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Republic Day (India)

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Republic Day
Republic day
The original text of the Preamble to the Constitution of India. The Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 (1950-01-26).
Observed by India
TypeNational
SignificanceInception of Constitution of India
CelebrationsParades, distribution of sweets in schools, speeches and cultural dances
Date26 January
Next time26 January 2025 (2025-01-26)
FrequencyAnnual

Republic Day honours the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India.[1]

The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition towards becoming an independent republic. 26 January was chosen as the Republic day because it was on this day in 1930 when Declaration of Indian Independence (Purna Swaraj) was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress as opposed to the Dominion status offered by British Regime.

History of Republic Day

India achieved independence from British Raj on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful non-violent resistance and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations).[2] India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr B R Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution. A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Constituent Assembly on 4 November 1947.[3] The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of two years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. Two days later which was on 26 January 1950, it came into effect throughout the whole nation.On that day began Dr. Rajendra Prasad's first term of office as President of the Indian Union. The Constituent Assembly became the Parliament of India under the transitional provisions of the new Constitution.This date is celebrated in India as the Republic Day.

Celebrations

President Rajendra Prasad (in the horse-drawn carriage) readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade on Rajpath, New Delhi, in 1950.

The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage.

Delhi Republic Day parade

Main article: Delhi Republic Day parade

Delhi Republic Day parade is held in the capital, New Delhi organised by the Ministry of Defence. Commencing from the gates of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (the President's residence), Raisina Hill on Rajpath past the India Gate, this event is the main attraction of India's Republic Day Celebrations lasting three days. The parade showcases India's Defence Capability, Cultural and Social Heritage.[4]

Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy, and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade.[5]

Beating Retreat

Main article: Beating Retreat

The Beating Retreat ceremony is held after officially denoting the end of Republic Day festivities. It is conducted on the evening of 29 January, the third day after the Republic Day. It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military, the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. The venue is Raisina Hill and an adjacent square, Vijay Chowk, flanked by the North and South block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace) towards the end of Rajpath.[6]

The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the (PBG), a cavalry unit. When the President arrives, the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute, which is followed by the playing of the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, by the Army. The Army develops the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands, Pipe and Drum Bands, Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me, Mahatma Gandhi's favourite hymn, and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end.[7][8][9]

Republic Day parade chief guest

Countries invited as chief guests for the Republic Day parade. Erstwhile Yugoslavia (twice invited) has not been depicted in the map.
  5 times (France, UK)
  4 times (Bhutan, Russia/USSR)
  Thrice (Indonesia, Mauritius)
  Twice (Brazil, Japan, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Singapore,Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam)
  Once
  Uninvited

Since 1950, India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi. During 1950–1954, Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues (like Irwin Stadium, Kingsway, Red Fort and Ramlila Grounds). It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath.[10] The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During 1950s–1970s, a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In 1968 and 1974, India played host to two countries on the same Republic Day.

Countries invited as chief guests for the Republic Day parade. Yugoslavia (twice invited) has not been depicted in the map.
  6 times (France)
  5 times (United Kingdom)
  4 times (Bhutan, Soviet Union/Russia)
  Thrice (Brazil, Indonesia, Mauritius)
  Twice (Cambodia, Japan, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam)
  Once
  Never invited

Since 1950, India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi. During 1950–1954, Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues (like Irwin Amphitheatre, Kingsway, Red Fort and Ramlila Maidan). It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath.[11] The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During 1950s–1970s, a number of Non-Aligned Movement and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In 1968 and 1974, India played host to two countries on the same Republic Day.

By continent, the invitations break up as follows:

Continent Invitations Countries
Asia 36 Afghanistan, Bhutan (4 times), Brunei, Cambodia (twice), China, Indonesia (thrice), Iran, Japan (twice), Kazakhstan, Laos, Maldives, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal (twice), Pakistan (twice), Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore (twice), South Korea, Sri Lanka (twice), Thailand (twice), United Arab Emirates, Vietnam (twice)
Europe 25 Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France (6 times), Greece, Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Soviet Union/Russia (4 times), Spain, Yugoslavia (twice), United Kingdom (5 times)
Africa 12 Algeria, Egypt, Mauritius (thrice), Nigeria (twice), South Africa (twice), Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia
South America 5 Argentina, Brazil (thrice), Peru
North America 3 Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, United States
Oceania 1 Australia

By geographic region, the invitations break up as follows:

Region Invitations Countries
South Asia 13 Afghanistan, Bhutan (4 times), Maldives, Nepal (twice), Pakistan (twice), Sri Lanka (twice)
Central Asia 1 Kazakhstan
East Asia 4 China, Japan (twice), South Korea
Southeast Asia 16 Brunei, Cambodia (twice), Indonesia (thrice), Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore (twice), Thailand (twice), Vietnam (twice)
West Asia 3 Iran, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates
North Africa 2 Algeria, Egypt
West Africa 2 Nigeria (twice)
Central Africa 1 Zaire
Southern Africa 6 South Africa (twice), Mauritius (thrice), Zambia
East Africa 1 Tanzania
Eastern Europe 8 Bulgaria, Poland, Yugoslavia (twice), Soviet Union/Russia (4 times)
Western Europe 17 Belgium, Denmark, France (6 times), Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom (5 times)
Northern America 2 United States, Mexico
Caribbean 1 Trinidad and Tobago
South America 5 Argentina, Brazil (thrice), Peru
Oceania 1 Australia

List of chief guests

Year Portrait Chief Guest Country Designation Note Host
1950 Sukarno[12]  Indonesia President of Indonesia Rajendra Prasad
1951 Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah[13]  Nepal King of Nepal
1952
No information available
1953
1954 Jigme Dorji Wangchuck[14]  Bhutan King of Bhutan Rajendra Prasad
1955 Malik Ghulam Muhammad[15]  Pakistan Governor-General of Pakistan First guest for parade at Rajpath[16]
1956 Rab Butler  United Kingdom Chancellor of the Exchequer Two guests[17][note 1]
Kōtarō Tanaka  Japan Chief Justice of Japan
1957 Georgy Zhukov[19]  Soviet Union Minister of Defence
1958 Ye Jianying[20]  China Marshal of the People's Liberation Army
1959 Philip[21][22][23]  United Kingdom Consort of Queen Elizabeth II 2nd invitation
1960 Kliment Voroshilov[24]  Soviet Union Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 2nd invitation
1961 Elizabeth II[25]  United Kingdom Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms 3rd invitation[note 2]
1962 Viggo Kampmann[26]  Denmark Prime Minister of Denmark [note 3]
1963 Norodom Sihanouk[28]  Cambodia King of Cambodia Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
1964 Louis Mountbatten[18]  United Kingdom Chief of the Defence Staff 4th invitation[note 1]
1965 Rana Abdul Hamid  Pakistan Minister of Food and Agriculture 2nd invitation
1966
No information available[note 4]
1967 Mohammed Zahir Shah[30]  Afghanistan King of Afghanistan [note 5] Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
1968 Alexei Kosygin  Soviet Union Chairman of the Council of Ministers 3rd invitation Two guests[33] Zakir Husain
Josip Broz Tito  Yugoslavia President of Yugoslavia
1969 Todor Zhivkov[34]  Bulgaria Prime Minister of Bulgaria
1970 Baudouin[35][36]  Belgium King of Belgium [note 6] V. V. Giri
1971 Julius Nyerere[37]  Tanzania President of Tanzania
1972 Seewoosagur Ramgoolam[38]  Mauritius Prime Minister of Mauritius
1973 Mobutu Sese Seko[39]  Zaire President of Zaire
1974 Josip Broz Tito  Yugoslavia President of Yugoslavia 2nd invitation Two guests[40]
Sirimavo Bandaranaike  Sri Lanka Prime Minister of Sri Lanka
1975 Kenneth Kaunda[41]  Zambia President of Zambia Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
1976 Jacques Chirac[42]  France Prime Minister of France
1977 Edward Gierek[43]  Poland First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party
1978 Patrick Hillery[44]  Ireland President of Ireland Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
1979 Malcolm Fraser[45]  Australia Prime Minister of Australia
1980 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing  France President of France 2nd invitation
1981 Jose Lopez Portillo[46]  Mexico President of Mexico
1982 Juan Carlos I[47]  Spain King of Spain
1983 Shehu Shagari[48]  Nigeria President of Nigeria Zail Singh
1984 Jigme Singye Wangchuck[49]  Bhutan King of Bhutan 2nd invitation
1985 Raúl Alfonsín[50]  Argentina President of Argentina
1986 Andreas Papandreou[51]  Greece Prime Minister of Greece
1987 Alan Garcia[52]  Peru President of Peru
1988 J. R. Jayewardene[53]  Sri Lanka President of Sri Lanka 2nd invitation Ramaswamy Venkataraman
1989 Nguyễn Văn Linh[54]  Vietnam General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
1990 Anerood Jugnauth[55]  Mauritius Prime Minister of Mauritius 2nd invitation
1991 Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[56]  Maldives President of the Maldives
1992 Mário Soares[56]  Portugal President of Portugal
1993 John Major[56]  United Kingdom Prime Minister of United Kingdom 5th invitation Shankar Dayal Sharma
1994 Goh Chok Tong[56]  Singapore Prime Minister of Singapore
1995 Nelson Mandela[57]  South Africa President of South Africa
1996 Fernando Henrique Cardoso[56]  Brazil President of Brazil
1997 Basdeo Panday[56]  Trinidad and Tobago Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
1998 Jacques Chirac[56]  France President of France 3rd invitation K. R. Narayanan
1999 Birendra Bir Bikram Shah[56]  Nepal King of Nepal 2nd invitation
2000 Olusegun Obasanjo[56]  Nigeria President of Nigeria 2nd invitation
2001 Abdelaziz Bouteflika[56]  Algeria President of Algeria
2002 Cassam Uteem[56]  Mauritius President of Mauritius 3rd invitation
2003 Mohammed Khatami[56]  Iran President of Iran A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
2004 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva[56]  Brazil President of Brazil 2nd invitation
2005 Jigme Singye Wangchuck[56]  Bhutan King of Bhutan 3rd invitation
2006 Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud[56]  Saudi Arabia King of Saudi Arabia
2007 Vladimir Putin[56]  Russia President of Russia 4th invitation
2008 Nicolas Sarkozy[56]  France President of France 4th invitation Pratibha Patil
2009 Nursultan Nazarbayev[56]  Kazakhstan President of Kazakhstan
2010 Lee Myung Bak[58]  South Korea President of South Korea
2011 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[59][60]  Indonesia President of Indonesia 2nd invitation
2012 Yingluck Shinawatra[61]  Thailand Prime Minister of Thailand
2013 Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck[62]  Bhutan King of Bhutan 4th invitation Pranab Mukherjee
2014 Shinzo Abe[63]  Japan Prime Minister of Japan 2nd invitation
2015 Barack Obama[64]  United States President of the United States
2016 François Hollande  France President of France 5th invitation[65]
2017 Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan[66]  United Arab Emirates Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi
2018 Hassanal Bolkiah  Brunei Sultan of Brunei Ten guests (heads of the ASEAN states)[67] Ram Nath Kovind
Hun Sen  Cambodia Prime Minister of Cambodia 2nd invitation
Joko Widodo  Indonesia President of Indonesia 3rd invitation
Thongloun Sisoulith  Laos Prime Minister of Laos
Najib Razak  Malaysia Prime Minister of Malaysia
Aung San Suu Kyi  Myanmar State Counsellor of Myanmar
Rodrigo Duterte  Philippines President of the Philippines
Lee Hsien Loong  Singapore Prime Minister of Singapore 2nd invitation
Prayut Chan-o-cha  Thailand Prime Minister of Thailand 2nd invitation
Nguyễn Xuân Phúc  Vietnam Prime Minister of Vietnam 2nd invitation
2019 Cyril Ramaphosa[68][69]  South Africa President of South Africa 2nd invitation
2020 Jair Bolsonaro[70]  Brazil President of Brazil 3rd invitation
2021
No chief guest due to COVID-19 pandemic[71][72][note 7][note 8]
2022
2023 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi[76]  Egypt President of Egypt Droupadi Murmu
2024 Emmanuel Macron[77]  France President of France 6th invitation

Notes

  1. ^ a b On each of these occasions, Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma from United Kingdom was also the official guest for the parade.[17][18]
  2. ^ Prince Philip also accompanied Queen Elizabeth II during the parade.[25]
  3. ^ Attended Republic Day in Madras (Chennai).[27]
  4. ^ No invitations were sent out possibly due to the demise of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri on 11 January 1966 in Tashkent. The new government headed by Indira Gandhi was sworn in on 24 January 1966 (only two days before the Republic Day).[29]
  5. ^ For the first time, the President of India (Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan) could not take the salute at the Republic Day parade due to ill-health.[31] Mohammed Zahir Shah arrived on 28 January.[32]
  6. ^ Attended only the Beating Retreat.[35][36]
  7. ^ An invitation for 2021 was sent to British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, but after a few weeks he cancelled his visit, citing the need to oversee pandemic response in the United Kingdom.[73]
  8. ^ Invitation for 2022 were sent to leaders of five Central Asian nations – Kassym-Jomart Tokayev of Kazakhstan, Sadyr Japarov of Kyrgyzstan, Emomali Rahmon of Tajikistan, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow of Turkmenistan and Shavkat Mirziyoyev of Uzbekistan. But due to surge in COVID-19 cases and the new Omicron variant being on the rise, Indian government decided not to host foreign dignitaries.[74][75]

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  65. ^ "French President Hollande invited as Republic Day guest". 22 November 2015.
  66. ^ "Abu Dhabi Crown Prince to be chief guest on Republic Day".
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  68. ^ "South Africa President Cyril Ramaphosa accepts PM Modi's invite, to be 2019 Republic Day chief guest". www.hindustantimes.com. 1 December 2018.
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  76. ^ "Egypt's president to be chef guest at Republic Day Celebration". www.indiatvnews.com. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  77. ^ "French President Macron to be chief guest for 2024 Republic Day parade". Hindustan Times. 23 December 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2024.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic Day (India).

References

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