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China–Thailand relations

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People's Republic of China–Thailand relations
Map indicating locations of China and Thailand

China
Thailand
Diplomatic mission
Chinese Embassy, BangkokThai Embassy, Beijing
Envoy
Ambassador Han ZhiqiangAmbassador Atthayut Srisamut

China–Thailand relations officially started in July 1975 after years of negotiations.[1][2] For a long time, Thailand, formerly called Siam, had good relations with China. China was usually greatly respected in Siam and ensured the alliance of both countries. However, after Plaek Phibunsongkhram attempted to erase and prohibit Chinese culture and influence in the country, relations were seriously damaged.

A power struggle between the United States and China may be occurring because of the escalating presence of both in Thailand.[3] China remains as an important ally to Thailand, partly because of its influence and prominence in the region.[4][5][6][7][8]

History

Medieval and Early modern period

Sino-Thai relations date back to as late as the early 15th century, when the Ming treasure voyages of Zheng He stopped in Ayutthaya Thailand. Despite the Chinese support of Malacca, a rival of Thailand, the Thai were still considered one of the more loyal Chinese tributaries; when Japan invaded Korea, the Thai offered to invade Japan for the Chinese[citation needed]. The relations between the two countries continued into the Qing period. In the 1760s, the Qing invasions of Burma alleviated the Burmese pressure on Thailand. Imports of Thai rice helped sustain the Qing Chinese population, while the Thai Chinese wielded significant influence over the political affairs of early modern Thailand.

Modern times

Countries that have signed co-operation documents related to the Belt and Road Initiative

Under Thai Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram, relations with the Chinese were tense during the Cold War. However, Phibunsongkhram sent the children of his advisor Sang Phathanothai to live in China as a goodwill gesture and for informal backdoor diplomacy. The book The Dragon's Pearl by Phathanothai's daughter Sirin recounts her experience in growing up during the Cultural Revolution in China.

In June 1963, Thai King Bhumibol and his wife, Sirikit, visited Taipei in the Republic of China (ROC). In 1969, Minister of National Defense Chiang Ching-kuo visited Bangkok as a special envoy of the government of the Republic of China to meet with Thai King. Thailand switched diplomatic relations from to the People's Republic of China in July 1975.[9]

Until 1975, relations were of mutual suspicion, as the PRC supported left-leaning factions within the Thai political circle, and Thailand was wary of Chinese involvement with Cambodia's conflicts.[1]

Relations developed positively in 1978, when China continued to back Thailand during Cambodia's internal conflict in which Marxist forces from Vietnam ousted the Maoist Khmer Rouge from power and threatened the security of Southeast Asia.[citation needed]

Relations continue to develop as trade became the dominant theme in bilateral relations.[2] Thailand continues to support the One China Policy and maintains unofficial relations with Taiwan, which helps Thailand gain access to capital and the huge Chinese mainland market.[2] Thai-Chinese businesses are part of the larger bamboo network.[10] The Charoen Pokphand (CP Group), a prominent Thai conglomerate founded by the Thai-Chinese Chearavanont family, has been the single largest foreign investor in China.[11]

In 1994, Taiwanese leader Lee Teng-hui made a private visit to Thailand and met with Thai King to discuss projects on economic co-operation.[9]

Thai Princess Sirindhorn has received China's Medal of Friendship and Chinese Language and Culture Friendship Award for her work in promoting closer relations between the two countries. She speaks fluent Mandarin Chinese and has translated several Chinese novels into Thai.[12]

Thailand adopted a policy of improving relations with China since the 2014 Thai coup d'état, when relations with the West worsened.[13] In the Thai House of Representatives, concerns had been raised regarding increasing Chinese influence over the country, and some dubbed Thailand as a Chinese province, with the Chinese acquisition of land and real estate allowing China to build dams in the Mekong, and a Chinese private company to invest in the Thai high-speed rail megaproject.[14]

Bilateral relations

Thai Consulate in Kunming

Bilateral trade relations grow each year.[15] Chinese-Thai bilateral trade in 1999 was worth US$4.22 billion.[15] That reached $25.3 billion in 2006, US$31.07 billion in 2007, and US$36.2 billion in 2008.[16] The 21st-century Chinese transformation into a major economic power has led to an increase of foreign investments in the bamboo network. The a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia shares family and cultural ties.[17][10]

China's exports to Thailand computer components, electrical motors, consumer electronics, machinery, metal products, chemicals, and clothing.[16]

Thailand's exports to China computer components, rubber, refined oil, plastic pellets, chemical electronics, crude oil, wood products, and food.[16]

China is Thailand's second-largest export market. China is also Thailand's largest importer of goods into the country in 2010.[18]

China and Thailand signed a Fmfree trade agreement 2003 that covered agricultural products.[19] It was also known as an early harvest agreement on agricultural products.[20] A comprehensive agreement is still being negotiated.

China plans to create China City Complex in Thailand to boost trade and to get around trade barriers in the ASEAN region as well as other large foreign markets. Thailand has trade agreements with the United States and the European Union.[21][22]

China takes advantage of the ASEAN–China Free Trade Area, which came into effect January 1, 2010 and will allow its goods to be exported through ASEAN countries with zero or reduced trade barriers.[22]

Military relations

Thai Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha ordered 49 Chinese VT-4 main battle tanks and 3 submarines, which cost more than US$1 billion.[23][24]

China and Thailand plan to open a joint commercial arms factory in Khon Kaen.[23] It will be responsible for the assembly, production, and maintenance of land weapon systems for the Royal Thai Army. Specific details were subject to further discussions between the ministry and Norinco, which makes tanks, weapons, and other heavy equipment.

In May 2017, the Royal Thai Navy signed a contract with the China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation for a S26T diesel-electric submarine, which is derived from the Type 039A submarine.[24] The submarine is expected to be delivered in 2023.[24] Chinese Military Commentator Zhou Chenming stated that China will also likely provide technical guidance to Thailand.[24]

See also

Further reading

Library resources about
China–Thailand relations
  • ASEAN SEC (October 2001). "Forging Closer ASEAN-China Economic Relations In The Twenty-First Century" (PDF).
  • Cardenal, Juan Pablo; Araújo, Heriberto (2011). La silenciosa conquista china (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. pp. 230–232. ISBN 9788498922578.

References

  1. ^ a b Editorial (June 30, 2009). "Sino-Thai relations have come a long way". The Nation. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c "A Hiatus in the Sino-Thai "Special Relationship"". China Brief Volume: 6 Issue: 19. May 9, 2007.
  3. ^ "Thailand's foreign relations under the new government". 7 July 2011. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
  4. ^ "Is Chinese influence redefining South-east Asia?". The Straits Times. 4 February 2016.
  5. ^ "Chinese subs, tanks, ships sold in South, Southeast Asia".
  6. ^ "China starts work on US$411 million submarine for Thai navy". South China Morning Post.
  7. ^ Ramsey, Adam (6 August 2017). "Thailand Is Finally Cozying Up to China. Why Now?". OZY.
  8. ^ "The Curious Case of Thai-Chinese Relations: Best Friends Forever? - The Asia Foundation". The Asia Foundation. 30 March 2016.
  9. ^ a b "Taiwan mourns death of Thai king - Politics - FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS".
  10. ^ a b Murray L Weidenbaum (1 January 1996). The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia. Martin Kessler Books, Free Press. pp. 4–8. ISBN 978-0-684-82289-1.
  11. ^ Gomez, Edmund (2012). Chinese business in Malaysia. Routledge. p. 94. ISBN 978-0415517379.
  12. ^ "Thai Princess translates Chinese novels".
  13. ^ Prashanth Parameswaran. (2014). Thailand Turns to China. The Diplomat. Accessed 3-1-2018.
  14. ^ "MPs warned of an economic colony as opposition zeroed in on Thailand's impaired relationship with China". Thai Examiner. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  15. ^ a b "DEVELOPMENT GATEWAY_ Economic and Trade Relations between China and Thailand Kingdom". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  16. ^ a b c Sompop Manarungsan. "Thailand-China Cooperation in Trade, Investment and Official Development Assistance" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  17. ^ Quinlan, Joe (November 13, 2007). "Insight: China's capital targets Asia's bamboo network". Financial Times.
  18. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2011-01-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ "ASEAN - China Free Trade Agreement". thaifta.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  20. ^ "Microsoft Word - THAI PRC AGREEMENT_Thailand_Copy-printable.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-27. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  21. ^ "China to build massive trade center in Thailand". Associated Press. January 7, 2011.
  22. ^ a b Nophakhun Limsamarnphun (January 10, 2011). "China seeking fast track into ASEAN market". The Nation (Thailand)/Asia News.
  23. ^ a b Campbell, Charlie; Solomon, Felix (June 21, 2018). "Thailand's Leader Promised to Restore Democracy. Instead He's Tightening His Grip". Time.
  24. ^ a b c d Liu, Zhen (September 5, 2018). "Chinese shipbuilder starts work on US$411 million submarine for Thai navy". South China Morning Post.
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