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Tiger versus lion

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An Asiatic lion and two Bengal tigers[1] in captivity at Bannerghatta National Park, India. India is the last country with both lions and tigers in the wild. Historically, the modern lion and tiger co-occupied a vast portion of Eurasia,[2] from India in the east, through northern Iran and Iraq, to the shores of the Black Sea in the west.[3][4]

Historically, a comparison of the tiger (Panthera tigris) versus the lion (Panthera leo)[3][4] has been a popular topic of discussion by hunters,[5][6] naturalists,[7] artists, and poets, and continues to inspire the popular imagination.[8][9][10][11] In the past, lions and tigers reportedly competed in the wilderness,[12][13] where their ranges overlapped in Eurasia.[3][14] The most common reported circumstance of their meeting is in captivity,[15] either deliberately[9][16] or accidentally.[12][17]

Temperament[edit]

Both the lion and the tiger have fearsome reputations in their native areas in relation to prey, sympatric predators, and people. Both may prey on humans, though rates of man-eating tend to be higher for the tiger.[6][18] General differences in behaviour:

  • The lion is usually a highly social animal while the tiger is solitary. It is agreed that the tiger is faster, smarter and more ferocious, and that keepers of captive tigers must constantly fear sudden attack.[19]
  • Lions may roam in prides of up to 30 individuals headed by a mature male or group of related males, until an incumbent male is killed or driven away by a new male leader. The majority of single roaming lions tend to be males preparing for maturation and assimilation with a new or existing pride. While male lions are generally larger and stronger than female lions, it is the close-knit female pride alliance that typically hunts and provides for the pride. By contrast, tigers are often solitary,[19] though they do socialize.[4] During a mating tryst, a tiger and tigress are hostile to other creatures, with the same applying to lions.[20]

More specifically, however, the Asiatic lion has similarities and differences with both its African relative and the tiger. For example, Asiatic lions are social like their African relatives, and females may be promiscuous.[21] However, the structures of the prides of African and Asiatic lions vary,[22] with male Asiatic lions usually associating with females during times of mating,[23][24] similar to tigers,[4][20] and whereas Asiatic lionesses and tigresses may practice promiscuity to defend their cubs, African lionesses are believed not to do it for that purpose.[25]

History in captivity[edit]

Main articles: Lion-baiting and Tiger-baiting
A Mughal painting of a Dervish with a lion and tiger

In the circuses of Ancient Rome, exotic beasts were commonly pitted against each other,[16] including Barbary lions[4][26][27] and tigers.[28] A mosaic in the House of the Faun in Pompeii shows a fight between a lion and a tiger.[29] There are different accounts of which of these animals won victory. Although lions and tigers can be kept together in harmony in captivity,[30] fatal conflicts have also been recorded.[9][31][32][33]

Coexistence in the Eurasian wilderness[edit]

Currently, India is the only country confirmed to have both wild lions and tigers.[4][34][35] Though they do not share the same territory, they did in the past,[12][36][20][37] and there is a project mentioned below that could lead to their meeting in the wild.[38][39][40]

Before the end of the 20th Century, lions[41][42] and tigers[43][44] had also occurred in other Asian[2] or Eurasian nations, including Iran.[4][14][35][20] As such, there is a word for 'Lion',[3][4][14][42] which can also mean 'Tiger',[20][45] and is used in Iran, South Asia and other areas, that is 'Sher' or 'Shir' (Persian: شیر),[46] and its significance is discussed below. The lion is also of cultural importance in the Far East,[47][48] including the land[49][50] of the Indochinese tiger,[43] but according to authors such as Reginald Innes Pocock (1939)[20] and Nowell and Jackson (1996),[4] the lion did not naturally occur there.

According to Colin Tudge (2011), given that both cats hunt large herbivores, it is likely that they had been in competition in Asia. Despite their social nature, lions might have competed with tigers on an individual basis, as they would with each other.[2]

Apart from the possibility of competition, there are legends of Asiatic lions and tigers breeding to produce hybrid offspring, which would be ligers or tigons.[51][52][53][54][55] From the fossil record, besides genetics,[4][44][56] it would appear that the modern lion and tiger were present in Eurasia since the Pleistocene, when now-extinct relatives also existed there.[3][41][43] Additionally, in the days before Indian Independence, the Maharaja of Gwalior introduced African lions into his area, which is a habitat for Bengal tigers.[57]

Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger[edit]

Further information: Wildlife of India, Wildlife of Pakistan, and Wildlife of the Indian Subcontinent
An Asiatic lion in Gir Forest, Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests' ecoregion, India
T-12 the Bengal tiger in Ranthambore National Park, Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests' ecoregion, India

In India, or in the extended modern sense, the Subcontinent,[58] Asiatic lions[41][42][59] and Bengal tigers[43][60][61] coexisted in a number of places,[3][4][12][36][35][20][37] before the end of the 20th century.[62] Amongst the places where they coexisted, or were reported to have been at least, are the area of Gwalior in the center,[63] that of Mount Abu in the north,[64] and that of Bahawalpur in what is now Pakistan.[4][59] Kailash Sankhala (1978) said that the habitat and prey of the Indian lion was not like those of an African savannah, but like habitats of the Indian tiger to an extent, including the dry, deciduous Aravali part of Sariska Tiger Reserve in the State of Rajasthan, and that it was a difficult place for predators to hunt as groups.[65]

Today, lions are found in Gir Forest National Park and surrounding areas in the region of Saurashtra,[66] State of Gujarat,[42][67][68] and tigers are found in other places, like Sariska Tiger Reserve[65] and Ranthambore National Park[40] in neighboring Rajasthan, the neighboring states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, and the Bengali Sunderbans.[68][69] Gir, Sariska and Ranthambore are in the same ecoregion, that of Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests.[60][61] Though the Bengal tiger is reportedly extinct in northern and southeastern Gujarat, the nearest population of tigers to Kathiawar Peninsula is in the border-area of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.[4][37][44][60] It is located across the Gulf of Khambhat from Kathiawar Peninsula,[68] and includes the Dangs' Forest[70][71][72] and Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary.[73] Either big cat can be called 'Sher' (Hindi: शेर) and have a fearsome reputation in the Subcontinent,[4][20][42][45] and emigrate from its protected habitat.[38]

The possibility of conflict, between lions and tigers, had been raised in relation to India's Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project, which was meant to introduce the Gir Forest's lions to another reserve which is considered to be within the former range of the Indian lion, that is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh,[39] before December 2017.[74][75] Kuno was reported to contain some tigers that came from Ranthambore Park, including one called 'T-38'.[12][40] Concerns were raised that the co-presence of lions and tigers would "trigger frequent clashes."[76] The University of Minnesota's Lion Research Project describes one reason to delay the introduction of lions to Kuno Palpur, is the fear that tigers living there would kill the incoming lions. In a one-on-one encounter, it is believed that a Bengal tiger could beat an Indian lion, given its weight advantage.[12][38] Despite the fact that the habitats of Indian lions and tigers are similar means that they both live in conditions that favor solitary hunters of prey,[65] these lions are social like their African relatives,[22] and may form fighting groups, whereas tigers are usually solitary, and it is believed that a group of lions (2 – 3 males) or lionesses (2 – 4 females) is more than a match for a single tiger or tigress (see § Temperament). Therefore it would appear that in order for Asiatic lions to survive in an area with Bengal tigers, the lions would have to be translocated there as intact groups rather than as individuals.[12]

Reginald Innes Pocock (1939) mentioned that some people had the opinion that the tiger played a role in the near-extinction of the Indian lion, but he dismissed this view as 'fanciful'. According to him, there was evidence that tigers inhabited the Subcontinent, before lions. The tigers likely entered Northern India from the eastern end of the Himalayas, through Burma, and started spreading throughout the area, before the lions likely entered Northern India from Balochistan or Persia, and spread to places like the Bengal and the Nerbudda River. Because of that, before the presence of man could limit the spread of lions, tigers reached parts of India that lions did not reach. However, the presence of tigers throughout India did not stop the spread of lions there, in the first place, so Pocock said that it is unlikely that Bengal tigers played a role, significant or subordinate, in the near-extinction of the Indian lion, rather, that man was responsible for it,[20] as was the case with the decline in tigers' numbers.[3][4][43][20][37] As such, Pocock thought that it was unlikely that serious competition between them regularly occurred, and that even if Indian lions and tigers met, the chance that they would fight for survival was as good as the chance that they would choose to avoid each other, and that their chances of success, if they were to clash, were as good as each other's.[20]

Asiatic lion and Caspian tiger[edit]

Further information: Caspian Sea, List of mammals of Georgia (country), Wildlife of Afghanistan, Wildlife of Armenia, Wildlife of Azerbaijan, Wildlife of Iran, Wildlife of Iraq, Wildlife of Syria, and Wildlife of Turkey
Men with a restrained lion in Iran. This photograph was taken by Antoin Sevruguin, ca. 1880.[77]
A Caspian tiger killed in northern Iran, early 1940's

Before the start of the 21st century, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria,[78] Turkey, and former members of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, such as Azerbaijan,[3][4] were reported to have had Asiatic lions[35][42] and Caspian tigers.[4][44][79][80] Besides Asia, lions and tigers had occurred in Europe, in the region of the Black Sea, with tigers occurring in Ciscaucasia, and lions occurring in the Balkans,[81] up to Thrace and Macedonia, and possibly the Danube River,[3][4][20] at least.[82]

Velikiy Kniaz Vladimir II Monomakh of Kievan Rus',[83] in his work, "Poucheniya Detyam" (1117), said that while he ruled Turov (in what is now Belarus)[84] and Chernigov (in what is now the Ukraine),[85] he was on a hunt when he was attacked by a lyuti zver (Russian: лютый зверь, Old Russian for "fierce animal"). The zver sprang towards his thighs, and hurt him and his horse. Traditionally, the zver was considered to be a wolf or lynx, but, according to Heptner and Sludskii (1972), neither would spring at a rider or injure a horse, so it was more likely to be a big cat, with some people thinking that it could have been a leopard, or that it was more likely to be a tiger than a lion. The occurrence of the lion at the southern Russian Steppes, or the area of the mouth of the Don River, is disputed, whereas tigers likely occurred in the Russian Steppes or at the estuary of the Don River.[3]

In Afghanistan, it is possible that lions occurred at least in the southwest and southern parts. Tigers bred at the upper reaches of the Hari Rud or Tedzhen Darya at Herat.[3][20] Tigers were found at a tributary of the Amu Darya called the "Pyandzh River," from where they could invade another place (like Persian tigers that invaded what was the Soviet Union), and the Geri, Kunduz and Murghab Rivers. Intrusions from the Soviet Union were reported in the 1960s.[3] The last known sighting of a tiger was in the Babatag Range, which is on the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan, in 1998.[86]

In ancient times, the Persian lion lived throughout much of its namesake home, including in northern regions near the Transcaucasian and Turkestani parts of the Soviet Union, which is why Heptner and Sludskii could not deny that they had been in the Turkestani region also. Many years ago, in the north, lions had been in the area of Tehran, and the Persian upland. Around the year 900, they were encountered in the south, although not frequently. However, in the 1870s, they occurred in western region, in the southwestern part of the Zagros Mountains, near Mesopotamia, and in forested areas which were south and southeast of Shiraz. Persian tigers also occurred in regions close to the Soviet Union, including the northwestern region, enough for them to invade the Trans-Caucasus and Turkestan, including those of the Atrek Basin and Gorgan.[3]

The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers flow from Turkey to Iraq, through the Syrian region.[87] Lions were seen along the upper reaches of the Euphrates (Biledzhik, 1877; Alston and Danford, 1880) in the 1870s, before disappearing there by the end of the 19th Century, though they otherwise survived in that period, in Mesopotamia and the Arabian peninsula. In the 1850s, lions also occurred in the upper courses of the Tigris, near Mosul in the north. In the 1860s, there were many lions in reed marshes, along the banks of the two rives, though mostly in their lower reaches (Blanford, 1876).[3] Two lions in the region of Mosul were reported for the last time in 1914, and the last lion in Iraq was slaughtered on the lower Tigris in 1918.[4][59][88] Mazandaran tigers also occurred in Iraq,[89] on the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris. In 1887, a tiger was killed near Mosul (Kock, 1990).[79][4]

In the Syrian region, before the end of the 19th Century, the lion occurred from what is now the country of Syria[78] in the north, to the area of Palestine in the south. In particular, lions had been present in the area of Aleppo, even as late as 1891 (Kinnear, 1920).[3][4] Up to the 1970s, the tiger had been reported in the area of Hatay, which includes Amuq Valley, and had been transferred from Syria to Turkey, during the Second World War.[78] Turkish tigers were also reported from the Plain of Selçuk in the western region,[90][91] to sparse forests and riverine corridors in the eastern region, which borders Iraq and Syria.[80] In February 1970, a tiger was reportedly killed near Uludere in Şırnak Province, Hakkari Region.[4][79] Anatolian lions had been in parts of the eastern region, apparently up to the 19th Century. Before that, the lion had been throughout Asia Minor, excepting the region of the Pontic Mountains in the north.[3]

In what was to be the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in the Soviet Union in 1922,[92] in the northern part of its range there, bypassing the eastern part of the Caucasus, the lion occurred in an area which extended unevenly from foot-hills and the Araks River near Yerevan (in what is now Armenia)[93] in the east, almost to Tbilisi (in what is now Georgia)[94] in the west, from Absheron Peninsula (in what is now Azerbaijan)[95] in the south, to the Samur River (in the region of what is now the border between Azerbaijan and Dagestan in Russia)[3][96] in the north. This place includes what are now the Lagodekhi Protected Areas[97] in the Caucasus mixed forests' ecoregion.[98] Lions were hunted by local hunters called 'shirvans' or 'shirvanshakhs', and became extinct by the end of the 10th century. The Hyrcanian tiger was found in the areas of Tbilisi and Baku in Apsheron Peninsula (which has a wildlife sanctuary[99][100] in the Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests' ecoregion),[101] and was reported to have intruded territories, like those of Baku and Tbilisi, from other places, like that of the Talysh Mountains and Lankaran Lowland in what is now Azerbaijan.[3][80][95] The Trans-Caucasus is home to a tugay type of forest, and lions and tigers would have hunted prey like deer here.[3]

For what used to be the Turkestani region of the Soviet Union, which now comprises the countries Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan,[102][103] Heptner and Sludskii could not exclude the possibility of lions occurring in the southern part of the area, which is close to Iran, and along the upper Amu Darya, which has a tributary called "Sherabad Darya," which touches a town called 'Shirabad'. Doctor A. B. Meyer, in his book, The Antiquity of the Lion in Greece, said that the lion did indeed occur in the region of Khaurism, between Afghanistan and the Caspian Sea.[59] This was based on Abbott's 1834 book, A Narrative of a journey from Heraut to Khiva, Moscow and St. Petersburgh, which said that the predators of Khaurism included both the lion and tiger.[104] In the southwestern part of Turkestan, tigers occurred in the area of the Kopet Dag, along the Atrek River to the Caspian Sea, and the river's tributaries, the Chandyr and Sumbar Rivers, including the area of Tedzhen, often as intruders from Iran. They also occurred in the regions of the Amu and Syr Daryas, and others, in a vast area extending to the region of Western Siberia or Lake Baikal in the east, where the Amur tiger also reportedly occurred. Two tigers that were captured in southwestern Tajikistan harbored tapeworms (Taenia bubesei) which were also recovered from the lion, according to Chernyshev (1953).[3]

Cave lion and tiger[edit]

An illustration of a Eurasian cave lion with a hunted reindeer, by Heinrich Harder

In prehistoric times, before the 10th millennium BC,[41] the Upper Pleistocene Eurasian cave lion[105][106] had occurred throughout much of Eurasia, including the Caucasus, what is now Siberia in Russia, and what used to be Beringia. Judging from cave paintings, such as those of Chauvet, cave lions were social, having formed hunting groups like their modern relatives. Their great distribution may have enabled them to influence the distributions of sympatric carnivores like the tiger, through direct or indirect competition. In fact, during the early Pleistocene, tigers, including the prehistoric Wanhsien tiger,[107][108] appear to have been confined to the Far East, from Siberia in the north to the Sunda Islands in the south. It was during the late Pleistocene or Holocene, around when the cave lion became rare or extinct,[41][109] that the tiger spread westwards to places like the Caucasus and the Indian Subcontinent.[3][43][44][56][110]

Observed fights[edit]

In addition to historical recordings, clashes between lions and tigers were reported or even caught on camera,[62] in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was not always clear which species regularly beat the other, according to Doctor Packer (2015).[12][13]

In captivity[edit]

  • Roman Emperor Titus had Bengal tigers compelled to fight African lions, and the tigers always beat the lions.[111]
  • In July 1808, Sylvanus Urban said that Mr Bolton had a friend who claimed to have seen a fight between the lion and tiger at a circus in Verona. Though the tiger had attacked first, it yielded to the stronger lion.[112]
  • In 1830, a tiger attacked a lion at a menagerie in Turin, Rome. Despite having attacked first, the lion got it on its back, and used its jaws to hold the tiger's throat. The tiger died after that.[113]
  • Clark (1838) said that a British officer, who resided many years at Sierra Leone, saw many fights between lions and tigers, and that the tiger 'universally' won.[36][a]
  • In 1857, an 18-month-old tiger at the Bromwich Zoo broke into the cage of an adult lion. The pair fought, and the young tiger ripped the lion's stomach. The lion died minutes later.[114]
  • According to Porter (1894), a tiger called 'Gunga', which belonged to the King of Oude, killed thirty lions, and destroyed another after being transferred to the zoological garden in London.[6]
  • According to the Gettysburg Compiler and The Baltimore Sun (1899), towards the end of the 19th century in India, the Gaekwad of Baroda, that is Sayajirao III,[115][116] arranged a fight in an amphitheater, between a Barbary lion called 'Atlas', from the Atlas Mountains between Algeria and Morocco, and a man-eating Bengal tiger from the Indian region of Shimla, both large and hungry (with their diets reduced before the fight), before an audience of thousands, instead of between an Indian lion and the tiger, as Indian lions were believed to be no match for Bengal tigers.[b] The tiger was more than 10 feet (3.0 metres) long, over 4 feet (120 centimetres) feet at the shoulder, had strong shoulders and long teeth and claws, and was agile. The lion looked taller at the head than the tiger, and had a large mane, legs and paws. The tiger was seen as "the personification of graceful strength and supple energy," whereas the lion was seen as the "embodiment of massive power and adamantine muscle".[33] In the fight, both cats sustained injuries, and although the tiger sometimes retreated from Atlas, it would come back to fight it, and in the end, managed to scratch Atlas to death, though Atlas pushed it off in one final move, before dying. The Gaekwad agreed to pay 37,000 rupees, accepted that the tiger was the "King of the Cat Family," decreed that Atlas' body be given a Royal burial, and that the tiger should have a "cage of honour" in the menagerie of Baroda, and decided to prepare the tiger for a battle with a Sierran grizzly bear weighing more than 1,500 lb (680 kilograms). The battle was to happen after the tiger recovered from its wounds.[9][33]
  • At the Coney Island animal show in 1909, a performing lion attacked a chained tiger by leaping through the air, landing on the tiger's back. Though hampered by the heavy neck chain fastened to the iron bars of the arena, the tiger was more than a match for the lion and mangled it to death.[117]
  • In May 1914, at New York's Bronx Zoo, the barrier between the cages of Rajah, an 8-year-old Bengal tiger, and Huerte, a Nubian lion which was 2[118][119] or 3 years old, and had been sick for some time, got opened in an "unaccountable manner." For the first few minutes, the more agile Huerte appeared to be winning, but when it aimed for its injured opponent's neck, about an hour into the fight, Rajah aimed for its nape. Not only did Rajah manage to bite Huerte's nape, but it also broke Huerte's back, thus slaughtering it.[120][121]
  • In 1934, a fully grown African lion killed a mature Bengal tiger a short time after these circus animals were unloaded from the train, before trainers could separate them.[17]
  • Bert Nelson (1938) said that in Chicago, when 20 lions and tigers were mixed together for an act at a circus, a fight occurred, lasting for about 10 minutes. No fatalities were mentioned, but Nelson said that order was 'restored' when tigers used escape doors to flee.[122]
  • At South Perth Zoo, 1949, in a three-minute fight between a lion and a tiger, the lion killed the tiger. The fight occurred when the tiger put his head through a connecting slide. The lion caught the tiger by the throat, and, dragging it through the opening, killed it before the keepers arrived.[123]
  • By 21 February 1951, Beatty had seen 50 tigers killed by lions throughout his career.[124][125]
  • In September 1951, at a corporation zoo in Madras, India, an eighteen-year-old tiger called 'Vikram' entered the cage of a seven-year-old lion called 'Leo', and got into a fight with it. Badly mauled, including in the femur, Vikram retreated into its cage, and despite receiving medical attention, died.[126]
  • An Indian Prince organised a filmed fight in a deep pit in the compound of his palace. The lion had killed the tiger, according to Kailash Sankhala (1978).[65][17][31][65][123]
  • In March 2011, a Bengal tiger at the Ankara Zoo passed through a gap, between its cage and that of a lion, and killed it with a single paw swipe.[127] "The tiger severed the lion's jugular vein in a single stroke with its paw, leaving the animal dying in a pool of blood," officials said.

In the wilderness[edit]

  • It appears from the 15th-century book Anvâr-i Suhaylî (Persian: اَنوارِ سُهيلى, "Lights of the Canopus")[128] that the lion and tiger competed for dominance in the region of the Tigris River, that is Mesopotamia.[3][4]
  • Herne (1855) mentioned that in the Indian jungle between the village of Elaw, city of Baroche, and Gulf of Cambay, north of the city of Surat and its Ghauts, about 6.0 or 7.0 mi (9.7 or 11.3 km) from the village, he and his party, which included locals, heard a tiger's roar. Pursuing it, they caught a glimpse of it, but by that time, the tiger had attacked a local. It disappeared with the victim, and after pursuing it for about 50.0 yd (150.0 ft), they heard the roar of lion, and besides it, sounds which suggested that it was in a struggle with the tiger, such as growls. The party not only managed to see the lion and tiger rolling about in their battle, after going through bushes, but also the man who fell victim to the tiger. The author termed both the lion and tiger as "tyrants of the forest," given that they would attack weaker creatures. The tiger was about the same size as the lion, but more agile. As for the lion, it used greater strength, and its mane, which was somewhat deeper than those of its bigger African cousins, could protect its head from the tiger's claws, though not other parts of its body, such as the back. They were as determined and brave as each other, but the lion endured. It caught the tiger's throat, turned it on its back, and killed it by clawing its abdomen open. The lion was thus hailed as the "King of Beasts." Otherwise, the fight had been harsh for both beasts, to the extent that the author felt that it would avenge their victims.[129]
  • The Sun (New York) reported that in a depopulated Indian village at the bank of a creek connected to the Cauvery River, about 30.0 mi (48.3 km) north-west of Bangalore, a hunter injured by a venomous creature saw a tiger on his left-hand side, and a lion on his right-hand side. The tiger was a "rousing big fellow, who had seen 15 years of his life," and had muscular limbs. The male lion was "medium-sized." Both of them stalked him, but they did not notice each other at first as they were separated by a wall that was about 4.0 ft (120 cm) tall, and their focus was on the witness. When they got closer to him, the tiger scented the lion, and behaved like an angry cat, which included making a noise that startled the latter. The lion showed its teeth in response, and after reaching the end of the wall, roared at its foe. After the lion's head showed around the wall, the crouching tiger pounced on it, and rolled over with it. As they fought, which involved making bites or scratches, they growled in a way that turned the hunter's hair gray, in his own words. Tigers often kill victims by biting their throats, and keeping their hold on them for as long as necessary,[130] but that was not the case with this struggle. Despite different descriptions of their sizes by the narrator, and that the tiger was more agile than the lion, the tiger's neck was vulnerable to a bite by the lion, and for reasons like these, it was difficult for either cat to defeat the other, overall. After they temporarily retreated from each other, the hunter could see that they were both injured. Still, they were determined to destroy each other. The lion and tiger respectively roared and snarled. The narrator suspected that their hatred for each other may have been because both had been hunting him at the same time, therefore, their respective presences interfered with each other's hunt for him. The tiger pounced on the lion's back, rolling over or falling with it again, and struggling to its feet like it. The lion seemed helpless as the tiger held onto its fore shoulder, before making a move in which it managed to catch the tiger's neck. Now, the tiger seemed helpless, before making a move to use its hind claws to force the lion to release its hold on it. Though the tiger was the aggressor this time, their struggle became more like that of dogs unable to beat each other. They bled from nose to tail as they moved away from the witness, towards the creek. They fell into the water, which was about 2.0 ft (61 cm) deep, and this stopped the fight. They retreated from each other, limping into the forest.[c]
  • Rivalry between the Asiatic lion and "Siberian tiger"[d] is mentioned in Hamilton M. Wright's work, in The San Francisco Call (1911).[135]

Physical comparison[edit]

File:...
Comparative profiles of the lion and tiger (assuming similar sizes)[34]
See also: List of largest carnivorans, List of largest land carnivorans, Megafauna, and Physical comparison of tigers and lions

Generally, in terms of dimensions of the body and weight, the modern tiger[43] and lion[41] are the two largest species of the genus Panthera and the cat family. Variations in opinions and measurements exist for them, especially across different populations or subspecies.[34][20] Apart from that, similarities and differences exist for other characteristics, such as the lengths of their skulls.[3] As for their prehistoric relatives, such as the Ngandong tiger[7] and American lion,[138][139] they were considered to have been rather large, but measurements, estimates or opinions for their weights or sizes differ.

Weight[edit]

The tiger is normally viewed as being bigger than the lion.[3][43] However, there are firstly conflicting or different opinions or measurements on the weights or sizes of different populations or subspecies[12] lions and tigers,[7][140] such as whether or not:

It is hard to obtain reliable measurements for wild specimens,[22] and as a consequence, it is not always clear which populations or subspecies of tigers were bigger than those of lions, or vice versa.[12][43][34] In addition, putting together the recorded weights of different populations or subspecies of lions and tigers, it appears that on average in the wilderness, the tiger is not heavier than the lion. Therefore, if the former species is heavier than the latter species, then it would be due to the weights of individuals being higher in the former than in the latter.[7][152]

Vratislav Mazák (1981) said that the Bengal, Caspian and Siberian tigers ranked as the biggest felids in modern times,[43] therefore the largest of the genus Panthera.[153] The Caspian tiger was considered by Humphreys and Karhom (1999) to have been generally larger than its Indian relative, and almost like its Siberian relative, based on an analysis of skins and photographs.[14] The Siberian tiger was thought of as being the largest tiger[18][154] and felid in present times,[4][43][153] and Heptner and Sludskii mentioned recorded weights of up to 400 kilograms (880 lb) (Baikov, 1927). However, they also mentioned the possibility of exaggeration in these figures,[3] and not all measurements suggest that Caspian or Siberian tigers are the biggest tigers and felids, such as those on average weights of wild Bengal and Siberian tigers,[142][143][155] and Southern African lions in Kruger National Park, South Africa,[4][140][156] though it should be noted that even within recognized subspecies of lions[156][157] and tigers,[142] there can be significant differences in average weight, depending on the population or subpopulation. In addition, according to a number of other sources,[51][52][53][54][55] ligers can weigh well over 300 kg (660 pounds), and outsize tigers.

Males
! Lion Tiger
File:...
A couple of East African lions in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
File:...
A couple of captive Bengal tigers
Barring the Atlas lion and 'black-maned' Cape lion,[158][159][160] male African lions weighed[3][41] 150–226 or 249.5 kg (331–498 or 550 pounds), with some having exceeded 249.5 kg (550 lb) in the wilderness:[140][156][161]
  • The average weight of males was reportedly 175 kilograms (385.8 lb) for the Gir lion, 174.9 kilograms (385.6 lb) for the East African lion, and 187.5–193.3 kilograms (413.4–426.2 lb) for the Southern African lion (using samples from the Kalahari, Kruger Park and Zimbabwe). The weight of 187.5 kilograms (413.4 lb) measured for the Kruger lion excluded any content in the stomach,[156] and a lion may eat up to 30 kg (66 lb) in one sitting.[151] The biggest Kruger lion weighed 225 kilograms (496.0 lb).[162] Aside from lions in the Kalahari, Kruger Park and Zimbabwe, those in Botswana's Okavango Delta (whose unusual lifestyle involves hunting large prey[157] such as elephants),[163] Angola and Zambia were deemed to be large.[164] That said, on average in the wilderness, the Southern African lion appears to be the heaviest of living lions.[156][110]
  • Cape lions were considered to have been bigger than Sudan lions,[165] other Sub-Saharan African lions,[33][158] and Asiatic lions.[166] Lions approaching 272 kg (600 pounds) in weight were reportedly shot south of the Vaal River (Pease, 1913, page 91).[144]

Many people[6] considered the North African lion to have been the largest, most powerful lion and African felid.[33][26][27] It is difficult to know their exact weights, but Yamaguchi and Haddane (2002), using a small sample size available for study, estimated a range of 230–270 kg (510–600 pounds) for males,[27] and Beinglion.com[26] considered their range to be about 181.4–272 kg (400–600 pounds). According to some people, lions exceeding 272 kg (600 pounds) in weight were killed in Algeria (Pease, 1913, pages 91 – 92;[144] Bryden, 1899, pages 567 – 568).[167] Atlas was described by Gettysburg Compiler (1899) as being "much superior to the black-maned lions of South Africa in bulk and bravery."[33] The exceptional weights of some Barbary lions may have been due to them having fat bellies, at least after consuming prey, or a muscular build, in terms of chest-girth and the thickness of their thighs, for example.[26][33][144] According to Leyhausen (1975), with whom Hemmer visited purported Atlas lions in Morocco's Rabat Zoo in 1974, the North African lion's physique did include a deep chest.[4] However, Bryden (1899, page 567 – 568)[167] believed that on average, Atlas lions were not larger than other lions, barring huge specimens, and not all sources support the notion of Atlas lions being the largest of lions:[41][145][140]

  • The Cape lion's physique, which is seen in certain captive lions today, also reportedly included muscular limbs,[168] and an emasculated lion in Surrey Zoological Gardens, brought from Kaffraria, was described by Jardine (1834) as being "much larger than either the Barbary or Persian lion."[145] In spite of issues with Guinness World Records, at least on lions,[34][141] in 1936, a Transvaal lion, which was shot outside Hectorspruit in South Africa, and weighed 313 kg (690 lb), was accepted by Guinness[140][154] and Brakefield (1993)[18] to have been the heaviest lion in the African wilderness, if not the biggest in terms of dimensions of the body.
  • A number of large lions were reported in East Africa, including Kenya, the Sudan[h] and Uganda.[164] The University Press of Africa had a report in 1963 about two Tanzanian lions weighing 700 lb (320 kg) and 800 lb (360 kg) respectively, after killing several livestock at the village of Issuna.[172] A male slaughtered near Mount Kenya in 1993 weighed 272 kg (600 pounds), according to Nowell and Jackson (1996).[4] Though Haas et al. quoted Antón and Tuner as saying that Southern African lions were on average heavier than East African lions,[110] this was the highest weight for lions that they had mentioned, being even higher than the record of 225 kg (496 pounds) for the Kruger lion in Southern Africa.[162]

As for captive African lions, there are accounts about some in the United States of America weighing 1,000 lb (450 kg).[173][174]

Male Indian lions in the Gir Forest weighed 160–190 kg (350–420 pounds) (Nowell and Jackson, 1996).[41] There are accounts of exceptionally big Asiatic lions in both Gujarat[147][148] and former parts of their once-great range,[4][151] such as an "unusually large" Persian individual that was melanistic, and was killed in Khuzistan in 1841,[59] though the genuinity of there being a melanistic lion in the wilderness was questioned by Sudipta Mitra (2005).[175]

The average weight of males was reportedly 176.4 kilograms (388.9 lb) for the Siberian tiger, and 196 kilograms (432.1 lb) for the Bengal tiger.[142][143] The weight of 221 kilograms (487 lb) measured for the Bengal tiger in Chitwan National Park, Nepal, excluded any content in the stomach.[155] That said, on average in the wilderness, the Bengal tiger appears to be the heaviest of living tigers,[143] though it should be noted that tigers in Bengali Sundarbans can be much smaller than other Bengal tigers. The calculated average for male Sundarbans tigers was only 126 kilograms (278 lb). These tigers were deemed to have been 'frail', and without them, the average for the Bengal tiger would have been calculated as 208 kilograms (459 lb).[142]

  • Mazák said that male Bengal tigers weighed 180–258 kg (397–569 pounds).[43] The heaviest wild tiger on record was a northern Indian individual, which was slain by David Hassinger in 1967, and weighed 388.7 kg (857 lb) after eating a buffalo calf, without which it would have likely weighed at least 324 kilograms (714 lb).[140][176] This record was disputed by Brakefield (1993)[18] and Nyhus and Tilson (2010).[7]
  • According to Brakefield,[18] the Caspian tiger was similar in size to its Bengal relative. Males weighed 170–240 kg (370–530 pounds), according to Mazák,[43] and the maximum known weight was greater than 240 kg (530 pounds), according to Heptner and Sludskii. A tiger which was killed in Prishibinske at the end of February 1899, and had a body length of about 2.70 metres (8.9 feet) (skin just removed), was described by K. A. Satunin (1905) as being "a tiger of immense proportions," appearing to him to have been "no smaller than the common Tuzemna horse."[3]
  • Amur tigers weighed 180–306 kg (397–675 pounds). The largest individual in the wilderness was a Manchurian tiger which was killed in 1943, and was believed by Jankovskij not to weigh less than about 300 kg (660 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[43] An unconfirmed report tells of a male tiger which was shot in the Sikhote-Alin Mountain Range in 1950, and weighed 384 kg (847 lb).[140] In the past, wild Siberian tigers had been bigger and lived longer, according to Hepter and Sludskii.[3] The largest captive tiger, which was named 'Jaipur', weighed 465 kg (1,025 lb).[140][54]
  • Male Indochinese tigers weighed 150–195 kg (331–430 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[43] The largest wild individual was possibly a man-eater from the vicinity of Saigon, which was shot in 1934 by an American sportsman called "Henry Clay Foster," with the aid of Albert Plas, and weighed 500 lb (230 kilograms).[177]
  • Male Sumatran tigers weighed 100–140 kg (220–310 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[43] In 1999, it was reported that there was a captive male at the National Zoological Park in Washington D.C. called 'Rokan', which weighed 338 lb (153 kg).[178]
  • Male South Chinese tigers weighed 130–175 kg (287–386 pounds), Javan tigers weighed 100–141 kg (220–311 pounds), and Bali tigers weighed 90–100 kg (200–220 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[43]
Females
Lion Tiger
File:...
A Southern African lioness with a cub near Otjiwarongo, Namibia
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A Siberian tigress with a cub
  • African lionesses weighed 120–182 kg (265–401 pounds) (Nowak and Paradiso, 1983), and Gir lionesses weighed 110–120 kg (240–260 pounds) (Nowell and Jackson, 1996).[41]
  • As for Barbary lionesses, Yamaguchi and Haddane (2002), using a small sample size available for study, estimated a range of 140–190 kg (310–420 pounds),[27] and Beinglion.com estimated a range of 90.7–181.4 kg (200–400 pounds).[26]
  • Bengal tigresses[155] weighed 100–177 kg (220–390 pounds). The upper limit of 177 kilograms (390 lb) was for a tigress in India's Nagarhole National Park (Karanth, 1993).[142]
  • Siberian tigresses weighed 100–167 kg (220–368 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[43] Notwithstanding issues with measurements, a tigress which was killed in December 1927, near Madaoshi Station on the Chinese Eastern Railway, weighed 200 kg (440 pounds), according to Baikov (1928).[3]
  • Caspian tigresses weighed 85–135 kg (187–298 pounds), Indochinese tigresses weighed 100–130 kg (220–290 pounds), South Chinese tigresses weighed 100–115 kg (220–254 pounds), Javan tigresses weighed 75–115 kg (165–254 pounds), Sumatran tigresses weighed 75–110 kg (165–243 pounds), and Bali tigresses weighed 65–80 kg (143–176 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[43]

Length[edit]

Males
Lion Tiger
File:...
Colonel Patterson with the mounted body of one of the two man-eating East African lions of Tsavo in Kenya, 1898
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Jim Corbett with the body of a huge Bengal tiger from Powalgarh in India, 1930
  • Male African lions measured 1.70–2.50 metres (5.6–8.2 feet) (Nowak and Paradiso, 1983).[41] Mitra gave head-and-body lengths of 2.60–3.30 metres (8.5–10.8 feet), with tail-lengths of 0.60–1.00 m (1.97–3.28 ft).[175]
  • The longest African lion in the wilderness apparently was a Southern African lion that was shot near Mucusso in Angola, during October 1973, and measured 338.28 cm (11.098 ft) between the pegs,[164] and nearly 360 cm (11.8 ft), in total. Though Brakefield agreed with Guinness[140][154] on the weight of the Transvaal lion, they did not agree about the Angolan lion being this long,[18] and according to Peter Hathaway Capstick (1984), the length between the pegs was not independently verifiable.[164] Two lions killed by F. C. Selous in Mashonaland respectively measured 9 ft 11 in (302 centimetres) and 9 ft 1 in (277 centimetres), at extreme length in a straight line, before skinning, and 11 ft 9 in (358 centimetres) and 11 ft (340 centimetres), after skinning.[167]
  • Apart from that, an East African lion in Kenya was reported to have measured 3.33 m (10.9 ft).[179]
  • For two Gir lions, Colonel Fenton and Count Scheibler gave head-and-body measurements of 6 ft 6 in (198 cm) each, with tail-lengths of 2 ft 11 in (89 cm) and 2 ft 7 in (79 cm), and total lengths of 9 ft 5 in (287 cm) and 9 ft 3 in (282 cm), respectively, making them similar to Central African lions, according to Pocock.[20] Mitra gave head-and-body lengths of 1.75–2.50 metres (5.7–8.2 feet), with tail-lengths of 0.70–1.50 m (2.3–4.9 ft).[175] A record for the length of the Indian lion, including the tail, was 2.92 m (9.6 ft) (Sinha, 1987).[4]
  • Between the pegs, male Amur tigers measured 2.70–3.30 metres (8.9–10.8 feet) (Mazák, 1981), and the largest one reportedly measured about 350 cm (140 in) "over the curves," or 330 cm (130 in) "between the pegs."[43][141]
  • Bengal tigers measured 2.70–3.10 metres (8.9–10.2 feet) (Mazák, 1981), and the 388.7-kilogram tiger reportedly measured 322 cm (127 in) between the pegs, and 338 cm (133 in) over the curves.[140] Though Brakefield acknowledged the latter tiger's weight, he did not acknowledge its length to be reliable.[18]
  • Caspian tigers measured 2.70–2.95 metres (8.9–9.7 feet), Indochinese tigers measured 2.55–2.85 metres (8.4–9.4 feet), South Chinese tigers measured 2.30–2.65 metres (7.5–8.7 feet), Sumatran tigers measured 2.20–2.55 metres (7.2–8.4 feet), Javan tigers measured about 2.48 m (8.1 ft), and Bali tigers measured 2.20–2.30 metres (7.2–7.5 feet) (Mazák, 1981).[43]
  • There were rather extraordinary measurements for tigers, such as lengths of over 12 ft (370 cm) for 2 Bengal tigers shot in Kumaon and near Oude at the end of the 19th century,[180] a total length of 360 cm (11.8 feet) for the Caspian tiger of Prishibinske, and a total length of slightly under 420 cm (13.8 feet) for a large Siberian tiger (Mazák and Volf, 1967, from Barclay, 1915), but there were issues, like that skin had been removed.[3] Skin that is removed from flesh can be stretched to give exaggerated measurements (as demonstrated for the lions in the other column).[167] Apart from that, the Indochinese tiger that was killed by Foster was said to have measured 11.5 ft (350 centimetres).[177]
Females
Lion Tiger
  • African lionesses measured 1.40–1.75 metres (4.6–5.7 feet) (Nowak and Paradiso, 1983).[41] Mitra gave head-and-body lengths of 2.40–2.70 metres (7.9–8.9 feet), with tail-lengths of 0.60–1.00 m (1.97–3.28 ft).[175]
  • Asiatic lionesses measured 1.40–1.80 metres (4.6–5.9 feet), with tail-lengths of 0.70–1.50 m (2.3–4.9 ft).[175]

Between the pegs, Siberian tigresses measured 2.40–2.75 metres (7.9–9.0 feet), Bengal tigresses measured 2.40–2.65 metres (7.9–8.7 feet), Caspian tigresses measured 2.40–2.60 metres (7.9–8.5 feet), Indochinese tigresses measured 2.30–2.55 metres (7.5–8.4 feet), South Chinese tigresses measured 2.20–2.40 metres (7.2–7.9 feet), Sumatran tigresses measured 2.15–2.30 metres (7.1–7.5 feet), and Balinese tigresses measured 1.90–2.10 metres (6.2–6.9 feet) (Mazák, 1981).[43]

Height at the shoulder[edit]

Lions have proportionately longer forelimbs than tigers. The lion's forelimb had a mean of 90% of the length of its hindlimb, whereas that tiger's forelimb had a mean of 86.5 %.[7] From recorded measurements, it would appear that the Bengal[33] and Manchurian tigers,[140] and lion[175][181][182] are the tallest at the shoulder among living felids, apart from hybrids:[51][52][53][54][55]

Lion Tiger
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A Southern African lion in the Okavango Delta of Botswana. Note that the body is taller at the front, before the head, than at the back, and that the physique of the Okavango lion is related to its lifestyle, which involves walking though water quite often.[157]
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A Bengal tiger with a protruding shoulder at Bandhavgarh National Park, India
  • Male Indian lions measured 107–120 centimetres (3.51–3.94 feet). Females measured 80–107 centimetres (2.62–3.51 feet).[175][180]
  • According to Leyhausen (1975), the Barbary lion had short limbs,[4] and males are believed to have measured 2 feet 7 inches (79 centimetres) to 3 feet 3 inches (99 centimetres), which would have made them 3–11 inches (7.6–27.9 centimetres) shorter than other African lions.[26][144][145]
  • Kalahari lions were taller than lions in mesic habitats, according to Roderigues (1997).[183]
  • Bengal tigers generally measured 90 to 110 centimetres (3.0 to 3.6 feet) (Riney, 1982).[37][141] The Shimlan tiger was said to have measured over 4 feet (120 centimetres).[33]

Skull[edit]

Lions' skulls rival those of tigers in size[43] or length (Pease, 1913, page 101),[144] with the largest known skulls of tigers being slightly smaller than the largest known skulls of lions. Apart from size, the skulls are generally similar, with some differences in structural features of the lower jaw, relative length of the nose,[3] and the frontal regions.[20] In fact, the skulls of lions, especially from Asia, were so similar to those of tigers that Heptner and Sludskii[3] argued the novel opinion that the lion was closer to the tiger than to other animals like the leopard and jaguar.[184]>

Lengths or widths of skulls or their constituent parts
Lion Tiger
  • Skulls of males measured 321.0–401.0 mm (12.64–15.79 in) at maximum, 309.0–348.0 mm (12.17–13.70 in) in condylobasal length, and 222.0–256.0 mm (8.74–10.08 in) in zygomatic width. Skulls of lionesses measured 292.0–333.0 mm (11.50–13.11 in), 263.0–291.0 mm (10.35–11.46 in) in condylobasal length, and 188.0–212.0 mm (7.40–8.35 in) in zygomatic width (Roberts, 1959). The record total length was 419.0 mm (16.50 in) (Best et al., 1962).[3]
  • The mean greatest lengths of skulls were 357.2 ± 1.37 mm (14.063 ± 0.054 in) and 295.2 ± 0.92 mm (11.622 ± 0.036 in) for wild adult males (n = 134) and females (n = 129), and 364.4 ± 6.02 mm (14.346 ± 0.237 in) and 295.2 ± 3.61 mm (11.622 ± 0.142 in) for captive adult males (n = 24) and females (n = 11), giving overall mean lengths of 358.6 ± 1.41 mm (14.118 ± 0.056 in) and 295.5 ± 0.88 mm (11.634 ± 0.035 in) for adult males (n = 168) and females (n = 143), respectively. The means for sub-adult males (n = 33) and females (n = 16) were 329.4 ± 3.23 mm (12.969 ± 0.127 in) and 283.5 ± 3.85 mm (11.161 ± 0.152 in) respectively, helping to give an overall mean of 327.5 ± 1.67 mm (12.894 ± 0.066 in) for the species.[152]
  • Skulls of Atlas lions varied from 30.85–37.23 cm (12.15–14.66 in).[185][186][187]
  • According to Edmund Heller (1914), skulls of Cape lions were at least 1.0 in (25 mm) longer than those of equatorial lions, on average. At the same time however, they tended to be narrower than skulls of Abyssinian, Sudanese and West African lions.[165] The mean greatest lengths of skulls of male and female Kruger lions respectively were 380 ± 3.9 cm (149.6 ± 1.5 in) (n = 15) and 314 ± 3.2 cm (123.6 ± 1.3 in) (n = 14).[7]
  • Skulls of male Asiatic lions measured 330.0–340.0 mm (12.99–13.39 in), and those of Asiatic lionesses measured 292.0–302.0 mm (11.50–11.89 in).[20]
  • The mean greatest lengths of skulls were 335.4 ± 2.26 mm (13.205 ± 0.089 in) and 282.9 ± 1.86 mm (11.138 ± 0.073 in) for wild adult males (n = 81) and females (n = 61), and 325.9 ± 4.83 mm (12.831 ± 0.190 in) and 281.5 ± 3.56 mm (11.083 ± 0.140 in) for captive adult males (n = 17) and females (n = 16), giving overall mean lengths of 333.3 ± 1.99 mm (13.122 ± 0.078 in) and 283.6 ± 1.47 mm (11.165 ± 0.058 in) for adult males (n = 103) and females (n = 90), respectively. The means for sub-adult males (n = 23) and females (n = 9) were 313.3 ± 3.88 mm (12.335 ± 0.153 in) and 275.9 ± 4.29 mm (10.862 ± 0.169 in) respectively, helping to give an overall mean of 309.1 ± 2.12 mm (12.169 ± 0.083 in) for the species.[152]
  • Skulls of male and female Bengal tigers from India and Nepal respectively measured 351 ± 2.5 mm (13.819 ± 0.098 in) (n = 37) and 293 ± 2.4 mm (11.535 ± 0.094 in) (n = 23) at maximum.[7] Towards the end of January in 1927, Sir John Prescott Hewett (Page 180) shot a large tiger in the area of Nagina in northern India. Its skull was measured to have an "over the bone" length of 16.25 in (413 mm), breadth of 9.875 in (250.8 mm) across the zygomatic arches, and 'cleaned' weight of 4 lb 14 oz (2.2 kg).[188]
  • Skulls of male Amur tigers usually measured 331.0–383.0 mm (13.03–15.08 in) at maximum, 291.0–342.0 mm (11.46–13.46 in) in condylobasal length, and 220.0–268.0 mm (8.66–10.55 in) in zygomatic width. Skulls of Amur tigresses measured 279.7–310.2 mm (11.01–12.21 in), 252.2–273.4 mm (9.93–10.76 in) in condylobasal length, and 190.0–203.6 mm (7.48–8.02 in) in zygomatic width. A preserved skull in Harbin had a maximum length of 400.0 mm (15.75 in) and zygomatic width of 280.0 mm (11.02 in) (Baikov et al., 1925).[3] Another Manchurian skull had a length of 406.0 mm (15.98 in).[189][190]
  • Skulls of male Caspian tigers usually measured 297.0–365.8 mm (11.69–14.40 in) at maximum, 259.0–307.9 mm (10.20–12.12 in) in condylobasal length, and 219.0–254.0 mm (8.62–10.00 in) in zygomatic width. Skulls of Caspian tigresses measured 195.7–255.5 mm (7.70–10.06 in), 225.0–263.2 mm (8.86–10.36 in) in condylobasal length, and 183.0–203.2 mm (7.20–8.00 in) in zygomatic width. A Turanian tiger was killed near the Sumbar Darya in the Kopet Dag, on the 10th of January, 1954, and its stuffed skin was put on display in a museum in Ashgabat. Despite being only 2.25 metres (7.4 feet) in terms of body length, it had a greatest skull length of about 385.0 mm (15.16 in), condylobasal length of about 305.0 mm (12.01 in), and zygomatic width of 205.0 mm (8.07 in), making it longer than those of other Caspian tigers.[3]
  • The mean greatest lengths of skulls of adult Malayan tigers were 337.8 ± 11.16 mm (13.299 ± 0.439 in) and 289.8 ± 10.38 mm (11.409 ± 0.409 in) for males (n = 4) and females (n = 2), respectively.[152]
  • The mean greatest lengths of skulls of adult Javan tigers were 326.3 ± 2.14 mm (12.846 ± 0.084 in) and 282.7 ± 1.87 mm (11.130 ± 0.074 in) for males (n = 23) and females (n = 15), respectively.[152]
  • The mean greatest length of skulls of adult Sumatran tigers were 314.8 ± 2.76 mm (12.394 ± 0.109 in) and 272.4 ± 2.00 mm (10.724 ± 0.079 in) for males (n = 16) and females (n = 22), respectively.[152]
  • Skulls of male and female Balinese tigers respectively measured 296 ± 1.5 mm (11.654 ± 0.059 in) (n = 2) and 262 ± 2.0 mm (10.315 ± 0.079 in) (n = 6) at maximum.[152]

Cranial capacity[edit]

A study by Oxford University scientists has shown that overall, relative to body size, tigers have bigger brains than lions, leopards and jaguars. Although comparisons showed that lion skulls were larger overall, the tiger's cranial volume is the largest overall.[191] Even the skulls of small Balinese tigresses had volumes which were not less than those of bigger Kruger lions, which had longer skulls. In addition, the skulls of wild and captive tigers had similar volumes, but this did not apply to those of African and Asian lions. The skulls of captive African lions had smaller volumes than those of their wild counterparts, and in contrast, those of captive Asiatic lions had higher volumes than those of their wild counterparts.[7][152]

Lion Tiger
  • The mean cranial volumes of skulls were 261.1 ± 1.88 cm³ and 229.6 ± 1.34 cm³ for wild adult males (n = 134) and females (n = 129), and 251.5 ± 4.93 cm³ and 204.7 ± 3.80 cm³ for captive adult males (n = 24) and females (n = 11), giving overall mean volumes of 260.0 ± 1.71 cm³ and 227.6 ± 1.36 cm³ for adult males (n = 168) and females (n = 143), respectively. The means for sub-adult males (n = 33) and females (n = 16) were 251.4 ± 3.64 cm³ and 219.5 ± 5.14 cm³ respectively, helping to give an overall mean of 244.6 ± 1.30 cm³ for the species.[152]
  • The mean cranial volumes of skulls of adult sub-Saharan African lions were 263.2 ± 1.60 cm³ and 230.5 ± 1.24 cm³ for wild males (n = 130) and females (n = 126), and 252.8 ± 6.97 cm³ and 210.0 ± 6.11 cm³ for captive males (n = 10) and females (n = 13), respectively.[152] Skulls of male and female Kruger lions respectively had mean capacities of 271 ± 7.1 cm³ (n = 8) and 228 ± 5.4 cm³ (n = 6).[7]
  • The mean cranial volume of skulls of adult Asiatic lions were 193.3 ± 10.05 cm³ and 188.7 ± 5.78 cm³ for wild males (n = 4) and females (n = 3), and 215.5 ± 9.57 cm³ and 195.5 ± 5.24 cm³ for captive males (n = 4) and females (n = 4), respectively.[152]
  • The mean cranial volumes of skulls were 302.2 ± 2.33 cm³ and 268.2 ± 2.28 cm³ for wild adult males (n = 81) and females (n = 61), and 289.8 ± 8.20 cm³ and 261.7 ± 3.19 cm³ for captive adult males (n = 17) and females (n = 16), giving overall mean volumes of 299.7 ± 2.31 cm³ and 268.0 ± 1.84 cm³ for adult males (n = 103) and females (n = 90), respectively. The means for sub-adult males (n = 23) and females (n = 9) were 281.2 ± 3.78 cm³ and 257.4 ± 4.66 cm³ respectively, helping to give an overall mean of 283.4 ± 1.64 cm³ for the species.[152]
  • The mean cranial volumes of skulls of adult Sumatran tigers were 281.9 ± 3.55 cm³ and 256.7 ± 3.24 cm³ for males (n = 16) and females (n = 22), respectively.[152]
  • The mean cranial volumes of skulls of adult Malayan tigers were 286.0 ± 20.99 cm³ and 267.5 ± 8.50 cm³ for males (n = 4) and females (n = 2), respectively.[152]
  • Skulls of male and female Balinese tigers respectively had mean capacities of 296 ± 5.6 cm³ (n = 2) and 263 ± 6.6 cm³ (n = 5).[152]
  • The mean cranial volumes of skulls of adult Javan tigers were 300.2 ± 3.78 cm³ and 285.0 ± 2.67 cm³ for males (n = 23) and females (n = 15), respectively.[152]
  • Skulls of male and female Bengal tigers from India and Nepal respectively had mean capacities of 307 ± 4.4 cm³ (n = 32) and 264 ± 5.0 cm³ (n = 18).[7]

Schauenberg's index[edit]

Schauenberg's index is the skull's greatest length divided by its cranial volume. The tiger (1.093 ± 0.007) generally had a lower index than the lion (1.344 ± 0.006).[152]

Lion Tiger
  • The mean indices were 1.377 ± 0.010 and 1.291 ± 0.008 for wild adult males (n = 134) and females (n = 129), and 1.458 ± 0.028 and 1.448 ± 0.037 for captive adult males (n = 24) and females (n = 11), giving overall mean indices of 1.388 ± 0.009 and 1.304 ± 0.008 for adult males (n = 168) and females (n = 143), respectively. The means for sub-adult males (n = 33) and females (n = 16) were 1.318 ± 0.022 and 1.300 ± 0.026 respectively, helping to give an overall mean of 1.344 ± 0.006 for the species.[152]
  • The mean indices for adult sub-Saharan African lions were 1.365 ± 0.008 and 1.284 ± 0.007 for wild males (n = 130) and females (n = 126), and 1.489 ± 0.045 and 1.411 ± 0.076 for captive males (n = 10) and females (n = 13), respectively.[152]
  • The mean indices for adult Asiatic lions were 1.754 ± 0.086 and 1.582 ± 0.050 for wild males (n = 4) and females (n = 3), and 1.523 ± 0.073 and 1.582 ± 0.050 for captive males (n = 4) and females (n = 4), respectively.[152]
  • The mean indices were 1.113 ± 0.008 and 1.058 ± 0.009 for wild adult males (n = 81) and females (n = 61), and 1.134 ± 0.027 and 1.077 ± 0.014 for captive adult males (n = 17) and females (n = 16), giving overall mean indices of 1.116 ± 0.008 and 1.062 ± 0.007 for adult males (n = 103) and females (n = 90), respectively. The means for sub-adult males (n = 23) and females (n = 9) were 1.116 ± 0.012 and 1.073 ± 0.016 respectively, helping to give an overall mean of 1.093 ± 0.007 for the species.[152]
  • The mean indices of skulls of adult Malayan tigers were 1.194 ± 0.063 and 1.086 ± 0.073 for males (n = 4) and females (n = 2), respectively.[152]
  • The mean indices for adult Sumatran tigers were 1.119 ± 0.016 and 1.064 ± 0.013 for males (n = 16) and females (n = 22), respectively.[152]
  • The mean indices for adult Javan tigers were 1.090 ± 0.013 and 0.993 ± 0.009 for males (n = 23) and females (n = 15), respectively.[152]
  • Skulls of male and female Balinese tigers respectively had mean indices of 1.001 ± 0.025 (n = 2) and 0.994 ± 0.023 (n = 5).[152]

Bite force and teeth[edit]

Tigers have been shown to have higher average bite forces (such as at the canine tips) than lions.[192] The bite force adjusted for body mass allometry (BFQ) for tiger is 127, while that for lion is 112.[193] Tigers have well-developed sagittal crests and coronoid processes, providing muscle attachment for their strong bites. Tigers also have exceptionally stout teeth, and the canines are the longest and biggest among all living felids, measuring from 7.5 to 10 cm (3.0 to 3.9 in) in length, and are larger and longer than those of a similar-sized lion, probably because tigers need to bring down larger prey alone than lions, which usually hunt large prey in groups.[22][194] According to Heller, West African lions had longer carnassial teeth than Eastern and Southern African lions.[165]

Paw-swipe[edit]

  • A swipe of a tiger's paw may crush a cow's skull.[195] Charles Frederick Partington (1835) said that Javan and Sumatran tigers, despite not being as heavy as Bengal tigers, were strong enough to break legs of horses or buffaloes with their paws.[34]
  • Nevertheless, during the fight between the Shimlan tiger and Atlas the Barbary lion, though the tiger was quite massive and muscular, and its paw-swipes could be faster, they tended to be lighter than those of Atlas, according to Gettysburg Compiler (1899). For example, the tiger's paw-swipes could outnumber those of Atlas three-to-one, but Atlas' paw-swipes cut deeper wounds into the tiger's hide than those given to its hide by the tiger's paw-swipes.[33]

Roar[edit]

Lions and tigers, like other pantherid cats, are capable of roaring.[184] In a zoo, if a lion is near a tiger which gives a roar, then the lion may roar in response as it would to another lion. Though some people cannot distinguish between their roars,[20] there are differences.[34][43][196][21] Charles Frederick Partington, said that, in comparison, whereas a lion's roar would be loud and terrifying, but with 'grandeur', a tiger's cry would be 'horrid' and 'appalling', with a 'piercing' effect.[34] A similar description of the tiger's roar was given by Herne.[129]

Frequency[edit]

A male lion's roar can have a fundamental frequency of about 195 Hertz, whereas that of a lioness' roar may exceed 206 Hertz.[196]

In 2011, at Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium in Omaha, Nebraska, a study involving the larynges of three lionesses, a Sumatran tigress, a Bengal tigress, and a male Siberian tiger was done. They had been 15 to 22.4 years old at the times of their deaths. The range of frequencies produced was 10 to 430 hertz. Professor Tobias Riede of the University of Utah and National Center for Voice and Speech, who participated in the study, said that this was consistent with the known roaring frequencies of lions and tigers, which were 40 to 200 hertz and 83 to 246 hertz, respectively.[197]

Loudness[edit]

A tiger's roar can be heard up to 3 km (1.9 mi) away (Mazák, 1981).[43] A lion's roar can reach 114 decibels/meter (McComb et al. 1994; Peters and Wozencraft 1996),[41] and can be heard up to 5 km (3.1 mi) (Guggisberg 1975),[179] or at least 8 km (5.0 mi) away in optimal conditions (Sunquist & Sunquist, 2002), making it the loudest of the cat family.[4][196][21]

Professional opinions[edit]

Favoring the tiger[edit]

  • John Varty, owner of the Londolozi Reserve in South Africa, said, "People always ask me which one is bigger? If a tiger and a lion had a fight, which one would win? Well, I've seen tigers crunch up a full-grown leopard tortoise like it was nothing. And lions try, but they just don't get it right. If there's a fight, the tiger will win, every time."[198]
  • The animal rescue organisation Big Cat Rescue of Tampa, Florida answered, "While it would depend on the size, age, and aggressiveness of the specific animals involved, generally tigers have a significant advantage."[199]
  • The conservation charity Save China's Tigers stated "Recent research indicates that the tiger is indeed stronger than the lion in terms of physical strength. Lions hunt in prides, so it would be in a group and the tiger as a solitary creature so it would be on its own. A tiger is generally physically larger than a lion. Most experts would favor a Siberian and Bengal tiger over an African lion."[200]
  • John Smith Clarke, a British lion tamer, said, in a lecture on the fight between a tiger and a lion given to the Glasgow Zoological Society, while showing the actual fight on the screen, "in 100 cases out of 100 the tiger would always beat the lion. It was far more agile, it was not so clumsy in its movements, it was equally strong, it was equally armed, but it fought in a different way. The tiger very often fought rolling on its back and held the lion in its grip until it defeated him."[201]
  • The BBC (2016), in a three-round study of agility, strength and intelligence, favored the tiger in the case of intelligence, due to the time spent for a particular challenge.[202]
  • National Geographic Channel's documentary The Last Lions of Asia mentioned that a Bengal tiger had a weight advantage of 50 kilograms (110 lb) over an Asiatic lion, and could kill a lone lion in a fight.[38]

Favoring the lion[edit]

  • Clyde Beatty, the animal trainer and performer who owned several tigers, lions, hyenas, and other exotic animals, believed that in nine out of ten times, "a full-grown lion would whip a full-grown tiger". He mentioned that since he first began mixing the animals, 25 of his tigers (two of them being Siberian tigers, the rest of them being Bengal tigers) were killed in the circus arena, but there was not a single lion casualty.[31]
  • Renowned naturalist and conservationist of India, Kailash Sankhala wrote in his book Tiger that the tiger would be unable to get close to lion's vital joints because of his thick mane, and that the tiger would be vulnerable to the lion. He mentioned that once an Indian prince organized a fight in which the lion killed the tiger, and opined that "a tiger is no match for even single lion of equal strength".[65]

Neutral[edit]

  • Carl Hagenbeck, a trainer from Hamburg, said that the lion and tiger were alike in "good temper and reliability". He cited the example of a lion being trained for a month to do tricks, and of a tiger taking five weeks to do so.[203]

Arts and literature[edit]

Art[edit]

Battles between the two were painted in the 18th and 19th centuries by Eugène Delacroix, George Stubbs and James Ward. Ward's paintings, which portrayed lion victories in accordance with the lion's symbolic value in Great Britain, have been described as less realistic than Stubbs.[204]

The British Seringapatam medal shows a lion defeating a tiger in battle; an Arabic language banner on the medal displays the words Asad Allāh al-Ghālib (Arabic: أسَـد الله الـغَـالِـب, "Lion of God the Conqueror"). The medal commemorated the British victory at the 1799 Battle of Seringapatam (in the town now known as Srirangapatna) over Tipu Sultan — who used tigers as emblems, as opposed to the British emblematic use of lions.[205]

Literature[edit]

File:...
A 1739 advertisement by Charles Benjamin Incledon featuring feliforms: the Mesopotamian lion from the vicinity of Bassorah, Cape lion, tiger from the East Indies, panther from Buenos Aires, Hyaena hyaena from West Africa, and leopard from Turkey, besides a "Man tyger" from Africa. Note that the lion comes first in the list, and that it is referred to as the "Magnanimous King of Beaʃt" (sic).

18th-century naturalists and authors compared the species' characters, generally in favor of the lion.[206] Oliver Goldsmith ranked the lion first among carnivorous mammals, followed by the tiger, which in his view "seems to partake of all the noxious qualities of the lion, without sharing any of his good ones. To pride, courage and strength, the lion joins greatness, clemency and generosity; but the tiger is fierce without provocation, and cruel without necessity."[207] Charles Knight, writing in The English Cyclopaedia, disparaged the opinions of naturalists Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon and Thomas Pennant in this context, stating "the general herd of authors who eulogise the 'courage, greatness, clemency and generosity' of the lion, contrasting it with the unprovoked ferocity, unnecessary cruelty and poltroonery of the tiger, becomes ridiculous, though led by such names as Buffon and Pennant."[206]

In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Narada told Srinjaya that tigers were fiercer and more ruthless than lions.[209] This is in contrast with other literature from ancient India, which prefers the lion to the tiger. For example, Vedic literature depicted the lion, rather than the tiger, as the "king of the forest."[175]

The lion and tiger rival each other in Iranian literature.[128] For example, Humphreys and Kahrom, in their 1999 book Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran, treated them as the "two greatest and most beautiful" of Iranian carnivores, albeit being extinct there. As with the lion,[3] the tiger's Persian name was used for people and places.[14]

The lion's mane[edit]

An East African lion with a sparse mane at Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda
A Southern African lion with a thicker mane in Etosha National Park, Namibia

About the lion's mane, Knight wrote "The lion has owed a good deal to his mane and his noble and dignified aspect; but appearances are not always to be trusted."[206] In fact, a study was done by scientists Craig Packer and Peyton West that claimed that the mane of the lion was strictly for mating purposes. Darker-maned lions were more often picked by females to breed, while light-maned lions were not so lucky. A lion's mane did not always purposely help in a fight, and it might even hinder the male lion, slowing it down when it attacks, according to Packer and West.[210]

However, Dereck Joubert (1996), who spent many hours studying lions in Botswana, believed that the mane could defend the lion's throat, in a fight with another lion,[211] and Clyde (1939)[31] and Kailash (1978)[65] believed that the mane could defend part of the lion's neck, in a fight against the tiger. Reports also support these claims, for example, when the Shimlan tiger fought Atlas, it tried biting Atlas' neck, but it could not, due to the mane blocking its teeth, and interfering with its respiratory system.[33] According to Heptner and Sludskii (1997), Barbary and Cape lions had the "most luxuriant and extensive manes" among lions, with "tresses on flanks and abdomen." As for the Indian lion, which has a smaller mane than its African cousins,[3][20] apart from African lions that have weak manes or are maneless,[212] during the fight reported by The Sun (New York) (1889), though the tiger could bite the lion's body, it was not mentioned to have bitten the lion's neck.

Economics[edit]

The term "Tiger economy" has been applied to Asian countries that have undergone rapid economic growth, and the term "Lion economy" to their African counterparts. The two sides, nicknamed the "Asian tigers" and "African lions" have also been compared.[213][214]

Cinema[edit]

In Paalai, a Tamil film, there is dialogue about the characteristics of the tiger and lion. It concludes that the tiger is superior. In the film, the tiger is the symbol and flag of the native Tamil tribal people and the lion is the symbol and flag of non-Tamil Singhal (literally meaning 'Leonine') people.[215]

Sports[edit]

Competing sports teams are named after the two species, such as the Detroit Tigers[216] and Lions.[217][218]

See also[edit]

Tigers[edit]

Lions[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ As a West African nation, Sierra Leone would have had indigenous lions, but not tigers.[3][33]
  2. ^ For more details, see Asiatic lion versus Bengal tiger.
  3. ^ As reported by St. Landry Democrat (1887),[131] The Eaton Democrat (1887),[132] The Iola Register (1887),[133] The Milan Exchange (1887),[134] and The Sydney Mail (1889),[13] in chronological order.
  4. ^ Though this term was used,[135] genetic tests showed that the Amur tiger was closely related to the Caspian tiger,[136][137] which also inhabited the former Soviet Union (where Siberia is located), and whose range would have overlapped with that of the lion in places like the Caucasus.[3]
  5. ^ The Bengal, Caspian and Siberian tigers (respectively P. t. tigris, P. t. virgata and P. t. altaica)[43] were grouped by the Cat Specialist Group under P. t. tigris in 2017.[136]
  6. ^ P. l. melanochaita is the taxonomic name for the Cape lion. In 2017, extant lions in Southern Africa (P. l. bleyenberghi, P. l. krugeri, and P. l. vernayi)[3][41] were subsumed by the Cat Specialist Group to P. l. melanochaita, unlike the North African lion.[136][146]
  7. ^ Like the Senegal lion,[41] the relict population in India, that is Panthera leo persica, was subsumed by the Cat Specialist Group in 2017 to Panthera leo leo,[136] based on generally close relationships.[149][146]
  8. ^ South Sudanese lions are genetically Central African lions, with some in the eastern part of the country being apparently genetically mixed between Central and Eastern African lions. The Nubian lion, from the region that is shared between Sudan and Egypt,[169] was genetically and taxonomically[170] linked with the Barbary lion.[171]

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External links[edit]


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