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List of state and territory name etymologies of the United States

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Map showing the source languages of state names

The fifty U.S. states, five inhabited territories and the District of Columbia have taken their names from a wide variety of languages. The names of 24 states are arranged alphabetically and derive from indigenous languages of the Americas and one from Hawaiian: eight come from Algonquian languages, seven from Siouan languages (one of those by way of Illinois, an Algonquian language), three from Iroquoian languages, one from a Uto-Aztecan language, and five from other Native American languages.

Twenty-two other state names derive from European languages: seven come from Latin (mostly from Latinate forms of English personal names, one coming from Welsh), five come from English, five come from Spanish (and one more from an Indigenous language by way of Spanish), and four come from French (one of these by way of English). The etymologies of six states are disputed or unclear: Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, Maine, Oregon, and Rhode Island (in the table below, those states have one row for each potential source language or meaning).

Of the fifty states, eleven are named after an individual person. Of those eleven, seven are named in honor of European monarchs: the two Carolinas, the two Virginias, Maryland, Louisiana and Georgia. Over the years, several attempts have been made to name a state after one of the Founding fathers or other great statesmen of U.S. history: the State of Franklin, the State of Jefferson (three separate attempts), the State of Lincoln (two separate attempts), and the State of Washington; in the end, only Washington materialized (Washington Territory was carved out of the Columbia District, and was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, which contains the city of Washington).[1][2]

Several of the states that derive their names from (corrupted) names used for Native peoples have retained the plural ending of "s": Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Massachusetts and Texas. One common naming pattern has been as follows:

Native tribal group → River → Territory → State


State names

State name Date first attested in original language Year first attested in original language Language of origin Word(s) in original language Meaning and notes
 Alabama
 April 19 1742 Choctaw albah amo "Thicket-clearers"[3] or "plant-cutters", from albah, "(medicinal) plants", and amo, "to clear". The modern Choctaw name for the tribe is Albaamu.[4]
 Alaska
 December 2 1897 Aleut via Russian alaxsxaq via Аляска "Mainland" (literally "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed").[5]
 Arizona
 February 1 1883 Basque aritz ona "The good oak".[6]
O'odham via Spanish ali ṣona-g via Arizonac[7] "Having a little spring".[8]
 Arkansas
 July 20 1796 Kansa, via Illinois and French akaansa Borrowed from a French spelling of an Illinois rendering of the tribal name kką:ze (see Kansas, below), which the Miami and Illinois used to refer to the Quapaw.[8][9][10][11]
 California
 May 22 1850 Spanish Unknown Probably named for the fictional Island of California ruled by Queen Calafia in the 16th century novel Las sergas de Esplandián by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.[12]
See also: Etymology of California
 Colorado
 1743 Spanish colorado "Ruddy", or "red",[13] originally referring to the Colorado River.[14]
 Connecticut
 April 15 1675 Eastern Algonquian quinnitukqut From some Eastern Algonquian language of southern New England (perhaps Mahican), meaning "at the long tidal river", after the Connecticut River.[15][16] The name reflects Proto-Eastern-Algonquian *kwən-, "long"; *-əhtəkw, "tidal river"; and *-ənk, the locative suffix).[17]
 Delaware
 January 31 1680 French via English de la Warr After the Delaware River, which was named for Lord de la Warr (originally probably Norman French de la guerre or de la werre, "of the war").[18] Lord de la Warr was the first Governor-General of Jamestown.[19]
 Florida
 April 2 1513 Spanish (pascua) florida "Flowery (Easter)"[20] (to distinguish it from Christmastide which was also called Pascua), in honor of its discovery by the Spanish during the Easter season.[21]
Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia
 October 3 1674 Latin via English (ultimately from Greek) Georgius The feminine Latin form of "George", named after King George II of Great Britain.[22][23] It was also a reference to Saint George, whose name was derived from the Greek word georgos meaning "husbandman" or "farmer" from ge "earth" + ergon "work".[24]
 Hawaii
 December 29 1879 Hawaiian Hawaiʻi From Hawaiki, legendary homeland of the Polynesians.[25] Hawaiki is believed to mean "place of the gods".[26]
Named for Hawaiʻiloa, legendary discoverer of the Hawaiian Islands.[27]
 Idaho
 June 6 1864 none Idaho Probably made up by George M. "Doc" Willing as a practical joke; originally claimed to have been derived from a word in a Native American language that meant "Gem of the Mountains".[28] The name was initially proposed for the Territory of Colorado until its origins were discovered. Years later it fell into common usage, and was proposed for the territory of Idaho instead.[29][30]
Plains Apache ídaahę́ Possibly from the Plains Apache word for "enemy" (ídaahę́), which was used to refer to the Comanches.[31]
 Illinois
 March 24 1793 Algonquian via French ilenweewa The state is named for the French adaptation of an Algonquian language (perhaps Miami) word apparently meaning "speaks normally" (cf. Miami ilenweewa,[32] Old Ottawa <ilinoüek>,[33] Proto-Algonquian *elen-, "ordinary" and -we·, "to speak"),[34] referring to the Illiniwek (Illinois).[33]
 Indiana
 December 2 1794 Latin (ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian) "Land of the Indians".[35] The names Indians and India come, via Greek and Persian, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sindhu-, which originally referred to the Indus River.[36]
 Iowa
 August 31 1818 Dakota via French ayúxba/ayuxwe via Aiouez By way of French Aiouez, and named after the Iowa tribe. This demonym has no further known etymology,[37][38] though some give it the meaning "sleepy ones".[39]
 Kansas
 May 12 1832 Kansa via French kką:ze via Cansez[40] Named after the Kansas River,[41][42] which in turn was named after the Kaw or Kansas tribe.[9] The name seems to be connected to the idea of "wind".[43]
 Kentucky
 April 28 1728 Iroquoian Originally referring to the Kentucky River. While some sources say the etymology is uncertain,[44][45] most agree on a meaning of "(on) the meadow" or "(on) the prairie"[46][47] (cf. Mohawk kenhtà:ke, Seneca gëdá’geh (phonemic /kẽtaʔkeh/), "at the field").[48]
 Louisiana
 July 18 1787 French (ultimately from Frankish) Louisiane After King Louis XIV of France.[49] The name Louis came itself from Frankish hluda "heard of, famous" (cf. loud) + wiga "war".[50]
 Maine
 October 13 1729 English main A common historical etymology is that the state's name refers to the mainland, as opposed to the coastal islands.[51][52]
French After the French province of Maine.[53]
English A more recent proposal is that the state was named after the English village of Broadmayne which was the family estate of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the colony's founder.[29][54]
 Maryland
 January 18 1691 English (ultimately from Hebrew) Myriam After Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of King Charles I of England.[55] The name Mary originally meant in Hebrew "bitterness" or "rebelliousness", and could also have come from Egyptian "beloved" or "love".[56]
 Massachusetts
June 4 1665 Algonquian Plural of "Massachusett" meaning "Near the great little-mountain", or "at the great hill", usually identified as Great Blue Hill on the border of Milton and Canton, Massachusetts[57] (cf. the Narragansett name Massachusêuck).[57]
 Michigan
 October 28 1811 Ojibwe via French mishigami "Large water" or "large lake"[58][59] (in Old Algonquin, *meshi-gami).[60]
 Minnesota
 April 21 1821 Dakota mnisota "Cloudy water", referring to the Minnesota River.[16][61]
 Mississippi
 March 9 1800 Ojibwe via French misi-ziibi "Great river", after the Mississippi River.[58][62]
 Missouri
 September 7 1805 Illinois mihsoori "Dugout canoe". The Missouri tribe was noteworthy among the Illinois for their dugout canoes, and so was referred to as the wimihsoorita, "one who has a wood boat [dugout canoe]".[63]
 Montana
 November 1 1860 Spanish montaña "Mountain".[64]
 Nebraska
 June 22 1847 Chiwere ñįbraske "flattened water", after the Platte River, which used to be known as the Nebraska River, due to the flatness of the plains, when the river would flood, it would blanket the region.[65]
 Nevada
 February 9 1845 Spanish nevado "Snow-covered",[66] after the Sierra Nevada ("snow-covered mountains").
 New Hampshire
 August 27 1692 English (Ultimately from Old English) After the county of Hampshire in England[67] whose name is derived from the original name for its largest city, Southampton, that being Hamtun, which is an Old English word that roughly translates to "Village-Town".
 New Jersey
 April 2 1669 French (ultimately from Old Norse) After Jersey[68] (the largest of the British Channel Islands), birthplace of one of the colony's two co-founders, Sir George de Carteret.[68] The state was established under the name of New Caeserea or New Jersey because the Roman name of the island was thought to have been Caesarea.[69][70] The name "Jersey" most likely comes from the Norse name Geirrs ey meaning "Geirr's Island".[71]
 New Mexico
 November 1 1859 Nahuatl via Spanish Mēxihco via Nuevo México A calque of Spanish Nuevo México.[72] The name Mexico comes from Nahuatl Mēxihca, the Aztec people who founded the city of Tenochtitlan(pronounced [meːˈʃiʔko]).[73][74] Its literal meaning is unknown, though many possibilities have been proposed such as that the name comes from the God Metztli.[75]
New York (state) New York
 October 15 1680 English After the then duke of York (later King James II of England). Named by then King Charles II of England, James II's brother.[76] The name "York" is derived from its Latin name Eboracum (via Old English Eoforwic and then Old Norse Jórvík), apparently borrowed from Brythonic Celtic *eborakon, which probably meant "Yew-Tree Estate".[77] See also York#Toponymy for more information.
 North Carolina
 June 30 1686 Latin via English (ultimately from Frankish) Carolus via Carolana After King Charles I of England.[78] The name Charles came itself from Frankish karl "man, husband".[79]
 North Dakota
 November 2 1867 Sioux dakhóta "Ally" or "friend",[65] after the Dakota tribe.[80]
 Ohio
 April 19 1785 Seneca via French ohi:yo’ [81] "Large creek",[46] originally the name of both the Ohio River and Allegheny River.[82] Often incorrectly translated as "beautiful river",[83] due to a French mistranslation.[32]
 Oklahoma
 September 5 1842 Choctaw okla + homa Devised as a rough translation of "Indian Territory"; in Choctaw, okla means "people", "tribe", or "nation", and homa- means "red", thus: "Red people".[16][84]
 Oregon
 July 20 1860 Unknown Native American Disputed Disputed meaning. First named by Major Robert Rogers in a petition to King George III.[85]
See also: Oregon (toponym)
 Pennsylvania
 March 8 1650 Welsh and Latin Penn + silvania "Penn's woods", after Admiral William Penn.[86] Pennsylvania is the only state named after its founder.[87] The name "Penn" comes from the Welsh word for "head".[88]
 Rhode Island
 February 3 1680 Dutch roodt eylandt "Red island", referring to Aquidneck Island.[89] The Modern Dutch form of the phrase is "rood eiland".
Greek ῾Ρόδος For a resemblance to the island of Rhodes in the Aegean Sea.[89]
 South Carolina
 November 12 1687 Latin via English (ultimately from Frankish) Carolus via Carolana After King Charles I of England.[90] The name Charles came itself from Frankish karl "man, husband".[79]
 South Dakota
 November 2 1867 Sioux dakhóta "Ally" or "friend". See North Dakota, above.
 Tennessee
 May 24 1747 Cherokee ᏔᎾᏏ tanasi Tanasi (in Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ) was the name of a Cherokee village;[91] the meaning is unknown.[92]
 Texas
 June 30 1827 Caddo via Spanish táyshaʔ via Tejas "Friend",[93] used by the Caddo to refer the larger Caddo nation (in opposition to enemy tribes). The name was borrowed into Spanish as texa, plural texas, and used to refer to the Nabedache people (later to refer to the Caddo Nation in general). When the Spanish decided to convert the Nabedache to Catholicism, they constructed La Misión de San Francisco de los Texas, which later came to be used in naming the Viceroyalty of New Spain’s province.[94]
 Utah
 December 20 1877 Western Apache via Spanish yúdah via yuta From the Spanish designation for the Ute people, yuta, in turn perhaps a borrowing from Western Apache yúdah meaning "high"[95] (not, as is commonly stated,[96] "people of the mountains"[97] and not[98] from the Ute's own self-designation [nutʃi̥] (plural [nuːtʃiu]), as suggested by J. P. Harrington).[99][100]
 Vermont
 September 27 1721 French vert + mont "Green mount" or "Green mountain"; vert in French means "green", and mont means "mount" or "mountain".[101]
 Virginia
 March 21 1652 Latin "Country of the Virgin", after Elizabeth I of England, who was known as the "Virgin Queen" because she never married.[102]
Washington (state) Washington
 February 22 1872 English After George Washington;[103] in turn derived from the town of Washington in historic County Durham.[104] [105] The etymology of the town's name is disputed, but agreed to be ultimately Old English.
 West Virginia
 September 1 1831 Latin The western, transmontane, counties of Virginia; separated from Virginia during Civil War; see Virginia, above.
 Wisconsin
 February 5 1822 Miami via French Wishkonsing [106] Originally spelled Mescousing by the French, and later corrupted to Ouisconsin.[107] Likely it derives from a Miami word Meskonsing meaning "it lies red" or "river running through a red place".[107][108] It may also come from the Ojibwe term miskwasiniing, "red-stone place".[58]
 Wyoming
 August 14 1877 Munsee Delaware xwé:wamənk "At the big river flat"; the name was transplanted westward from the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania.[109]

Territory and district names

Territory name Date first attested in original language Year first attested in original language Language of origin Word(s) in original language Meaning and notes
 American Samoa
 Samoan Amerika Sāmoa Uncertain origin of "Samoa"; "American" is from Amerigo Vespucci.
 District of Columbia
 1738 New Latin Named for Christopher Columbus.
 Guam
 Chamorro Guåhån Means "what we have", from Guåhån in Chamorro language.[110]
 Northern Mariana Islands
 Spanish Islas Marianas Mariana Islands chain named for Mariana of Austria.[111]
 Puerto Rico
 Spanish Puerto Rico Means "rich port" in Spanish.[112]
 U.S. Virgin Islands
 Spanish Islas Virgenes Named by Christopher Columbus for Saint Ursula and her 11,000 virgins.[113]

See also

References

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  98. ^ 1986. Warren L. d'Azevedo, ed., "Great Basin". Vol. 11 of William C. Sturtevant, ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 364–5
  99. ^ Harrington, John P. 1911. The Origin of the Names Ute and Paiute. American Anthropologist, n.s., 13: pp. 173–174
  100. ^ Opler, Marvin K. 1943. The Origins of Comanche and Ute. American Anthropologist, n.s., 45: pp. 155–158
  101. ^ Vermont. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2007-02-24. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  102. ^ Virginia. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2007-02-24. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  103. ^ Washington. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2007-02-24. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  104. ^ "Guide to American Presidents: GEORGE WASHINGTON". Burke's Peerage and Gentry. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  105. ^ "Washington Old Hall". National Trust. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  106. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  107. ^ a b "Wisconsin's Name: Where it Came from and What it Means". Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2005-10-28. Retrieved 2007-02-25. Our state's name, supported by geological evidence, means "river running through a red place." {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  108. ^ McCafferty, Michael. 2003. On Wisconsin: The Derivation and Referent of an Old Puzzle in American Placenames. Onoma 38: 39–56
  109. ^ Bright (2004:576)
  110. ^ https://www.etymonline.com/word/Guam Etymoline.com. Guam. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  111. ^ http://www.uog.edu/sites/default/files/atienza_mariana-islands-history-story.pdf[permanent dead link] A Mariana Islands History Story. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  112. ^ http://www.definitions.net/definition/puerto%20rico Puerto Rico. Definitions.net. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  113. ^ http://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ Virgin Islands History. Vinow.com. Retrieved 30 January 2018

Bibliography

  • Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Guyton, Kathy (2009) U.S. State Names: The Stories of How Our States Were Named (Nederland, Colorado: Mountain Storm Press)

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