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== Background ==
== Background ==


The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date.
=== Context ===


Because LGBT people have historically been marginalized as [[Sexual minority|sexual minorities]], coming out of the closet remains a challenge for most of the world's LGBT population and can lead to a [[backlash (sociology)|backlash]] of [[heterosexist]] [[discrimination]] and [[homophobic]] [[Violence against LGBT people|violence]]. Consequently, many LGBT people feel required to conceal certain aspects of their sexuality such as their sexual orientation (same-sex attractions), sexual behavior, and sexual and gender identity in order to avoid or manage social stigma.


The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date.
Certain effects of remaining closeted or not coming out have been the subject of studies. For example, it has been found that same-sex couples who are closeted are not as satisfied in their relationships as same-sex couples who are openly gay.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2392712 Passing: impact on the quality of same-sex couple relationships.] Berger (1990)</ref>
Findings from another study indicate that the less people know about a lesbian’s sexual orientation, the more anxiety, less positive affectivity, and lower self-esteem she has.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9524921 Coming out for lesbian women: its relation to anxiety, positive affectivity, self-esteem, and social support] Jordan and Deluty (1998)</ref> Further, Gay.com states that closeted individuals are reported to be at increased risk for [[suicide]].<ref>[http://www.gay.com/news/article.html?2007/05/04/1 Gay.com News], [http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache%3AEEZU_q-zA0EJ%3Awww.smartsextalk.com%2FPDF%2F0706_suicide.pdf+%22Closeted+men+at+suicide+risk%22+%22A+recent+Australian+survey+revealed%22&hl=en&gl=us Study: Closeted men at suicide risk] Cath Pope, ''Gay.com Australia'', May 4, 2007.</ref>


=== Sociolinguistic origin ===
=== Sociolinguistic origin ===

Revision as of 02:43, 15 August 2010

This article is about coming out as LGBT. For other uses, see Coming out (disambiguation).
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Coming out of the closet, or coming out, is a metaphor for the disclosure of the sexual orientation and gender identity of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people.

Framed and debated as a privacy issue, coming out of the closet is described and experienced variously as: a psychological process or journey[1]; decision-making or risk-taking; a strategy or plan; a mass or public event; a speech act and a matter of personal identity; a rite of passage; liberation or emancipation from oppression; a means toward feeling gay pride instead of shame and social stigma; or even career suicide[2]. Author Steven Seidman writes that "it is the power of the closet to shape the core of an individual's life that has made homosexuality into a significant personal, social, and political drama in twentieth-century America."[3]

Background

The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date.


The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date. The age of consent should be set at fourteen, so FAGS cannot cornhole kids until a later date.

Sociolinguistic origin

The present-day expression "coming out" is understood to have originated in the early 20th century from an analogy that likens homosexuals’ introduction into gay subculture to a débutante’s coming-out party. This is a celebration for a young upper-class woman who is making her début – her formal presentation to society – because she has reached adult age or has become eligible for marriage. As historian George Chauncey points out:

"Gay people in the pre-war years [pre-WWI]... did not speak of coming out of what we call the gay closet but rather of coming out into what they called homosexual society or the gay world, a world neither so small, nor so isolated, nor... so hidden as closet implies"[4]

In fact, as Elizabeth Kennedy observes, "using the term 'closet' to refer to" previous times such as "the 1920s and 1930s might be anachronistic."[5]

An article on coming out[6] in the online encyclopedia glbtq.com states that sexologist Dr. Evelyn Hooker’s observations introduced the use of "coming out" to the academic community in the 1950s. The article continues by echoing Chauncey's observation that a subsequent shift in connotation occurred later on. The pre-1950’s focus was on entrance into "a new world of hope and communal solidarity" whereas the post-Stonewall Riots overtone was an exit from the oppression of the closet.[6] This change in focus suggests that "coming out of the closet" is a mixed metaphor that joins "coming out" with the closet metaphor: an evolution of "skeleton in the closet" specifically referring to living a life of denial and secrecy by concealing one’s homosexual or bisexual orientation. The closet metaphor, in turn, is extended to the forces and pressures of heterosexist society and its institutions.

History

Further information: Timeline of LGBT history

In 1869, one hundred years before the Stonewall Riots, the German homosexual rights advocate Karl Heinrich Ulrichs introduced the idea of self-disclosure as a means of emancipation. Claiming that invisibility was a major obstacle toward changing public opinion, he urged homosexual people reveal their same-sex attractions.

In his 1906 work, Das Sexualleben unserer Zeit in seinen Beziehungen zur modernen Kultur (The Sexual Life of Our Time in its Relation to Modern Civilization),[7] Iwan Bloch, a German-Jewish physician, entreated elderly homosexuals to self-disclose to their family members and acquaintances.

Years later, Magnus Hirschfeld revisited the topic in his major work The Homosexuality of Men and Women (1914), discussing the social and legal potentials of several thousand homosexual men and women of rank revealing their sexual orientation to the police in order to influence legislators and public opinion.[8]

The first prominent American to reveal his homosexuality was the poet Robert Duncan. In 1944, using his own name in the anarchist magazine Politics, he claimed that homosexuals were an oppressed minority.[9]

The decidedly clandestine Mattachine Society, founded by Harry Hay and other veterans of the Wallace for President campaign in Los Angeles in 1950, moved into the public eye after Hal Call took over the group in San Francisco in 1953, with many gays emerging from the closet.

In the 1960s, Frank Kameny came to the forefront of the struggle. Having been fired from his job as an astronomer for the Army Map service for homosexual behavior, Kameny refused to go quietly. He openly fought his dismissal, eventually appealing it all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. As a vocal leader of the growing movement, Kameny argued for unapologetic public actions. The cornerstone of his conviction was that, "we must instill in the homosexual community a sense of worth to the individual homosexual," which could only be achieved through campaigns openly led by homosexuals themselves. His motto was "Gay is good."

In 1961, Donald Webster Cory[10][11] published his landmark The Homosexual in America, exclaiming, "Society has handed me a mask to wear...Everywhere I go, at all times and before all sections of society, I pretend." Cory was a pseudonym, but his frank and openly subjective descriptions served as a stimulus to the emerging homosexual self-awareness and the nascent homophile movement.

With the spread of consciousness raising (CR) in the late 1960s, coming out became a key strategy of the gay liberation movement to raise political consciousness to counter heterosexism and homophobia. At the same time and continuing into the 1980s, gay and lesbian social support discussion groups, some of which were called “coming-out groups,” focused on sharing coming-out “stories” (experiences) with the goal of reducing isolation and increasing LGBT visibility and pride.

Identity issues

See also: Identity (social science) and Personal identity (philosophy)

When coming out is described as a gradual process or a journey,[1] it is meant to include becoming aware of and acknowledging one’s same-sex desires or gender identity. This preliminary stage, which involves soul-searching or a personal epiphany,[12] is often called “coming out to oneself” and constitutes the start of self-acceptance. Many LGBT people say that this stage began for them during adolescence, when they first became aware of their sexual orientation toward members of the same sex.

Coming out has also been described as a process because of a recurring need or desire to come out in new situations in which LGBT people are assumed to be heterosexual or cisgender, such as at a new job or with new acquaintances. As Diana Fuss (1991) explains, "the problem of course with the inside/outside rhetoric...is that such polemics disguise the fact that most of us are both inside and outside at the same time."

LGBT identity development

Several models have been created to describe coming out as a process for gay and lesbian identity development, e.g. Dank, 1971; Cass, 1984; Coleman, 1989; Troiden, 1989. Of these models, the most widely accepted is the Cass identity model established by Vivienne Cass. This model outlines six discrete stages transited by individuals who successfully come out: identity confusion, identity comparison, identity tolerance, identity acceptance, identity pride, and identity synthesis.

However, not every LGBT person follows such a model. For example, some LGBT youth become aware of and accept their same-sex desires or gender identity at puberty in a way similar to which heterosexual teens become aware of their sexuality, i.e. free of any notion of difference, stigma or shame in terms of the gender of the people to whom they are attracted. [citation needed]

Regardless of whether LGBT youth develop their identity based on a model, the typical age at which they come out has been dropping. High school students and even middle school students are coming out.[13][14]

Transgender, transsexual, and intersex communities

LGBT people tend to share a feeling of relief that coming out can provide. However, the act of coming out differs for transgender, transsexual, and intersex people in some fundamental ways:

  1. By coming out, trans and intersex people disclose their gender identity and, if applicable, their decision to transition to the gender role with which they more closely identify. For trans people, the transition is to the gender opposite their biological sex and for intersex people, to the gender opposite they were assigned at birth or raised as.
  2. Coming out is a pre-requisite to transitioning particularly if the transition later includes undergoing sex-reassignment surgery.
  3. For some trans people who pass and are mistaken for being cisgender, coming out occults important parts of their full sense of identity or their complete gender history.
  4. Conversely, coming out can be viewed as inauthentic or as a self-betrayal for some trans and intersex people who have chosen to live in stealth because the disclosure is at odds with their true gender.
  5. When trans or intersex people come out, it impacts how they label their sexual orientation and how they interact with communities to which they feel they belong.
  6. Backlashes or other negative reactions to a transperson’s coming out are caused by transphobia and sexism, with additional homophobia and heterosexism in some cases.

Legal issues

Further information: LGBT rights by country or territory

In areas of the world where homosexual acts are penalized or prohibited, gay men, lesbians, and bisexual people can suffer negative legal consequences for coming out. In particular, where homosexuality is a crime, coming out may constitute self-incriminating evidence.

Mandated by federal law Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 103–160 (10 U.S.C. § 654), the U.S. armed forces’ policy on homosexuality in the military, commonly known as Don’t ask, don’t tell, prohibits coming out ("a statement that a member is homosexual or bisexual") because it is tantamount to "a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts".

National Coming Out Day

Logo designed by artist Keith Harring.

Observed annually on October 11,[15] by members of the LGBT communities and their straight allies, National Coming Out Day is a civil awareness day for coming out and discussing LGBT issues among the general populace in an effort to give a familiar face to the LGBT rights movement. This day was the inspiration for holding LGBT History Month in the United States in October.

The day was founded in 1988, by Dr. Robert Eichberg, his partner William Gamble, and Jean O'Leary to celebrate the Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights one year earlier, in which 500,000 people marched on Washington, DC, United States, for gay and lesbian equality. In the United States, the Human Rights Campaign manages the event under the National Coming Out Project, offering resources to LGBT individuals, couples, parents, and children, as well as straight friends and relatives, to promote awareness of LGBT families living honest and open lives. Candace Gingrich became the spokesperson for the day in April 1995.

Although still named "National Coming Out Day", it is observed in Canada, Germany, The Netherlands, and Switzerland also on October 11, and in the United Kingdom on October 12.

To celebrate National Coming Out Day on October 11, 2002, Human Rights Campaign released an album bearing the same title as that year's theme: Being Out Rocks. Participating artists include Kevin Aviance, Janis Ian, k.d. lang, Cyndi Lauper, Sarah McLachlan, and Rufus Wainright.

Media

Ellen DeGeneres' coming out in the media as well as her sitcom, "ranks, hands down, as the single most public exit in gay history", changing media portrayals of lesbians in Western culture.[16]

Highly publicized coming-outs

In government and politics

In 1988, Svend Robinson was the first Canadian Member of Parliament to come out.

In 1998, the United States' youngest campaign manager Jon-Marc McDonald came out voluntarily via a press release when he resigned from conservative Republican candidate Brian Babin's congressional campaign. McDonald stated that "There comes a time when your convictions take precedence over your job, your title, and your status." McDonald's story received widespread media attention because of the sensationalistic way it transpired.[17][18][19]

In culture and entertainment

In 1997 on The Oprah Winfrey Show, actress Ellen DeGeneres came out as a lesbian. Her real-life coming out was echoed in the sitcom Ellen in "The Puppy Episode" in which the eponymous character Ellen Morgan played by DeGeneres outs herself over the airport public address system.

On March 29, 2010, Puerto Rican pop singer Ricky Martin came out publicly in a post on his official web site by stating, "I am proud to say that I am a fortunate homosexual man. I am very blessed to be who I am."[20][21] Martin said that "these years in silence and reflection made me stronger and reminded me that acceptance has to come from within and that this kind of truth gives me the power to conquer emotions I didn’t even know existed."[22]

In sports

The first professional team-sport athlete to come out was former NFL running back David Kopay, who played for five teams (San Francisco, Detroit, Washington, New Orleans and Green Bay) between 1964–72. He came out in 1975 in an interview in the Washington Star.[23]

During an interview with The New York Times in 1981, Czech-American professional tennis player Martina Navrátilová came out as a lesbian.[23]

John Amaechi, who played in the NBA with the Utah Jazz, Orlando Magic and Cleveland Cavaliers (as well as internationally with Panathinaikos BC of the Greek Basketball League and Kinder Bologna of the Italian Basketball League), came out in February 2007 on ESPN's Outside the Lines program. He also released a book Man in the Middle, published by ESPN Books (ISBN 1-933060-19-0) which talks about his professional and personal life as a closeted basketball player. He was the first NBA player (former or current) to come out.

Depictions of coming out

In 1996 the acclaimed British film Beautiful Thing had a more positive take in its depiction of two teenage boys coming to terms with their sexual identity. An episode of a popular Quebec television series L'Amour avec un Grand A called Lise, Pierre et Marcel focuses on the life of a homosexual man who is married and reveals to his wife and kids that he is attracted to another man. In the Emmy Award-nominated episode "Gay Witch Hunt" of The Office, Michael inadvertently outs Oscar to the whole office.

In 1999, Russell T Davies's Queer as Folk, a popular TV series shown on Channel 4 (UK) debuted and focused primarily on the lives of young gay men; in particular on a 17-year-old going through the processes of revealing his sexuality to those around him. This storyline was also featured prominently in the U.S. version of Queer As Folk, which debuted in 2000.

The television show The L Word, which debuted in 2004, focuses on the lives of a group of lesbian and bisexual women, and the theme of coming out is prominently featured in the storylines of multiple characters.

Broader usage

Extended meaning

In political, casual, or even humorous contexts, "coming out" means by extension the self-disclosure of a person's secret behaviors, beliefs, affiliations, tastes, and interests that may cause astonishment or bring shame. Some examples include: "coming out as an alcoholic",[24] "coming out as a conservative",[25] "coming out as multiple",[26] "coming out of the broom closet" (as a witch),[27] and "coming out about plastic surgery".

With its associated metaphors, the figure of speech has also been extended to atheism, e.g., "coming out as an atheist."[28] A public awareness initiative for freethought and atheism, entitled the "Out Campaign", makes ample use of the "out" metaphor.[29] This campaign is endorsed by prominent atheist Richard Dawkins, who states, "there is a big closet population of atheists who need to 'come out.' "[30]

Spread to other languages

The expression "coming out", meaning when a LGBT person discloses his or her sexual orientation or gender identity, has spread to other languages. It is transliterated, used as a loan translation, or simply borrowed as-is.

  • "Coming out" or "coming-out" in Croatian, Czech, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Romanian, Slovak, and Turkish;
  • In cyrillic: "каминг аут" in Russian and Serbian, and "камінг-аут" in Ukrainian; in katakana: "カミングアウト" in Japanese;
  • As a loan translation or calque in Catalan, Danish, Finnish, Hebrew, Icelandic, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Welsh.

Derived words and expressions

  • An out gay, lesbian, or bisexual person has already come out or lives "openly".
  • A closeted person has yet to come out, has decided not to do so, or does not identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgendered. This term can be used disparagingly.
  • Outing is the deliberate or accidental disclosure of an LGBT person’s sexual orientation or gender identity, without his or her consent.
  • Outing yourself is unintentional LGBT self-disclosure. Example: Because she had forgotten her subscription copy of Diva in the coffee room, Lisa basically outed herself.
  • An LGBT person is outed if his or her sexual orientation or gender identity is disclosed by someone else and without his or her consent.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Coming Out: A Journey". Utahpridecenter.org. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  2. ^ http://www.queerty.com/rupert-everett-says-coming-out-killed-his-career-20090220/
  3. ^ Seidman, Steven (2003). Beyond the Closet; The Transformation of Gay and Lesbian Life. Page 25. ISBN 0-415-93207-6
  4. ^ Chauncey, George (1994). Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940. New York: Basic Books, emphasis added.
  5. ^ Kennedy, Elizabeth. "'But We Would Never Talk about It': The Structure of Lesbian Discretion in South Dakota, 1928–1933" in Inventing Lesbian Cultures in America, ed. Ellen Lewin (1996). Boston: Beacon Press. p.25 and 214
  6. ^ a b Coming Out, accessed on Aug 31, 2009
  7. ^ Bloch, Ivan. Das Sexualleben unserer Zeit in seinen Beziehungen zur modernen Kultur, 1906. English translation: The Sexual Life of Our Time in Its Relations to Modern Civilization, 1910.
  8. ^ Johansson&Percy, p.24
  9. ^ "Robert Duncan and Romantic Synthesis: A Few Notes". This article also republished as "On Robert Duncan" at Modern American Poetry website
  10. ^ Donald Webster Cory on glbtq.com
  11. ^ "Sagarin bio". Glbtq.com. 1913-09-18. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  12. ^ http://www.imfromdriftwood.com/2010/04/07/im-from-new-york-ny-5/ Gay Epiphany
  13. ^ http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/feature/2009/09/24/gay_teens/print.html
  14. ^ Denizet-Lewis, Benoit (2009-09-27). "Coming Out in Middle School". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
  15. ^ "History of National Coming Out Day". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  16. ^ Streitmatter, Rodger (2009). From 'Perverts' to 'Fab Five': The Media's Changing Depiction of Gay Men and Lesbians, Routledge. ISBN 0789036704; p. 104.
  17. ^ "U.S. Briefs". PlanetOut. 25 August 1998. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  18. ^ Hillman, G. Robert (25 August 1998). "Congressional challenger's top aide resigns". Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  19. ^ Ryan, Thornburg (25 August 1998). "GOP Aide Resigns From Texas Campaign Over Boss's Views on Gays". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
  20. ^ "Ricky Martin Gay Bombshell: 'I am a Fortunate Homosexual Man'" ,PopEater.com Staff, March 29, 2010
  21. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/29/ricky-martin-comes-out-im_n_517625.html
  22. ^ "Ricky Martin Comes Out of the Closet", Rolling Stone (March 29, 2010)
  23. ^ a b "The Brief History of Gay Athletes". ESPN. 18 December 1998. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  24. ^ Theroux, Louis (2001-11-03). "The show must go on". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  25. ^ Coming-out day for conservatives[dead link]
  26. ^ "COMPD – Introduction". 2multiples.com. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  27. ^ "How do I tell my family I'm a Wiccan?". Slate.com. 2003-12-04. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  28. ^ "U.S. Rep. Pete Stark "Comes Out" as an Atheist". Harvard Law Record. Retrieved 2009-06-24. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  29. ^ "The Out Campaign (original announcement)". The Official Richard Dawkins Website. 2007-07-30. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  30. ^ MacAskill, Ewen (2007-10-01). "Atheists arise: Dawkins spreads the A-word among America's unbelievers". Guardian Unlimited. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-12-30.

Further reading

  • Dossie Easton, Catherine A. Liszt, When Someone You Love Is Kinky, Greenery Press, 2000. ISBN 1-890159-23-9.
  • Fuss, Diana, ed. (1991). Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories. New York: Routledge.
  • Seidman, Steven (2003). Beyond the Closet; The Transformation of Gay and Lesbian Life. ISBN 0-415-93207-6.
  • Smith, Lauren (2000). "Queer Theory in the Composition Classroom."
  • Thomas, Calvin, ed. (2000). Straight with a Twist: Queer Theory and the Subject of Heterosexuality. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06813-0.
  • Stramel, James (1996). "Gay Virtue: The Ethics of Disclosure." Dissertation, University of Southern California.

External links

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