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IND Rockaway Line

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This article is about the New York City Subway line. For the former Long Island Rail Road branch to the Rockaways from the north (Rego Park and Glendale), see Rockaway Beach Branch.

IND Rockaway Line
"A" train shuttle train
The IND Rockaway Line is served by the A and Rockaway Park Shuttle.
Overview
OwnerCity of New York
Termini
Stations14
Service
TypeRapid transit
SystemNew York City Subway
Operator(s)New York City Transit Authority
Daily ridership10,661[1][note 1]
1,273[1][note 2]
11,934[1][note 3]
History
Opened1956–1958
Technical
Number of tracks2–4
CharacterElevated/Surface/Embankment
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Route map

Legend
Fulton Street Line
 Aqueduct Racetrack
Aqueduct–North Conduit Avenue
Howard Beach–JFK Airport
North Channel swing bridge
 Broad Channel
Beach Channel fixed span
Subway Island
South Channel swing bridge
Hammels Wye
↓ Far Rockaway Branch
↓ Far Rockaway Branch
Beach 67th Street
Beach 60th Street
Beach 44th Street
Beach 36th Street
Beach 25th Street
Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue
↓ Rockaway Park Branch
 Beach 90th Street
Beach 98th Street
Beach 105th Street
Rockaway Park Yard
 Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street
This diagram:

The IND Rockaway Line is a rapid transit line of the IND Division of the New York City Subway, operating in Queens. It branches from the IND Fulton Street Line at Rockaway Boulevard, extending over the Jamaica Bay, into the Rockaways. At its southern end in the Rockaways, the line has two branches: one traveling east to Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue and one traveling west to Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street. The A train serves the line on the Far Rockaway branch, as well as on the section north of Hammels Wye (where the two branches merge). The Rockaway Park Shuttle runs between Broad Channel and Rockaway Park. Five rush hour A trains provide service between Rockaway Park and Manhattan in the peak direction.

The line was built in 1880 as the New York, Woodhaven and Rockaway Railroad. Incorporated in 1877, the line was built to better serve the beach resorts in the Rockaways, cutting travel times by 30 minutes over the existing South Side Railroad route. Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) trains began using the branch that year by operating over its Montauk Division. The railroad was sold to the LIRR in 1887, and trains using the branch began serving Far Rockaway via a new connection to the old Far Rockaway Branch. The line south of Woodhaven Junction was electrified in 1905. The wooden trestle through Jamaica Bay was subjected to numerous fires, which damaged it. A fire on May 7, 1950, cut service on the middle of the line, but as the LIRR was bankrupt, it did not seek to restore service on the line. Service to Far Rockaway and Rockaway Park ran through Valley Stream, while service on the Rockaway Beach Branch terminated at Hamilton Beach.

The line was then purchased by the New York City Board of Transportation in 1952, and the line south of Ozone Park was taken out of service in June 1955 to allow for the line's conversion to subway service. On June 26, 1956, the line opened for subway service. A connection was built between to the IND Fulton Street Line at Liberty Avenue using the old Fulton Street Elevated line to allow for its use by the subway, and the line then became the IND Rockaway Line.

Extent and service

[edit]

The following services use part or all of the IND Rockaway Line:[2]

Service Between
  Time period Aqueduct Racetrack
and
Broad Channel 		Broad Channel
and
Beach 67th St 		Beach 67th St
and
Far Rockaway 		Broad Channel
and
Beach 90th St 		Beach 90th St
and
Rockaway Park 		Beach 67th St
and
Beach 90th St
"A" train Rush peak service most trains limited service no service
Other times service no service
Rockaway Park Shuttle All times limited seasonal service no service service

The north end of the Rockaway Line is a junction with the IND Fulton Street Line just east of Rockaway Boulevard. The line starts out as tracks F3 and F4 and descend from an elevated structure to the surface. Then the right-of-way widens to be four tracks wide. Trains in service going south then diverge from F3, and go onto F1. Trains coming from the Rockaways merge from track F2 onto track F4. South of this point, track F4 is out of service, and track F3 can only be used by work trains as it is de-energized. The line then continues as a four track line, and south of Howard Beach, the tracks merge into two tracks. The line then passes over Jamaica Bay just to the east of Cross Bay Boulevard, on its own private right-of-way. Then the line passes over the North Channel Swing Bridge.[3] The crossing across Jamaica Bay between Howard Beach and Broad Channel is the longest distance between any two adjacent stations in the entire New York City Subway system.[4]

Aerial view of Hammels Wye

In 1997 to 1999, outer tracks were installed to the north of Broad Channel for between $5 million and $10 million.[5] The track to the west of the original tracks, track F5, extends slightly less than two miles, or 10,300 feet (3,100 m), and is used for testing of equipment.[4][6][7][8][9] The track to the east of the original tracks, track F6, is used for reversing trains on the Rockaway Park shuttle,[10] and is approximately as long as a standard full length train. This track allows the shuttle to turn around significantly faster than it had been able to do before, when it was forced to relay at Howard Beach–JFK Airport or Euclid Avenue. South of the Broad Channel station is a fixed span leading to the small Subway Island, followed by the Beach Channel Drawbridge, which does open regularly and can cause delays to service when it is open for marine traffic.[3]

South of the drawbridge is Hammels Wye, a three-legged junction with the respective Rockaway Park and Far Rockaway branches. The tracks from each branch connect to the tracks north of the wye with flying junctions. The Rockaway Park Branch turns to the west and the Far Rockaway Branch turns to the east. The third leg of the wye is a single track that connects the two branches together. This single track, track F6, is not currently used in revenue service. However, it was used as part of the Round Robin service that operated mostly during late nights between 1958 and 1988. It was also used for the temporary H service after Hurricane Sandy.[3]

The Rockaway Park Branch, tracks F3 and F4, goes west via an elevated structure over the Rockaway Freeway before terminating at Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street. Directly to the north of the station is a seven-track storage yard named Rockaway Park Yard. This yard stores the trains for the Rockaway Park Shuttle. To the south of the station is a single storage track.[3] The Far Rockaway Branch, tracks F3A and F4A, goes east via an elevated structure over the Rockaway Freeway and terminates at a two-track terminal of Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue.[3]

History

[edit]

Original railroad use

[edit]
An A train made up of R32 cars turns from the IND Rockaway Line towards the IND Fulton Street Line.
Construction work at Beach 60th Street
Washed out track support after Hurricane Sandy
Subway Goes To Rockaway

Most of the Rockaway Line dates back to the 1880s when it was operated as the New York, Woodhaven and Rockaway Railroad;[11] the Far Rockaway station had been in operation since 1869 as part of the South Side Railroad of Long Island.[12] In 1892, the line first saw service by the Long Island Rail Road from its Atlantic Branch. In the late 1890s, the Brooklyn Elevated Railway (later the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company) received permission to operate elevated trains from Brooklyn on the line for beach access. The city soon began eyeing the line as popularity soared.[13][14][15] Additionally, the Ocean Electric Railway used part of the line as a connection between the Far Rockaway and Rockaway Beach Branches.

Plans for the New York City Subway to take over the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR)'s Rockaway branches were put forth as early as 1932.[16]

The Long Island Rail Road's wooden trestle over Jamaica Bay often caught fire. A fire that started at 3:30 on a December night damaged 1,300 feet of the trestle. Service could not be resumed for several days because of a lack of available materials. Therefore, the railroad asked Green Bus Lines to provide service for passengers stranded at Broad Channel and The Raunt. Another took place at The Raunt on December 15, 1948, delaying trains between nine and nineteen minutes during the morning rush hour. 300 feet (91 m) of the trestle was destroyed during a July 4, 1949, fire, and morning rush hour service was delayed the following day. The worst fire, the one that sealed the fate of the line, took place on May 7, 1950. The fire burned all night and destroyed 1,800 feet (550 m) of the trestle between The Raunt and Broad Channel stations, and the estimated cost to repair it was $1 million. As a result, the LIRR deemed the line useless, and instead of repairing it, the LIRR decided to abandon the line in favor of their "land route" to Far Rockaway via Valley Stream in Nassau County.[17]

Subway conversion

[edit]

When the railroad made it clear that it was not planning to rebuild the line, the city bought the line on June 11, 1952, for $8.5 million. The LIRR needed the money for its big safety program, which cost $6 million. The New York City Board of Transportation, operators of the subway system, started preparing contracts for the reconstruction of the line right after the sale went through.[17] In total, $47.5 million was spent to rebuild the line and to convert it for subway use, something they were planning to do as far back as the late 1920s.[11][18] As part of the construction to convert the line to subway use, two new steel swing bridges were built to cross the North and South Channels, and two artificial islands were built using sand from Jamaica Bay to provide a roadbed for the subway trestle.[19][20]: 6 [17]

Work was completed right before the 1956 summer season, but the power supply was inadequate. Because of a strike, the delivery of substation equipment was delayed.[21] Trains operated slowly across Jamaica Bay in order to conserve power. The newer R10s were intended to operate over the line, but because they required more power than the R1–9 fleet, the R1–9 fleet operated on the line instead. The line was incorporated into the Independent Subway System (IND) and connected to the IND Fulton Street Line. On June 28, 1956, service on the line began between Euclid Avenue and Rockaway Park at 6:38 PM and between Euclid Avenue and Wavecrest at 6:48 PM.[17][18][20][22][23] Once the slow order was removed, the travel time from Euclid Avenue to Rockaway Park decreased from 40 to 28 minutes, and the travel time from Euclid Avenue to Wavecrest decreased from 44 to 32 minutes.[17]

In September 1956, the New York City Transit Authority announced that the Rockaway revenues were disappointing, as $15,000 was expected to be made every day during the summer, while only $7,000 was made. As a result, there was a $750,000 deficit.[17] On January 27, 1957, as a result of low ridership, service was reduced from running on eight minute headways to Broad Channel to twelve minute headways. Since service alternated between Rockaway Park and Wavecrest, stations had a train every 24 minutes. The line was built to handle 100,000 daily passengers but was only carrying 6,000.[24] A new station at Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue opened on January 16, 1958, completing the Rockaway Line.[25] The completion of the new terminal was delayed due to the slow delivery of steel.[21]

Later years

[edit]

The line charged a double fare south of Howard Beach which entailed the deposit of two tokens for those entering along the line or one token on exit for those arriving from other parts of the system. Passengers traveling only within the double-fare zone would request a special "refund ticket", entitling them to a refund upon exiting the system, either in cash or a token.[18][20]: 6  The unpopular double fare was abolished on September 1, 1975, though it coincided with a system-wide fare increase, as well as an increase in tolls on the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge and Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge to the Rockaways.[26][27][28][29]

In 1986, the New York City Transit Authority launched a study to determine whether to close 79 stations on 11 routes, including the segment of the Rockaway Line south of Howard Beach, due to low ridership and high repair costs.[30][31] Numerous figures, including New York City Council member Carol Greitzer, criticized the plans.[31][32]

A significant service improvement on the Rockaway Line took effect in 1993, when direct late-night service between Far Rockaway (but not Rockaway Park) and Brooklyn and Manhattan began; previously, only shuttle or Round Robin service was provided during these hours, with a transfer at Euclid Avenue (the Rockaway Park branch remains a shuttle at all times, with a transfer at Broad Channel, although additional direct rush hour service is provided by a limited number of A trains).

The segment of the line between Howard Beach and the Rockaway Peninsula suffered serious damage during Hurricane Sandy and was out of service for several months.[4] On November 20, 2012, a free shuttle designated as H replaced the Rockaway portion of the A service between Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue and Beach 90th Street via the Hammels Wye. On May 30, 2013, full service was restored.[33][34][35][36] In 2018, a two-phase program of flood mitigation work along the Hammels Wye required further service disruptions. The first phase, from April 9 to May 18, suspended rush-hour A trips to Rockaway Park. The second phase, from July 2 to September 3, diverted all Far Rockaway A trips to Rockaway Park. In both phases, the shuttle ran from Rockaway Park to Far Rockaway.[37]

During weekends between Memorial Day and Labor Day in 2016 and 2017, weekend service on the Rockaway Park Shuttle was extended from Broad Channel to Rockaway Boulevard to allow passengers on both Lefferts Boulevard and Far Rockaway-bound A trains to transfer to the shuttle and shuttle passengers to transfer to more frequent Manhattan-bound A service at Rockaway Boulevard.[38] Since then, the seasonal extension has occurred on an annual basis.[39]

In 2022, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) hired Schiavone to conduct repairs to the line.[40] The next year, the MTA announced plans to reconstruct much of the Rockaway Line on the Rockaway peninsula. The first phase would entail repairing the South Channel Bridge and Hammels Wye structure.[41] As a result, service between Howard Beach and the peninsula will be suspended for 17 weeks beginning on January 17, 2025, and the shuttle will run between Rockaway Park and Far Rockaway. In addition, there will be shuttle bus service between Howard Beach and the Rockaways.[40][42] In 2024, as part of a program to upgrade the signaling of the New York City Subway, the MTA proposed installing communications-based train control (CBTC) on the Rockaway Line as part of its 2025–2029 Capital Program.[43][44]

Station listing

[edit]
Station service legend
Stops all times Stops all times
Stops rush hours in the peak direction only Stops rush hours in the peak direction only
Time period details
Disabled access Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
Disabled access ↑ Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
in the indicated direction only
Disabled access ↓
Elevator access to mezzanine only
Neighborhood
(approximate) 		Disabled access Station Services Opened Transfers and notes
Ozone Park splits from the IND Fulton Street Line (A all times)
Disabled access ↑ Aqueduct Racetrack A Northbound only (Northbound only) September 14, 1959 Single side platform for northbound service only
Aqueduct–North Conduit Avenue A all times June 28, 1956 (subway)
Howard Beach Disabled access Howard Beach–JFK Airport A all times June 28, 1956 (subway) Connection to JFK Airport AirTrain JFK
Broad Channel Broad Channel A all times ​S all times June 28, 1956 (subway) Q52/Q53 Select Bus Service
Hammels Wye
splits to Far Rockaway Branch (A all times) & Rockaway Park Branch (A rush hours, peak direction ​S all times)
with a connecting track between the two branches (no regular service)
 
Far Rockaway Branch
Arverne Disabled access Beach 67th Street A all times June 28, 1956 (subway) Q52 Select Bus Service
Beach 60th Street A all times June 28, 1956 (subway) Q52 Select Bus Service
Edgemere Beach 44th Street A all times June 28, 1956 (subway)
Beach 36th Street A all times June 28, 1956 (subway)
Far Rockaway Beach 25th Street A all times June 28, 1956 (subway)
Disabled access Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue A all times January 16, 1958 (subway)
 
Rockaway Park Branch
Rockaway Beach Beach 90th Street A rush hours, peak direction ​S all times June 28, 1956 (subway) Q52 Select Bus Service
Beach 98th Street A rush hours, peak direction ​S all times June 28, 1956 (subway) Q53 Select Bus Service
Rockaway Park Beach 105th Street A rush hours, peak direction ​S all times June 28, 1956 (subway)
Disabled access Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street A rush hours, peak direction ​S all times June 28, 1956 (subway) Q53 Select Bus Service

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Ridership from Aqueduct Racetrack to Far Rockaway. Does not include the Rockaway Park section
  2. ^ Ridership for Rockaway Park section only
  3. ^ Total ridership for entire line and both branches

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  2. ^ "Subway Service Guide" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e Dougherty, Peter (2006) [2002]. Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 (3rd ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ a b c "Rebuilding the Rockaways After Hurricane Sandy". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on November 29, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
  5. ^ "M31878 Install Relay Track Broad Channel Station Rockaway Line $5M - $10M". mta.nyc.ny.us. New York City Transit. February 2, 1997. Archived from the original on February 2, 1997. Retrieved September 18, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  6. ^ Tarrant, Colin (April 1, 2004). "Kinetic energy storage wins acceptance". Railway Gazette International. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  7. ^ "EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission & Distribution Applications: Final Report, December 2003" (PDF). Electric Power Research Institute, United States Department of Energy. December 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  8. ^ "Battery Power System for Trackside Energy Storage – Final Report" (PDF). New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company, Kawasaki Heavy Industries. October 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  9. ^ "Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or Distribution Applications: Technical Update, December 2002" (PDF). Electric Power Research Institute. December 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  10. ^ "Review of the A and C Lines" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 11, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  11. ^ a b Bresiger, Gregory (July 18, 2012). "The Trains Stopped Running Here 50 Years Ago". qgazette.com. Queens Gazette. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
  12. ^ Lucev, Emil (June 18, 2010). "Historical Views of the Rockaways: The old Far Rockaway Station Plaza, Mott and Central Avenues, 1922". rockawave.com. The Wave. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  13. ^ "L Trains to Rockaway". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. July 16, 1898. p. 14.
  14. ^ "New Rockaway Route Open". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. July 17, 1898. p. 9.
  15. ^ "PRR Chronology, Discontinuance/Last Runs of Passenger Service" (PDF). Archived from the original on March 16, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (40.6 KiB), Edition of June 30, 2003
  16. ^ "The New York Times: Saturday December 23, 1933". The New York Times. December 23, 1933. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
  17. ^ a b c d e f "Fifty Years of Subway Service to the Rockaways". New York Division Bulletin. 49 (6). New York Division, Electric Railroaders' Association. June 2006. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2016 – via Issuu.
  18. ^ a b c Freeman, Ira Henry (June 28, 1956). "Rockaway Trains to Operate Today" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  19. ^ "Subway is Adding 2 Islands to City — Realty Is Created in Jamaica Bay as Trestle Is Built for Rockaway Line" (PDF). New York Times. June 30, 1955. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  20. ^ a b c "First Train On Rockaway Line Runs This Afternoon". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. June 28, 1956. pp. 1, 6.
  21. ^ a b "Annual Report For The Year Ended June 30, 1957". New York City Transit Authority. October 1957. p. 11. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  22. ^ "TA's New Line To Rockaways Begins Today: Fifty Piece Band To Play as Special Train Makes First Run". The Leader-Observer. Fultonhistory.com. June 28, 1956. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  23. ^ "To Rockaways: Beach Trains In Operation". Greenpoint Weekly Star. Fultonhistory.com. June 29, 1956. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  24. ^ "IND WILL REDUCE ROCKAWAY TRAINS; Intervals at Broad Channel to Be 12 Minutes Instead of 8 Because of Losses". The New York Times. January 24, 1957. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  25. ^ "New Subway Unit Ready: Far Rockaway IND Terminal Will Be Opened Today" (PDF). The New York Times. January 16, 1958. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  26. ^ Raskin, Joseph B. (2013). The Routes Not Taken: A Trip Through New York City's Unbuilt Subway System. New York, New York: Fordham University Press. doi:10.5422/fordham/9780823253692.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-82325-369-2.
  27. ^ "Double Subway Fare To End September 1". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. August 7, 1975. p. 1.
  28. ^ "Beachcomber". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. March 23, 1977. p. 11. Archived from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  29. ^ Burks, Edward C. (August 30, 1975). "Present Tokens Kept For Fares: Sales Until Monday Limited to 2 Per Person at Booths-20 Million Still Out" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  30. ^ Brooke, James (April 29, 1986). "Subway Aides to Weigh Cuts on 11 Routes". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  31. ^ a b Gordy, Margaret (April 29, 1986). "MTA Studies Citywide Cuts in Subway Lines, Stations". Newsday. pp. 3, 27. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  32. ^ Finder, Alan; Connelly, Mary (May 4, 1986). "The Region; On Shrinking The Subways". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  33. ^ "MTA's tweet on partially restoring the Rockaway shuttle". Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  34. ^ "Hurricane Sandy Recovery Service As of November 20" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  35. ^ "MTA News | MTA". mta.info. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  36. ^ "MTA | news | A Train Service Restored to Rockaways". www.mta.info. Archived from the original on June 8, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  37. ^ "Train Change: A/ Shuttle Service to be Impacted Starting in April". THE ROCKAWAY TIMES - First and Free. March 8, 2018. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  38. ^ "MTA - news - MTA Adds Service to Area Beaches to Kick Off the Summer Season". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on August 24, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  39. ^ "How to get to Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk on public transit". MTA. July 2, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  40. ^ a b McFadden, Katie (September 16, 2024). "A Train Shutdown Tops September CB14 Meeting". THE ROCKAWAY TIMES – First and Free. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
  41. ^ Schilling, John (June 19, 2023). "MTA presents 44-month Rockaway resiliency project to Community Board 14 – QNS". QNS. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
  42. ^ Schilling, John (September 13, 2024). "MTA Previews 17-Week A Train Service Shutdown During CB14 Meeting". The Wave - Rockaway's Newspaper since 1893. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
  43. ^ Andres, Czarinna (September 18, 2024). "MTA Unveils $68.4 Billion Capital Plan to Modernize NYC Transit – but Funding Questions Amid Congestion Pricing Pause Remain". amNewYork. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  44. ^ Burkett, N.J. (September 18, 2024). "MTA Proposes Five-Year Capital Plan Wish List Including Replacing All Subway Cars". ABC7 New York. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
[edit]
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