - namely Nusaniwe, Sirimau, Teluk Ambon (Ambon Bay), Baguala and Leitimur Selatan (South Leitimur). Known as Indonesia's music city,[3][4][5] Ambon became the first city in Southeast Asia to be recognised as the UNESCO City of Music in 2019.[6]

The city is populated by a mix of ethnic Alifuru (original Moluccans), Javanese, Balinese, Butonese, Bugis, Makassar, Papuan, Minahasa, Minang, Flobamora (Flores, Sumba, Alor and Timor ethnics) and those of foreign descent (Chinese, Arabian-Ambonese, Spanish-Ambonese, German-Ambonese, Portuguese-Ambonese and Dutch-Ambonese). Between 1999 and 2002, there was social unrest motivated by racial intolerance.

History

Colonial era

Ambon was colonized by Portugal in 1526 and originally named Nossa Senhora de Anunciada, founded by Portuguese-Moluccan Governor Sancho de Vasconcelos. The Portuguese were driven out by the Dutch in 1609. Except for brief periods of British rule, the island remained under Dutch control until Indonesia's independence in 1945.

Amboina in the 17th century under Portugal.

During the Dutch period, Ambon was the seat of the Dutch resident and military commander of the Maluku Islands. The town was protected by Fort Victoria, and the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica characterized it as "a clean little town with wide streets, well planted".[7] The population was divided into two classes, orang burger (citizens) and orang negri (villagers), the former being a class of native origin enjoying certain privileges conferred on their ancestors by the old Dutch East India Company. There were also, besides the Dutch, some Arabs, Chinese and a few Portuguese settlers.

On 22 December 1902, the Apostolic Prefecture of Dutch New Guinea was established in the city, later to be promoted as the Diocese of Amboina.

Indonesian military forces evacuate refugees from Ambon.

Ambon Island was the site of a major Dutch naval base, captured by the Japanese in 1942. Ambon was a center of Christian missionary activity, and Ambon and the surrounding islands have many Christians as well as the Muslims that predominate in most of Indonesia.

Conflicts since independence

In 1950 Ambon was the center of an uprising against Indonesian rule, caused by the self-proclaimed Republic of the South Moluccas. Indonesian troops invaded the city during the Invasion of Ambon and reasserted control in just a few months. Many important buildings such as the Victoria Fort (APRMS main base) were heavily damaged during the confrontation.

In April and May 1958 during the Permesta rebellion in North Sulawesi, the USA supported and supplied the rebels. Pilots from a Taiwan-based CIA front organisation, Civil Air Transport, flying CIA B-26 Invader aircraft, repeatedly bombed and machine-gunned targets in and around Ambon. On 27 April a CIA raid set fire to a military command post, a fuel dump and a Royal Dutch Shell complex.[8] The attack on Shell was deliberate: the CIA had orders to hit foreign commercial interests in order to drive foreign trade away from Indonesia and undermine its economy.[9] The next day, the same CIA pilot bombed Shell interests at Balikpapan in East Kalimantan on Borneo, which persuaded Shell to suspend tanker services from there.[10]

On 28 April a CIA air raid damaged an Indonesian Army barracks next to a marketplace.[11] On 30 April a CIA air raid hit the airstrip.[12] On 7 May a CIA air raid attacked Ambon airstrip, seriously damaging a Douglas C-47 Skytrain and an Indonesian Air Force North American P-51 Mustang and setting fire to a number of fuel drums.[13] On 8 May a CIA B-26 tried to bomb an Indonesian Navy gunboat in Ambon harbour.[14] Its bomb missed but it then machine-gunned the boat, wounding two crew.[14] The Indonesian National Armed Forces reinforced Ambon City's anti-aircraft defences with a number of 12.7 mm (0.5 in) machine guns.[14] On 9 May a CIA B-26 attacked the city again.[14] The machine-gunners returned fire and an Indonesian Air Force P-51 Mustang chased the B-26, but it escaped.[14]

On 15 May a CIA B-26 attacked a small ship, the Naiko, in Ambon Bay.[15] The Naiko was a merchant ship that the Indonesian Government had pressed into military service, and she was bringing a company of Ambonese troops home from East Java.[16] A CIA bomb hit the Naiko's engine room, killing one crew member and 16 infantrymen[16] and setting the ship on fire.[15] The B-26 then attacked Ambon city, aiming for the barracks. Its first bomb missed and exploded in a market-place next door.[15] The next landed in the barracks compound but bounced and exploded near an ice factory.[15] The B-26 in the May air raids was flown by a CAT pilot called Allen Pope.[16] On 18 May Pope attacked Ambon again. First he raided the airstrip again, destroying the C-47 and P-51 that he had damaged on 7 May.[17] Then he flew west of the city and tried to attack one of a pair of troop ships being escorted by the Indonesian Navy.[18] Indonesian forces shot down the B-26 but Pope and his Indonesian radio operator survived and were captured.[19] Pope's capture immediately exposed the level of CIA support for the Permesta rebellion. Embarrassed, the Eisenhower administration quickly ended CIA support for Permesta and withdrew its agents and remaining aircraft from the conflict.[20]

As part of the transmigration program in the 1980s, the Suharto government relocated many migrants, most of them Muslim, from densely overpopulated Java.[citation needed]

Between 1999 and 2002, Ambon was at the centre of sectarian conflict across the Maluku Islands.[21][22] There was further religious violence in 2011.[23]

Geography and climate

Topography

Most of the land area can be classified as hilly to steeply sloping, while 17% of the land area can be classified as more flat or shallow-sloped.

Climate

Ambon experiences tropical rainforest climate (Af) according to Köppen Climate Classification as there is no real dry season. The driest month is November with total precipitation of 114 millimetres (4.5 in), while the wettest month is June with total precipitation of 638 millimetres (25.1 in). As it is located near the equator, the temperature throughout the year is constant. The hottest month is December, with an average temperature of 27.2 °C (81.0 °F), while the coolest month is July, with an average temperature 25.0 °C (77.0 °F).[24]

Climate data for Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia (Extremes: 1912–1936)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.5
(95.9) 		35.5
(95.9) 		35.0
(95.0) 		33.9
(93.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.5
(86.9) 		31.1
(88.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		35.5
(95.9) 		35.5
(95.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.3
(88.3) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.7
(87.3) 		29.8
(85.6) 		28.5
(83.3) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.8
(82.0) 		29.1
(84.4) 		30.3
(86.5) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.5
(88.7) 		30.0
(86.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.4
(79.5) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.1
(77.2) 		25.7
(78.3) 		26.5
(79.7) 		27.0
(80.6) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.3
(79.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.8
(74.8)
Record low °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.9
(66.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 127
(5.0) 		119
(4.7) 		135
(5.3) 		279
(11.0) 		516
(20.3) 		638
(25.1) 		602
(23.7) 		401
(15.8) 		241
(9.5) 		155
(6.1) 		114
(4.5) 		132
(5.2) 		3,459
(136.2)
Average precipitation days 12 13 12 12 19 21 22 21 16 10 10 13 181
Average relative humidity (%) 79 80 83 85 87 86 85 84 83 81 80 82 83
Mean monthly sunshine hours 192 186 211 177 158 120 115 112 150 192 219 202 2,034
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[24]
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute[25]

Administration

Government office in Ambon.

The city is divided into five districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their 2010 Census population.

Name Population
Census 2010
Nusawiwe 89,866
Sirimau 140,064
Teluk Ambon 38,451
Baguala 53,472
Leitimur Selatan
(South Leitimur)		 9,401

Like other regions in the (Maluku)[clarification needed], areas in Ambon are still considered as states led by kings and queens.

District States
Nusaniwe Urimessing, Benteng, Wainitu, Kudamati, Waihaong, Manggadua, Nusanive, Amahusu, Latuhalat, Seilale
Sirimau Waihoka, Amantelu, Rijali, Karangpanjang, Batumeja, Batugajah, Ahusen, Honipopu, Uritetu, Pandankasturi, Galala, Hative, Batumerah, Soya
Southern Leitimor Hatalai, Naku, Kilang, Ema, Hukurila, Hutumuri, Rutong, Leahari
Baguala Waiheru, Nania, Negrilama, Passo, Lateri, Latta, Halong
Ambon Bay Laha, Tawiri, Greater Hative, Wayame, Rumatiga, Tihu, Poka, Hunuth

Demographics

The population of Ambon, as of the 2014 Census, was 395,423.[26] The detail are as follows:

Year Population Growth Rate(%)
2011 348,407 4,44
2012 354,464 4,35
2013 379,615 4,36
2014 395,423 4,16

Religion

Based on the 2010 census, the city is populated by 331,254 people. In 2010, the religious breakdown in Ambon was 58.37% Protestant, 39.02% Muslim, 2.41% Catholic, 3% other.

The Cathedral of Ambon
Religions in Ambon
Religion Percent
Protestant
 
 58.37%
Islam
 
 39.02%
Catholic
 
 2.41%
Others
 
 3%

Economy

Economic growth rate of Ambon City in 2014 was 5.96%. Gross Domestic Regional Product in 2014 both at current market price and at constant market price was increasing gradually. The increase, if compared to 2013 GDRP at current market price equal to 12.76 percent and 5.96 percent for GDRP at constant market price. The GDRP at current market price in Ambon 2014 was equal to Rp.9.9 trillion, whereas for GDRP at constant 2010 market price, it was equal to Rp.7.77 trillion.[26]

In 2014, the Gross Domestic Product per capita of Ambon based on current prices grew by 8.3 percent, while for the constant price in Ambon City grew by 1.7 percent. GDP per capita of Ambon City in 2014 is 25.16 Million (U $1,836.43). The poverty rate in the city of Ambon is 4.42% which is the smallest percentage of poverty in the province of Maluku.[26]

All twenty one economic sectors in 2014 saw positive growth for GDRP of Ambon. For GDRP at current market price, the highest contribution was provided by the electricity and gas Sector with 34.2 percent, while the lowest was human health and Social Work activities with 6.61 percent.[citation needed]

Education

The literacy rate was 99.63% in 2010. However, the school enrollment rate in Ambon City was only 73% in 2010, whereas the national average was 96%. In 201. The enrollment rates in Ambon City were 98.72% in the primary education level, 95% in junior high, 78% in high school, and 45% in college or university.[citation needed]

Currently, the city has 17 higher education institutions. These are:

  • State Owned Institutions
  1. Pattimura University
  2. Ambon State Polytechnic
  • Private Institutions
  1. College of Protestant Christianity Ambon
  2. Trinity College of Administrative Sciences
  3. Abdul Aziz Kataloka College of Administrative Sciences
  4. Rutu Nusa College of Economics Management
  5. Pasapua College of Health
  6. University of Darussalam Ambon
  7. Christian University of Indonesia Maluku
  8. Maritime Academy Maluku
  9. Caritas Secretary and Management Academy
  10. Ambon College of Computer Sciences
  11. Indonesian Islamic Religion Institute Ambon
  12. Industrial Academy ( AKPER RUKMIT ) Ambon
  13. Evangelical Theology College Indonesia
  14. Bethel Theology College Ambon
  15. St. Yohanes College Ambon

Places of interest

The Fort Victoria is a Portuguese and Dutch heritage fortress located in the heart of Ambon City

Transportation

Ambon is served by Pattimura International Airport.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia

Ambon is twinned with:

References

  1. ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2014.
  2. ^ Indonesian Statistics
  3. ^ https://www.antaranews.com/berita/575635/bekraf-canangkan-ambon-kota-musik-dunia
  4. ^ https://terasmaluku.com/wujudkan-kota-musik-dunia-ketua-dpr-ri-resmikan-dua-gedung-musik-di-ambon/
  5. ^ http://www.ambon.go.id/lantik-dpd-pappri-tantowi-yahya-akui-ambon-kota-musik/
  6. ^ https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/events/unesco-designates-66-new-creative-cities
  7. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Amboyna" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  8. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 115.
  9. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 116.
  10. ^ David Ormsby-Gore, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (11 June 1958). "Commons Sitting: Oral Answers to Questions – Indonesia (British Vessels)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). United Kingdom: Commons. col. 202–203. Retrieved 21 November 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 117.
  12. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 118.
  13. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 121.
  14. ^ a b c d e Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 122.
  15. ^ a b c d Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 129.
  16. ^ a b c Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 128.
  17. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 136.
  18. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, pp. 136–137.
  19. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, pp. 139, 141.
  20. ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 143.
  21. ^ "Ambon rioting leaves 100 dead in Indonesia". World Socialist Website. 30 January 1999.
  22. ^ Guerin, Bill (15 February 2002). "The Spice Islands legacy of violence". Asia Times.
  23. ^ Rayda, Nivell (2 October 2011). "Religious Strife a Daily Reality in Ambon". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016.
  24. ^ a b "Klimatafel von Ambon / Insel Ambon, Molukken / Indonesien" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  25. ^ "STATIONSNUMMER 97724" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  26. ^ a b c Anonymous.2015. Ambon City in Figures 2015.Indonesia: BPS Ambon Regional Office
  27. ^ "Darwin's Sister Cities". City of Darwin. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2012.

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ambon.

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