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{{Liberalism sidebar}}<!-- The "conservative" of conservative liberalism is a very relative concept. Just as social liberalism is not a general socialist ideology, conservative liberalism is also not a general conservative ideology. Do not add {{Conservatism sidebar}} here. -->
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'''Conservative liberalism''' or '''right-liberalism''' is a variant of [[liberalism]], combining liberal values and policies with [[Conservatism|conservative]] stances, or simply representing the right wing of the liberal movement.<ref name=Mair>[[Michael Gallagher (academic)|M. Gallagher]], M. Laver and [[Peter Mair|P. Mair]], ''Representative Government in Europe'', p. 221.</ref> In the case of modern "conservative liberalism", scholars sometimes see it as a more [[Positive liberty|positive]] and less [[Political radicalism|radical]] variant of [[classical liberalism]], but it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and [[social liberalism]] (left-liberalism).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1wiNKcJzwYQC&lpg=PA1&ots=QRRG5FD9Ro&dq=Beyond%20Liberalism&pg=PA2 R.T. Allen, ''Beyond Liberalism'', p. 2.]</ref><ref name=EuroLiberal/> Conservative liberal parties tend to combine liberal [[Economics|economic]] policies with more [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditional]] stances and personal beliefs on [[social]] and [[ethic]]al issues.{{specify|date=August 2016}}<ref name="Nordsieck contents">{{cite web | url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html | title=Content|date=2020|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref>
'''Conservative liberalism''' or '''right-liberalism'''<ref>{{cite book|editor=Keith L. Nelson |title=The Making of Détente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam |url=https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=qhW9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT100&dq=%22Conservative+liberal%22+%22right+liberal%22&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu4-rp35_1AhWSCIgKHX64BW84ChDoAXoECAgQAg |quote= ... and even today our political parties can most appropriately be described as “right liberal” (those who fear government) and “left liberal” (those who fear concentrated wealth).2 This does not mean, however, that individual American ... |date=2019 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=9781421436210 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Paul Orlowski |title=Teaching About Hegemony: Race, Class and Democracy in the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=oexQKlYx_lUC&pg=PA110&dq=%22Conservative+liberal%22+%22right+liberal%22&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu4-rp35_1AhWSCIgKHX64BW84ChDoAXoECAsQAg |quote= This pull-yourself-up-by-the-bootstraps idea is part of the conservative and right liberal ideologies. |date=2011 |page=110 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9789400714182 }}</ref> is a variant of [[liberalism]], combining liberal values and policies with [[Conservatism|conservative]] stances, or simply representing the right wing of the liberal movement.<ref name=Mair>[[Michael Gallagher (academic)|M. Gallagher]], M. Laver and [[Peter Mair|P. Mair]], ''Representative Government in Europe'', p. 221.</ref> In the case of modern "conservative liberalism", scholars sometimes see it as a more [[Positive liberty|positive]] and less [[Political radicalism|radical]] variant of [[classical liberalism]], but it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and [[social liberalism]] (left-liberalism).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1wiNKcJzwYQC&lpg=PA1&ots=QRRG5FD9Ro&dq=Beyond%20Liberalism&pg=PA2 R.T. Allen, ''Beyond Liberalism'', p. 2.]</ref><ref name=EuroLiberal/> Conservative liberal parties tend to combine liberal [[Economics|economic]] policies with more [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditional]] stances and personal beliefs on [[social]] and [[ethic]]al issues.{{specify|date=August 2016}}<ref name="Nordsieck contents">{{cite web | url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html | title=Content|date=2020|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref>


In general, '[[liberal conservatism]]' and 'conservative liberalism' have different philosophical roots. Traditionally, 'liberal conservatism' refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of [[classical liberalism]], and 'conservative liberalism' refers to relative conservatives in the liberal camp. The philosophical root of modern liberal conservative is [[Edmund Burke]], and the philosophical root of modern conservative liberal is considered [[Alexis de Tocqueville]].<ref name="Tocqueville"/>
In general, '[[liberal conservatism]]' and 'conservative liberalism' have different philosophical roots. Traditionally, 'liberal conservatism' refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of [[classical liberalism]], and 'conservative liberalism' refers to relative conservatives in the liberal camp. The philosophical root of modern liberal conservative is [[Edmund Burke]], and the philosophical root of modern conservative liberal is considered [[Alexis de Tocqueville]].<ref name="Tocqueville"/>

Revision as of 13:36, 7 January 2022

Not to be confused with Liberal conservatism or Libertarian conservatism.
Part of a series on
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Conservative liberalism or right-liberalism[1][2] is a variant of liberalism, combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or simply representing the right wing of the liberal movement.[3] In the case of modern "conservative liberalism", scholars sometimes see it as a more positive and less radical variant of classical liberalism, but it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and social liberalism (left-liberalism).[4][5] Conservative liberal parties tend to combine liberal economic policies with more traditional stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues.[specify][6]

In general, 'liberal conservatism' and 'conservative liberalism' have different philosophical roots. Traditionally, 'liberal conservatism' refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of classical liberalism, and 'conservative liberalism' refers to relative conservatives in the liberal camp. The philosophical root of modern liberal conservative is Edmund Burke, and the philosophical root of modern conservative liberal is considered Alexis de Tocqueville.[7]

Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism,[8] and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and national liberalism.[9][10]

Overview

Alexis de Tocqueville. He had a profound influence on modern conservative liberal philosophy.

Conservative liberalism (right-liberalism) emerged in the late 18th centuries, when moderate bourgeoisie supporting the monarchy within the liberal camp. Representatively, Doctrinaires, which existed during the Bourbon Restoration was a representative conservative-liberal party.[11] Radicalism emerged as a opposition against the moderateness of these (conservative) liberals.

Raymond Aron. He is known as "Sartre's great intellectual opponent".[12]

According to Robert Kraynak, a professor at Colgate University, rather than "following progressive liberalism (i.e. social liberalism), conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such as classical philosophy (with its ideas of virtue, the common good, and natural rights), Christianity (with its ideas of natural law, the social nature of man, and original sin), and ancient institutions (such as common law, corporate bodies, and social hierarchies). This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation. It means following Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Edmund Burke rather than Locke or Kant; it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and Christian monarchies. But, as realists, conservative liberals acknowledge that classical and medieval politics cannot be restored in the modern world. And, as moralists, they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self-government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening (even in the midst of mass culture) for transcendent longings for eternity. At its practical best, conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny. It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical-Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of, rather than merely defensive about, as trustees of Western civilization".[13]

In the European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused with liberal conservatism which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues.[6] The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the history of liberalism. Until the two world wars, the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals. The events such as World War I occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism.[14] Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular conservative party and where the separation of church and state was less of an issue. In those countries, where the conservative parties were Christian democratic, this conservative brand of liberalism developed.[3][15]

Political stance

Wilhelm Röpke. He was representative ordoliberal and president of the Mont Pelerin Society from 1961 to 1962.

Conservative liberalism (right-liberalism) is generally a liberal ideology that contrasts with social liberalism (left-liberalism).[16][17]

Conservative liberalism, along with social liberalism and classical liberalism, is mentioned as the main liberal ideology of European politics.[5] In Europe, conservative liberalism is often used to describe liberalism close to the centre to centre-right.[18][19] However, there are sometimes conservative liberals who are located on the right-wing political position.

Differences between social, classical and conservative liberalism

"Social liberalism" (left-liberalism) is a combination of economic Keynesianism and cultural liberalism. "Classical liberalism" is economic liberalism that partially embraces cultural liberalism.

"Conservative liberalism" (right-liberalism) is an ideology that highlights the conservative aspect of liberalism, so it can appear in a somewhat different form depending on the local reality.

In the United States, conservative liberals mean de facto classical liberals,[20] but in Europe, "Christian democrats" and "Ordoliberals" can also be included.[21]

By country

Australia

Australia's modern liberalism is close to conservative liberalism, not modern liberalism like the United States. Of course, in Australia, There are not no left-liberal (social liberal) movements like the Australian Democrats, where Don Chipp was the leader, but the mainstream Liberal Party, is a right-liberal party.

Robert Menzies is a symbolic figure of modern liberalism in Australia.

Robert Menzies

Finland

The Centre Party is Finland's leading radical-centrist and conservative-liberal party. This party is sometimes considered a liberal-conservative and social-liberal party, but there are also social-conservative elements, such as 29 out of 36 lawmakers in the same-sex marriage legislation bill in 2014. On the other hand, economically, it also shows a somewhat interventionist tendency.[22]

France

The history of conservative liberalism and liberal conservatism in France is very long. The liberal-monarchists Feuillants Club and conservative-republicans Girondins during the French Revolution, is representative. Conservative liberals in France were led by bourgeoisie and some nobles, and were oppressed during the Reign of Terror led by radicalist Robespierre. Since then, they have formed part of Thermidorians. Afterwards, they will lead to "Doctrinaires" during the Bourbon Restoration and the July Monarchy periods.

Alexis de Tocqueville and Adolphe Thiers were representative French conservative liberals.[7][23] They were classified as centre-left liberals (progressive-Orléanists) during the July monarchy alone,[24][25] but after the 1848 Revolution, the Second Republic entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals.

Among the current centre-right camps in France, Les Républicains represents liberal-conservative, while Agir and Horizons represents conservative-liberal.

Germany

Prior to World War II, conservative liberalism was often used in a similar sense to national liberalism. NLP during the German Empire and DVP during the Weimar Republic are representative.

Ordoliberalism is more of a conservative liberalism (right-liberalism) than a classically liberalism (economically liberalism based on culturally liberalism) or socially liberalism (left-liberalism) in principle because it is influenced by the notion of social justice based on traditional Catholic teachings. After the war, Germany pursued economic growth based on the social market economy, which is deeply related to ordoliberalism.[21]

Among the major centre-right political parties in modern Germany, CDU is close to liberal-conservative and FPD is close to conservative-liberal. However, FPD supports socially liberal and has a prominent economically liberal tendency, so it is often evaluated as classical-liberal rather than general conservative-liberal.

Japan

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) are generally regarded as right-wing "conservative" and "Japanese nationalist" parties, and there is a controversy over ultra-nationalism.[26] However, some sources describe LDP as a liberal-conservative or conservative-liberal. Kōchikai is considered a relative liberal faction within the LDP.[27]

Democratic Party for the People (DPFP), a major centre-right "moderate conservative" opposition party, originally advocates a "reformist-centrist" that embraces moderate conservatives to left-liberals.[a] However, as left-liberals within DPFP have moved to Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP) since September 2020, conservative tendencies have been strengthened.[29]

Poland

Poland is a multi-party system country, but as of 2022, most of the seats are divided into PiS and PO, both of which are basically conservative parties. Poland's ruling PiS is classified as "right-wing" national-conservative[30][31][32] and the opposition PO is classified as "centre-right" liberal-conservative.[33][34][35][36][37][38]

Since the 2010s, PO has accepted cultural liberalism to differentiate itself from PiS, and its political position has shifted to "centre".[39][40][41] For this reason, the current PO is classified as a (conservative-)liberal party.[42][43][44][45][46][47]

Milton Friedman. As a representative scholar of economic liberalism, he has had a profound influence on economics since the 1970s.

United States

In the United States, liberal usually refers to a social liberal form, so those referred to as conservative liberals in Europe are often simply referred to as conservatives in the United States.[48] Milton Friedman and Irving Kristol are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars.[20][49]

Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense.[50] In general, rather than the Democratic Party, which is close to social liberal (left-liberal), the Republican Party is evaluated as a conservative liberal (right-liberal) party.[48] In the case of the Democratic Party, Blue Dog Democrats is evaluated as close to conservative-liberal in fiscal policy.[51] However, the current Blue Dog is cultural moderate to liberal.[52] (Unlike classical liberals, conservative liberals in Europe, including KESK, sometimes criticize cultural liberalism.)[22]

American neoconservatives might be classified as conservative liberals, according to Peter Lawler, a professor at Berry College, who argued:

[I]n America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans is 'conservative sociology with liberal politics.' The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole.[53]

In the American context, conservative liberalism as well as liberal conservatism should not be confused with libertarian conservatism, influenced by right-libertarianism.

Notable thinkers

Parties and organisations

Conservative liberal parties or parties with conservative liberal factions

Historical conservative liberal parties or parties with conservative liberal factions

Conservative liberal and right-liberal media

Note: Conservative liberal (right-liberal) and Liberal conservative are different concepts and should not be confused. Taking Germany as an example, the FAZ is both a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal (right-liberal) media, but the more right-leaning Die Welt is a liberal-conservative media, but not a conservative-liberal (right-liberal) media.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In Japanese politics, the term "リベラル" is used in a similar context to "liberal" in the United States.[28] In Japan, the academic meaning of "liberal"/"liberalism" is usually expressed as "自由主義". (See Liberalism in Japan.)

References

Citations

  1. ^ Keith L. Nelson, ed. (2019). The Making of Détente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam. JHU Press. ISBN 9781421436210. ... and even today our political parties can most appropriately be described as "right liberal" (those who fear government) and "left liberal" (those who fear concentrated wealth).2 This does not mean, however, that individual American ...
  2. ^ Paul Orlowski, ed. (2011). Teaching About Hegemony: Race, Class and Democracy in the 21st Century. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 110. ISBN 9789400714182. This pull-yourself-up-by-the-bootstraps idea is part of the conservative and right liberal ideologies.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l M. Gallagher, M. Laver and P. Mair, Representative Government in Europe, p. 221.
  4. ^ R.T. Allen, Beyond Liberalism, p. 2.
  5. ^ a b Emilie van Haute, Caroline Close, ed. (2019). Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. p. 326.
  6. ^ a b "Content". Parties and Elections in Europe. 2020.
  7. ^ a b c Martin Fitzpatrick, Peter Jones, ed. (2017). The Reception of Edmund Burke in Europe. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781350012554. ... If Burke is a liberal conservative, Tocqueville is a conservative liberal.49 Bénéton then silently excludes French liberalism from conservatism, and concentrates on a definition of a genuine conservatism proceeding from the ...
  8. ^ "Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism - Roger Scruton" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-21. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
  9. ^ Telos. Telos Press. 1998. p. 72.
  10. ^ Shannan Lorraine Mattiace, ed. (1998). Peasant and Indian: Political Identity and Indian Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico, 1970-1996. University of Texas at Austin.
  11. ^ Robert Tombs, ed. (2014). France 1814 - 1914. Routledge. ISBN 9781317871439. ... The conservative liberal Doctrinaires argued that the classe moyenne (their preferred term) was the representative part of the nation, and could legitimately govern on behalf of all. All this placed the idea of class at the centre of ...
  12. ^ The New York Times Book Review. New York Times Company. 1986. p. 1. ISBN 9781317755098. ... a friend and philosophical colleague of both Sartre and Sartre's great intellectual opponent, Raymond Aron. ...
  13. ^ Robert Kraynak, Living with liberalism, The New Criterion, 2005
  14. ^ R.T. Allen, Beyond Liberalism, p. 13.
  15. ^ a b "Libéralisme conservateur - WikiPolitique". Archived from the original on 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  16. ^ Nicolas Laos, ed. (2019). The Meaning of Being Illuminati. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 313. ISBN 9781527534971. The political debate between social liberalism (revitalized by such social democrats as the French President François Mitterand and Jacques Delors, the eighth President of the European Commission) and conservative liberalism continued ...
  17. ^ Hans Slomp, ed. (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 107. ISBN 9780313391811. Although businesspeople are more inclined to conservative liberalism, professionals and intellectuals constitute the backbone of social liberalism.
  18. ^ Immanuel Wallerstein, ed. (2011). The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914. University of California Press.
  19. ^ a b c d Emilie van Haute, Caroline Close, ed. (2019). Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. p. 338-339.
  20. ^ a b c David Cayla, ed. (2021). Populism and Neoliberalism. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 9781000366709. He demonstrates that the concept of "neoliberalism" did not emerge in the American context and that it was thereby not invented to distinguish Paul Krugman's left-wing liberalism from Milton Friedman's conservative liberalism.
  21. ^ a b c d e Kenneth Dyson, ed. (2021). Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Disciplining Democracy and the Market. Oxford University Press.
  22. ^ a b "Väyrynen ryöpyttää keskustan liberaaleja". Kaleva.fi. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  23. ^ a b Andrew Cleveland Gould, ed. (1992). Politicians, Peasants and Priests: Conditions for the Emergence of Liberal Dominance in Western Europe, 1815-1914. University of California. p. 82. Conservative liberal Adolphe Thiers , advocate of peace and liberal opposition leader under ...
  24. ^ Jennings, Jeremy (2011). Revolution and the Republic: A History of Political Thought in France Since the Eighteenth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-820313-1.
  25. ^ Agulhon, Maurice (1983). The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852. Cambridge University Press. p. 135.
  26. ^ "Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis". eurasia review. 16 July 2019. The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.
  27. ^ "3氏の言葉、にじむ政治姿勢は 菅氏・石破氏・岸田氏 自民党総裁選". The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved 3 January 2022. 岸田氏が時折にじませるのが、伝統的にリベラルとされ、池田勇人以来4人の歴代首相を輩出してきた宏池会（岸田派）としてのプライドだ。
  28. ^ "今さら聞けない?! 「保守」「リベラル」ってなんだ？" [Can't you ask about them now ?! What are "conservative" and "liberal"?] (in Japanese). Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  29. ^ a b Yano, Takeshi. "日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)". kotobank.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  30. ^ Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010), Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared, Ashgate, p. 196
  31. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Poland". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  32. ^ "How the Catholic Church ties in to Poland's judicial reform". dw.com. Deutsche Welle. 24 July 2017.
  33. ^ Vít Hloušek; Lubomír Kopeček (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Ashgate. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-7546-7840-3. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  34. ^ Hanley, Seán; Szczerbiak, Aleks; Haughton, Tim; Fowler, Brigid (July 2008). "Explaining Comparative Centre-Right Party Success in Post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe" (PDF). Party Politics. 14 (4): 407–434. doi:10.1177/1354068808090253. S2CID 16727049.
  35. ^ Seleny, Anna (July 2007). "Communism's Many Legacies in East-Central Europe". Journal of Democracy. 18 (3): 156–170. doi:10.1353/jod.2007.0056. S2CID 154971163.
  36. ^ Igor Guardiancich (2013). Pension Reforms in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe: From Post-Socialist Transition to the Global Financial Crisis. Routledge. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-415-68898-7.
  37. ^ Jean-Michel De Waele; Anna Pacześniak (2012). "The Europeanisation of Poland's Political Parties and Party System". In Erol Külahci (ed.). Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems. ECPR Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-907301-84-1.
  38. ^ Aleks Szczerbiak (2006). "Power without Love? Patterns of Party Politics in Post-1989 Poland". In Susanne Jungerstam-Mulders (ed.). Post-Communist EU Member States: Parties and Party Systems. London: Ashgate. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-7546-4712-6.
  39. ^ Szczerbiak, Aleks (2017). "An anti-establishment backlash that shook up the party system? The October 2015 Polish parliamentary election" (PDF). European Politics and Society. 18 (4): 404–427. doi:10.1080/23745118.2016.1256027. S2CID 157951515.
  40. ^ Marcinkiewicz, Kamil; Stegmaier, Mary (8 January 2016). "The parliamentary election in Poland, October 2015" (PDF). Electoral Studies. 41: 221–224. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2016.01.004.
  41. ^ Siemsen, Pascal (2020). "Voting PiS: Voting Left when Voting Far-Right Populist?". Polish Political Science Review. 8 (1): 87–99. doi:10.2478/ppsr-2020-0006.
  42. ^ a b Pawel Michal Lewicki, ed. (2017). EU-Space and the Euroclass: Modernity, Nationality and Lifestyle among Eurocrats in Brussels. transcript Verlag. p. 178. ISBN 9783839439746. By striving to change the formula of the 12 In 2008 it was not long after the elections in Poland when the national-conservative government of Law and Justice (2005-2007) was replaced by the conservative-liberal party of Donald Tusk ...
  43. ^ Slomp, Hans (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 549. ISBN 9780313391828. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  44. ^ Mart Laar (2010). The Power of Freedom - Central and Eastern Europe after 1945. Unitas Foundation. p. 229. ISBN 978-9949-21-479-2.
  45. ^ Joanna A. Gorska (2012). Dealing with a Juggernaut: Analyzing Poland's Policy toward Russia, 1989-2009. Lexington Books. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7391-4534-0.
  46. ^ Bartek Pytlas (2016). Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe: Mainstream Party Competition and Electoral Fortune. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-317-49586-4.
  47. ^ Florian Kellermann (2019-02-04). "Frühling" macht der linken Mitte Hoffnung. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  48. ^ a b c Slomp 2011, p. 107. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSlomp2011 (help)
  49. ^ a b Otis L. Graham Jr., ed. (1976). Toward a Planned Society: From Roosevelt to Nixon. Oxford University Press. p. 1911. ISBN 9780199923212. The journal The Public Interest in recent years has published notable essays by the skeptics of the planning and Planning impulse, by conservative liberal writers like Aaron Wildavsky, James O. Wilson, and Irving Kristol.
  50. ^ Adams, Ian (2001). Political Ideology Today (reprinted, revised ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719060205.
  51. ^ Educating for Social Justice: Field Notes from Rural Communities. BRILL. 2020. p. 93. ISBN 9789004432864. It is entirely feasible that a Liberal, for example, might hold Conservative views when it comes to financial policy (a fiscally conservative liberal—or "blue dog Democrat").
  52. ^ ""Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father's Blue Dogs". Christian Science Monitor. 4 June 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2021. Progressives like Mr. Lawson disagree; he says many Blue Dogs today use socially liberal views to win support from Democratic voters, despite the fact that on economic matters they represent corporate interests.
  53. ^ Peter Lawler, Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism, The Intercollegiate Review, Fall 2003/Spring 2004
  54. ^ In Defense of Decadent Europe. Transaction Publishers. 1996. p. XI. ISBN 9781412826044. ... Aron was a conservative liberal who appreciated that a true affirmation of political liberty required the ...
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  59. ^ a b Slomp 2011, p. 465. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSlomp2011 (help)
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Parties and Elections in Europe".
  61. ^ Barbara Happe (2003). "Brazil". In Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Norbert Kersting (eds.). Poverty and Democracy: Self-Help and Political Participation in Third World Cities. Zed Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-84277-205-8.
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  63. ^ Rudolf Andorka (1999). A Society Transformed: Hungary in Time-space Perspective. Central European University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-963-9116-49-8.
  64. ^ Krisztina Arató; Petr Kaniok (2009). Euroscepticism and European Integration. CPI/PSRC. p. 191. ISBN 978-953-7022-20-4.
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  137. ^ Litheko Modisane, ed. (2013). South Africa's Renegade Reels: The Making and Public Lives of Black-Centered Films. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 58. ISBN 9781137027023. The charge of bias in Come Back, Africa was repeated in another main— stream conservative liberal English language newspaper, the Sunday Times.
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General sources

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