Gallong language

"Galo language" redirects here. For the regional language of France, see Gallo language.

Galo
Native to	Arunachal Pradesh, India
Native speakers	29,000 (2011 census)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tani Western Tani Subansiri Galo
Dialects	?Karka ?Gensi Taipodia Zɨrdo Lare Pugo
Language codes
ISO 639-3	adl
Glottolog	galo1242
ELP	Galo

The Galo language is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Tani group, spoken by the Galo people. Its precise position within Tani is not yet certain, primarily because of its central location in the Tani area and the strong effects of intra-Tani contacts on the development of Tani languages. It is an endangered language according to the general definitions, but prospects for its survival are better than many similarly-placed languages in the world.

Dialects

The major Galo dialects are Pugo, spoken around the district capital Aalo; Lare, spoken to the south of Aalo; and a dialect that can be called Kargu kardi, pertaining to the dialect spoken in the northwest near the Tagin area. There may be additional Galo dialects further north, which remains largely unresearched. There are numerous subdialects that often correspond to regional or clan groupings. Neighbouring languages include Assamese, Nepali, Bodo, Mising, Minyong, Hills Miri, Tagin, Nishi, Bori, Pailibo, Ramo and Bokar.

Post (2007:46) lists a provisional classification of Galo dialects.

• Galòo
  • Karkòo?
  • Gensìi?
  • Taíi(podia)
    • (branch)
    • Zɨrdóo
      • (branch)
      • Larèe, Puugóo

Post (2013) reclassified Karko as a variety of Bori.

Grammar

Like most central and eastern Tani languages, Galo is largely synthetic and agglutinating. Two primary lexical tones are present – High and Low – which may reflect two Proto-Tani syllable tones; in modern Galo, the surface TBU (Tone-Bearing Unit) is the usually polysyllabic phonological word. A robust finite/non-finite asymmetry underlies Galo grammar, and clause chaining and nominalization are both rampant. No synchronic verb-serialization appears to exist, although what seems to have been proto-verb-serialization has developed into a very large and productive system of derivational suffixes to bound verbal roots.

Major (non-derived) lexical classes are noun, adjective and verb. Other grammatical features include postpositions, relator nouns, classifiers, an extremely large system of aspectual suffixes, and a rich set of constituent-final particles coding functions related to epistemological status (such as evidentiality), discourse/pragmatic status, modality, and other related functions. Case-marking is basically accusative; ergativity has not been found.

Morphology

Galo is a synthetic language with more complex predicates than nouns. Nouns have few prefixes, while predicates can have many suffixes and particles. Roots in Galo are often bound and require affixation or compounding.

Galo has a few monosyllabic lexemes, which may be reduced from earlier complex forms or genuine exceptions. Suffixes are word-level dependents that can license a grammatical word, while clitics are phrase-level dependents that cannot. Most noun phrase operators are clitics, while most predicate operators are suffixes.

Education

Galo language is taught as third language in schools of areas dominated by Galo community.

See also

• Nefamese

Further reading

• Post, Mark W. (2007). A Grammar of Galo. PhD Dissertation. Melbourne, La Trobe University Research Centre for Linguistic Typology.
• Post, Mark W. (2009-10-22). "The phonology and grammar of Galo "words": A case study in benign disunity". Studies in Language.