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Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas

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Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions and
registered partnerships
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. KoN: Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. NZ: Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. UK: Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. US: Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. Israel: Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. EU: The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. Cambodia: Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship", which may be useful in matters such as housing, but they are not legally binding.
  8. China: Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. HK: Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. India: Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. Japan: Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. Namibia: Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. Romania: Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  14. South Korea: Spousal health insurance benefits
* Not yet in effect
LGBT portal

Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas is widespread, with a majority of people in both North America and South America living in jurisdictions providing marriage rights to LGBT citizens.

In North America, same-sex marriages are recognized and performed in Canada, Costa Rica, the United States,[nb 1] 18 Mexican states and Mexico City. Elsewhere in Mexico, same-sex marriages are recognized by all states, and same-sex couples may get married in any jurisdiction by obtaining a court injunction ("amparo").

Same-sex marriages are also performed in the Dutch territories of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, the Danish autonomous territory of Greenland, the British territory of Bermuda, and in all French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin and Saint Pierre and Miquelon). Furthermore, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten recognize same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands, and Aruba also recognizes domestic partnerships.

In South America, same-sex marriage is currently legal in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Uruguay as well as the jurisdictions of French Guiana, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Civil unions are legal in Chile.

On 8 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights mandates and requires the legalization of same-sex marriage. The landmark ruling was fully binding on Costa Rica and set binding precedent in the other signatory countries. The Court recommended that governments issue temporary decrees legalizing same-sex marriage until new legislation is brought in. The ruling applies to Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname.

Maps

Current situation

National level

Status Country Legal since Country population
(Last count, 2015 est.)
Marriage
(8 countries) 		Argentina Argentina 2010[1] 43,590,400
Brazil Brazil 2013[2] 205,574,000
Canada Canada 2005[3] 35,819,000
Colombia Colombia 2016[4] 48,509,200
Costa Rica Costa Rica 2020[5] 4,851,000
Ecuador Ecuador 2019[6] 16,278,844
United States United States 2015[7][8] 321,234,000
Uruguay Uruguay 2013[9] 3,480,222
Subtotal — — 679,336,666
(69.5% of the American population)
Marriage recognized nationwide;

legal in some jurisdictions; allowed by injunction in others
(1 country)
† Country subject to IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage

Mexico Mexico † 2010[10] 121,006,000
Subtotal — — 121,006,000
(12.35% of the American population)
Other type of partnership
(1 countries)
† Country subject to IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage 		Chile Chile † 2015[11] 18,191,900
Subtotal — — 18,191,900
(1.75% of the American population)
Total — — 818,535,566
(83.65% of the American population)
No recognition
(20 countries)
† Country subject to IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage 		Homosexuality is legal
The Bahamas Bahamas — 379,000
Belize Belize — 369,000
Cuba Cuba[12] — 11,252,000
El Salvador El Salvador † — 6,460,000
Guatemala Guatemala † — 16,176,000
Haiti Haiti † — 10,994,000
Nicaragua Nicaragua † — 6,514,000
Panama Panama † — 3,764,000
Peru Peru † — 31,488,700
Suriname Suriname † — 534,189
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago — 1,357,000
Venezuela Venezuela — 31,648,930
Homosexuality is illegal but legislation is not enforced
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda — 89,000
Barbados Barbados † — 283,000
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis — 46,000
Homosexuality is illegal
Dominica Dominica — 71,000
Grenada Grenada — 104,000
Guyana Guyana — 746,900
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia — 172,000
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines — 110,000
Subtotal — — 122,558,719
(12.34% of the American population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(5 countries)
** Homosexuality is illegal
† Country subject to IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage 		Bolivia Bolivia † 2009[13] 10,985,059
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic † 2010[14] 9,980,000
Honduras Honduras † 2005[15][16] 8,950,000
Jamaica Jamaica** 1962[17] 2,729,000
Paraguay Paraguay † 1992[18] 6,854,536
Subtotal — — 39,498,595
(3.98% of the American population)
Total — — 162,057,314
(16.35% of the American population)

Sub-national level

[note 1]

Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since
Marriage
(78 jurisdictions)
Danish Realm Denmark 2016
France France 2013
Mexico Mexico Varies
Netherlands Netherlands 2012
United Kingdom United Kingdom Varies
United States United States 2015
Varies
Other type of partnership
(3 jurisdictions)
Mexico Mexico Varies
Netherlands Netherlands 2016
Marriage recognized,
but not performed
(3 jurisdictions)
Netherlands Netherlands 2007
No recognition
(2 jurisdictions) 		United Kingdom United Kingdom —
Constitutional ban on same-sex marriage
(3 jurisdictions)
United Kingdom United Kingdom Varies

2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling

On 9 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an advisory opinion that states party to the American Convention on Human Rights must grant same-sex couples accession to all existing domestic legal systems of family registration, including marriage, along with all rights that derive from marriage. The opinion was issued after the Government of Costa Rica sought clarification of its obligations to LGBT people under the convention.[90] The opinion sets precedent for all 23 member states, 19 of which did not recognize same-sex marriage at the time of the ruling: Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname. Of these, all but Dominica, Grenada and Jamaica recognize the jurisdiction of the Court.[91] However, states must each individually apply the ruling before it takes effect.

Future legislation

Marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Chile Chile: In April 2015, the Chilean Government signed a friendly agreement with the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, wherein it pledged to legalize same-sex marriage. On 28 August 2017, President Bachelet sent a same-sex marriage bill to Congress, including full adoption rights.[92] Following the January 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling, which requires signatories to the American Convention on Human Rights to legalize same-sex marriage, LGBT advocacy group MOVILH urged President Piñera to implement and abide by the decision.[93] In early March 2018, a spokesperson for the Piñera Administration announced that passing the same-sex marriage bill will not be a priority, but that the President will not veto or oppose it.[94][95] On 15 January 2020, a same-sex marriage bill was approved at its first reading in the Senate by 22 votes to 16, and will now go to the Constitutional Committee.[citation needed]

Cuba Cuba: The National Assembly and Mariela Castro have stated that same-sex marriage will be legalized through a change to the Family Code, to be debated in 2021.[96] President Miguel Díaz-Canel announced his support for same-sex marriage in September 2018.[97]

Mexico Mexico: A decision of the Mexico Supreme Court on 12 June 2015 ruled that state bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional. The court's ruling is a "jurisprudential thesis" and does not invalidate any state laws, meaning same-sex couples denied the right to wed would still have to seek individual injunctions (Spanish: amparo). The ruling standardized the procedures for judges and courts throughout Mexico to approve all applications for same-sex marriage, and made the approval mandatory.[98][99] Following the 2018 general elections, a pro-same-sex marriage party, the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), won the majority of legislative seats in 12 states where same-sex marriage has not yet been legalized and formed a coalition with an absolute majority in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate with the Labor Party.[100][101] In September 2018, PRD Senator Juan Zapeda Hernández introduced a draft proposal to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide in Mexico.[102] Debates on same-sex marriage are ongoing in many of the states that have not yet legalized it.

Venezuela Venezuela: In November 2017, President Nicolás Maduro expressed his personal support for same-sex marriage, and said that the Constituent Assembly would agree to discuss legalizing same-sex marriage.[103][104] In September 2018, Hermann Escarrá, a member of the Constituent Assembly, said that there are discussions in the drafting of the new Constitution of Venezuela to allow same-sex marriage in the country,[105] and that there is majority support in the Assembly.[106] Discussion on the new Constitution was expected to begin at the end of 2018 or early 2019, though was postponed due to the presidential crisis.[107][108]

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

Curaçao Curacao: On 4 June 2019, a same-sex marriage bill was submitted to the Estates of Curaçao.[109]

Ban on same-sex marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Haiti Haiti: In August 2017, the Haitian Senate approved a bill that would ban same-sex marriage and criminalize anyone who entered or facilitated a same-sex marriage.[110] It must be passed by the Chamber of Deputies and signed by the President before it becomes law, but as of 2019, the measure has progressed no further through the legislative process.[111]

Panama Panama: On 16 January 2018, the Panamanian Government welcomed the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling for same-sex marriage and Vice President Isabel Saint Malo announced that the state would fully abide by it. Official notices, requiring compliance with the ruling, were sent out to various governmental departments that same day.[112][113] After a change of government, the National Assembly of Panama approved a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, though the changes were put on hold after a series of popular protests erupted over several controversial proposed constitutional reforms.[114][115][116]

Public opinion

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that same-sex sexual activity is illegal
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by country
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[a] Margin
of error 		Source
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda AmericasBarometer 2017 12% - - [117]
Argentina Argentina Ipsos 2023 70%
 16% [8% support some rights]
 14% not sure ±3.5% [118]
Aruba Aruba 2021 46% [119]
The Bahamas Bahamas AmericasBarometer 2014 11% - - [120]
Belize Belize AmericasBarometer 2014 8% - - [120]
Bolivia Bolivia AmericasBarometer 2017 35% - - [117]
Brazil Brazil Ipsos 2023 51%
 29% [15% support some rights]
 20% not sure ±3.5% [b] [118]
Canada Canada Ipsos 2023 69%
 17% [7% support some rights]
 15% not sure ±3.5% [118]
Chile Chile Ipsos 2023 65%
 24% [18% support some rights]
 12% ±3.5% [118]
Colombia Colombia Ipsos 2023 49% 33% [21% support some rights]
 18% [118]
Costa Rica Costa Rica CIEP 2018 35% 64% 1% [121]
Cuba Cuba Gallup 2019 63.1% 36.9% [122]
Dominica Dominica AmericasBarometer 2017 10% - - [117]
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic CDN 37 2018 45% 55% - [123]
Ecuador Ecuador AmericasBarometer 2019 22.9% 51.3% 25.8% [124]
El Salvador El Salvador Universidad Francisco Gavidia 2021 82.5% [125]
Grenada Grenada AmericasBarometer 2017 12% - - [117]
Guatemala Guatemala AmericasBarometer 2017 23% - - [117]
Guyana Guyana AmericasBarometer 2017 21% - - [120]
Haiti Haiti AmericasBarometer 2017 5% - - [117]
Honduras Honduras CID Gallup 2018 17% 75% 8% [126]
Jamaica Jamaica AmericasBarometer 2017 16% - - [117]
Mexico Mexico Ipsos 2023 58%
 28% [17% support some rights]
 14% not sure ±4.8% [b] [118]
Nicaragua Nicaragua AmericasBarometer 2017 25% - - [117]
Panama Panama AmericasBarometer 2017 22% - - [117]
Paraguay Paraguay AmericasBarometer 2017 26% - - [117]
Peru Peru Ipsos 2023 41% 40% [24% support some rights]
 19% ±3.5% [b] [118]
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis AmericasBarometer 2017 9% - - [117]
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia AmericasBarometer 2017 11% - - [117]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines AmericasBarometer 2017 4% - - [117]
Suriname Suriname AmericasBarometer 2014 18% - - [120]
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago AmericasBarometer 2014 16% - - [120]
United States United States Marquette 2022 72%
 28%
 – [127]
Selzer 2022 74%
(83%) 		13%
(17%) 		13% not sure [128][129]
Quinnipiac 2022 68%
(77%) 		22%
(23%) 		10% [130]
Ipsos 2023 54%
 31% [14% support some rights]
 15% not sure ±3.5% [118]
Uruguay Uruguay Equipos Consultores 2019 59% 28% 13% [131]
Venezuela Venezuela Equilibrium Cende 2023 55%
(63%) 		32%
(37%) 		13% [132]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory and sub-national entities
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[a] Margin
of error 		Source
Aguascalientes Aguascalientes INEGI 2017 - 35.9% - [133]
Baja California Baja California INEGI 2017 - 30.7% - [133]
Baja California Sur Baja California Sur INEGI 2017 - 42.1% - [133]
Bermuda Bermuda OUTBermuda 2020 53% 35% 11% [134]
Campeche Campeche INEGI 2017 - 56.1% - [133]
Chiapas Chiapas INEGI 2017 - 58.7% - [133]
Chihuahua (state) Chihuahua INEGI 2017 - 36.4% - [133]
Coahuila Coahuila INEGI 2017 - 46.8% - [133]
Colima Colima INEGI 2017 - 39.2% - [133]
Durango Durango INEGI 2017 - 38.8% - [133]
Guanajuato Guanajuato INEGI 2017 - 38.7% - [133]
Guerrero Guerrero INEGI 2017 - 54% - [133]
Hidalgo (state) Hidalgo INEGI 2017 - 41.7% - [133]
Jalisco Jalisco INEGI 2017 - 34.2% - [133]
Mexico City Mexico City INEGI 2017 - 28.6% - [133]
Michoacán Michoacán INEGI 2017 - 46% - [133]
Morelos Morelos INEGI 2017 - 38.5% - [133]
Nayarit Nayarit INEGI 2017 - 38.8% - [133]
Nuevo León Nuevo León INEGI 2017 - 44.4% - [133]
Oaxaca Oaxaca INEGI 2017 - 52.2% - [133]
Puebla Puebla INEGI 2017 - 37.1% - [133]
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Pew Research Center 2014 33% 55% 12% [135]
Querétaro Querétaro INEGI 2017 - 32.4% - [133]
Quintana Roo Quintana Roo INEGI 2017 - 37.9% - [133]
San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí INEGI 2017 - 38.6% - [133]
Sinaloa Sinaloa INEGI 2017 - 37.7% - [133]
Sonora Sonora INEGI 2017 - 31.4% - [133]
State of Mexico State of Mexico INEGI 2017 - 33.8% - [133]
Tabasco Tabasco INEGI 2017 - 56.5% - [133]
Tamaulipas Tamaulipas INEGI 2017 - 44.4% - [133]
Tlaxcala Tlaxcala INEGI 2017 - 43.9% - [133]
Veracruz Veracruz INEGI 2017 - 54.3% - [133]
Yucatán Yucatán INEGI 2017 - 43% - [133]
Zacatecas Zacatecas INEGI 2017 - 37.4% - [133]


Other polls

  • Brazil: A July 2012 nationwide poll revealed that 50% of Brazilians were in favor of the Supreme Court decision that expanded civil unions to same-sex couples. Those in favor were mostly women, younger people and Catholics.[136] Another poll released in March 2013 showed that 47% of the population was in favor of same-sex marriage, while 57% of Brazilians were in favor of same-sex couples adopting children.[137]
  • Chile: A January 2017 nationwide poll found that 45% of Chileans supported same-sex adoption.[138]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Excluding certain Native American tribes. (Same-sex marriage is legal at least in 42 of them)
  1. ^ Note: While listed here under “subnational level,” US Tribes are considered Nations both in a legal sense and when it comes to preferred language. The United States Government recognizes US Tribal Nations as “Domestic Dependent Nations” under the law in a government-to government relationship. Tribal nations exercise sovereignty, though Congress has ultimate authority under the Plenary Power Doctrine which is why tribal nations are placed here under an imperfect multi-purpose umbrella term[19][20][21]
  1. ^ a b Also comprises: Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.
  2. ^ a b c [+ more urban/educated than representative]

References

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  93. ^ MOVILH: NUEVA RESOLUCIÓN DE LA CIDH OBLIGA A PIÑERA A APROBAR IDENTIDAD DE GÉNERO
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  100. ^ Buscará Morena legislar matrimonio igualitario en Sinaloa
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  105. ^ Comunas, milicia y matrimonio gay; posibles en nueva Constitución
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  107. ^ MATRIMONIO GAY PODRÍA LEGALIZARSE EN VENEZUELA
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