2023 in science

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The following scientific events occurred or are scheduled to occur in 2023.

Events

January

• 3 January – Researchers report molecular mechanisms that appear to underlie some of the reported health benefits of periods of intermittent fasting: changes to gene expression or rhythmicity of ~80% of all mouse genes in at least one tissue.

4 January: A metascience study delivers various insights and theories about the growth, practices, and changes of science overall from citation analysis of a large corpus of scientific papers.

• 4 January – Metascientists introduce the 'CD index' intended to characterize "how papers and patents change networks of citations in science and technology" and report that it has declined, which they interpret as "slowing rates of disruption". They propose linking this to changes to three "use of previous knowledge"-indicators which they interpret as "contemporary discovery and invention" being informed by "a narrower scope of existing knowledge". The overall number of papers has risen while the total of "highly disruptive" papers hasn't. The 1998 discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe has a CD index of 0. Their results also suggest scientists and inventors "may be struggling to keep up with the pace of knowledge expansion".
• 5 January
  • Scientists report the discovery of an unknown thin membrane meningeal layer in brain anatomy, the SLYM, that likely plays a role in CSF functions and is both a protective barrier and hosting immune cells that monitor the brain for infection and inflammation.
  • Archaeologists report that notational signs from ~37,000 years ago in caves, apparently conveying calendaric meaning about the behaviour of animal species drawn next to them, are the first known (proto-)writing in history.
  • Progress in climate change mitigation implementation research:
    • A meta-analysis reports "required technology-level investment shifts for climate-relevant infrastructure until 2035" within the EU, which it finds to be "most drastic for power plants, electricity grids and rail infrastructure", ~€87 billion above the planned budgets and in need of sustainable finance policies.
    • A study (12 Jan) suggests that applying the principle of extended producer responsibility to fossil fuels could deconflict energy security and climate policy at an affordable cost, in particular authors suggest the responsibility could be used to establish the financing of CO₂ storage and nature-based solutions.
    • A study (30 Jan) outlines challenges of aviation decarbonization by 2050 whose identified factors mainly are future demand, continuous efficiency improvements, new short-haul engines, higher SAF (biofuel) production, CO₂ removal to compensate for non-CO₂ forcing, and related policy-options. With constant air transport demand and aircraft efficiency, decarbonizing aviation would require nearly five times the 2019 worldwide biofuel production, competing with other hard-to-decarbonize sectors and land-use (or food security).

5 January: Archaeologists report that notational signs from ~37,000 years ago in caves, apparently conveying calendaric meaning about the behaviour of animal species drawn next to them, are the first known (proto-)writing in history.

• 6 January
  • An international collaboration shows that hidden marine heatwaves, associated with ocean eddies that modulate undersea internal waves, threaten coastal ecosystems by driving unexpected sub-surface heating and severe coral bleaching and mortality across depths.
  • News outlets report on a brief meta-analysis (21 Dec 2022) that confirms gas stoves are a major risk factor for asthma and updates effect-size estimates, finding around one in eight cases in the U.S. could be attributed to these.
• 9 January
  • A study suggests logged and structurally degraded (South Asian) tropical forests are carbon sources for at least a decade – even when recovering – due to larger carbon losses from soil organic matter and deadwood, indicating the tropical forest carbon sink "may be much smaller than previously estimated".
  • Researchers demonstrate an open-brain surgery-free brain implant, Stentrode, that can record brain activity from a nearby blood vessel, showing it can be used to operate a computer.
• 10 January
  • A second potentially Earth-like planet in the TOI 700 system is reported using data from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).
  • The long-term impact of biodiversity loss in Madagascar is modelled, suggesting that recovery from extinctions could take as long as 23 million years.
  • Cyclic sighing is found to be effective in reducing anxiety, negative mood and stress, and more so than mindfulness meditation.
• 11 January
  • NASA scientists report the discovery of LHS 475 b, an Earth-like exoplanet – and the first exoplanet observed by the James Webb Space Telescope.
  • NASA publishes images of a debris disk surrounding the red dwarf AU Mic, taken by the James Webb Space Telescope, capturing details as close to the star as 5 astronomical units (~750 million km) – the equivalent of Jupiter's orbit in the Solar System.
  • Teleportation of energy is demonstrated for the first time by researchers using an IBM quantum computer.
  • Cellular bioengineers report the development of nonreplicating bacterial 'cyborg cells' (similar to artificial cells) using a novel approach, assembling a synthetic hydrogel polymer network as an artificial cytoskeleton inside the bacteria. The cells can resist stressors that would kill natural cells and e.g. invade cancer cells or potentially act as biosensors.
  • The White House and federal agencies in the U.S. declare the Year of Open Science, listing several actions towards open science. The science policy "Framework for Federal Scientific Integrity Policy and Practice" issued by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy a day later is criticized as a "gag order" on scientists by PEER in an open letter (30 Jan).

6 January: A study concludes that retroviruses in the human genomes can become awakened from dormant states and contribute to aging which can be blocked by neutralizing antibodies.

• 12 January
  • Progress in life extension research:
    • A team led by David Sinclair shows how DNA breaks are a major driver of epigenetic change, and how the loss of epigenetic information is a cause of aging in mammals. Using a treatment based on Yamanaka factors, they demonstrate an ability to drive aging in both the forward and reverse directions in mice.
    • In a review, the authors of a heavily cited paper on the hallmarks of aging update the set of proposed hallmarks after a decade (3 Jan). On the same day, a review with overlapping authors merge or link various hallmarks of cancer with those of aging.
    • A study reports the development of deep learning software using anatomic magnetic resonance images to estimate brain age with the highest accuracy for AI so far, including detecting early signs of Alzheimer's disease and varying neuroanatomical patterns of neurological aging (3 Jan).
    • In a preprint, another team of researchers reports the use of reprogramming to modestly extend the lifespan in elderly mice. However, if it was also applicable to humans, risks reportedly may include the formation of cancer (5 Jan).
    • A study concludes that retroviruses in the human genomes (endogenous) can become awakened from dormant states and contribute to aging which can be blocked by neutralizing antibodies (6 Jan).
  • A study reports large reductions of snow cover in the Alps, emphasizing climate change adaptation needs due to their impacts on the climate and socio-economic activities.
• 13 January – A study of ancient DNA supports or confirms that recent human evolution to resist infection of pathogens also increased inflammatory disease risk in post-Neolithic Europeans over the last 10,000 years, estimating nature, strength, and time of onset of selections.
• 16 January
  • NASA announces preliminary considerations of several future space telescope programs, including the Great Observatory Technology Maturation Program (GOMAP), Habitable Worlds Observatory and New Great Observatories.
  • Researchers for the first time demonstrate redirection of lightning with lasers.
• 17 January
  • Promising results of therapeutic candidates are reported:
    a third phase 3-trialed RSV vaccine candidate, a prebiotic fibre formula against type 2 diabetes (3 Jan), a bifunctional therapeutic and vaccine against brain cancer (4 Jan), a phase 2-trialed probiotic against S. aureus infection (13 Jan), the mice gene therapy-tested LAV-BPIFB4 protein (or this gene in gene therapy) against heart aging (13 Jan), mice-tested in-use anakinra (or blockade of its target IL-1β) against haematopoietic blood aging (17 Jan), mice-tested phase 2-scheduled IkT-148009 against Parkinson's disease (18 Jan), C. elegans-tested in-use rilmenidine as a CRM against aging (20 Jan).
• 18 January
  • News outlets report on an investigation and a set of recent studies that indicate that carbon emission reductions from projects launched to earn carbon-offset credits have been vastly overstated to the extent that ~90% of rainforest offset credits of the Verified Carbon Standard are called likely to be "phantom credits".
  • A metagenomic analysis provides data and insights into microbial sharing between individuals, finding substantial strain sharing among cohabiting individuals, with median strain-sharing rates for the gut and oral microbiomes being 12% (34% for mothers and their 0–3-years-old offspring) and 32% (38% for partners) in the used data. Time since cohabitation was the largest factor and bacterial strain sharing "recapitulated host population structures better than species-level profiles did".
• 19 January
  • A study using electronic health records shows 45 viral exposures can significantly elevate risks of neurodegenerative disease, including up to 15 years after infection.
  • Progress in healthy/sustainable food system research: a review outlines benefits (such as high protein production per acre), recent advancements and challenges of developing algae as a large-scale food source, a study identifies "11 key measures" that can reduce nitrogen chemicals pollution of air and water from croplands (4 Jan), a first review indicates vegan diets, which are more sustainable, would not have adverse impacts on the health of both pet dogs and cats (12 Jan), researchers outline large environmental benefits of using insects for animal feed (12 Jan), Chinese scientists report the cloning of multiple "supercows" with a substantial milk productivity increase (31 Jan).
• ~20 January
  • Progress in AI software and applications:
    • News outlets report on a preprint (26 Dec 2022) that describes the development of a large language model software that can answer medical questions with a 67.6% accuracy on MedQA and nearly matched human clinician performance when answering open-ended medical questions, Med-PaLM. The AI makes use of comprehension-, recall of knowledge-, and medical reasoning-algorithms but remains inferior to clinicians. As of 2023, humans often – if not most often – conduct query-based web searches, read websites and/or conduct physical doctor's visits to inquire health information, despite various difficulties, partly as they typically did not undergo any formal training in media literacy, digital literacy or health literacy, as such is not part of schools curricula in most education systems as of 2023.
    • A novel potentially significantly more efficient text-to-image approach, as implemented in MUSE, is reported (2 Jan).
    • A first successful autonomous long-duration operation (Dec 21 and/or Dec 22), including simulated combat, of a modified F-16 fighter jet, X-62A, by two AI software is reported (4 Jan).
    • A text-to-speech synthesizer, VALL-E, that can be trained to mimic anybody's voice with just three seconds of voice data and may produce the most natural-sounding results to date is reported in a preprint (5 Jan).
    • A use of world models for a wide range of domains that makes decisions using e.g. different 3D worlds and reward frequencies and outperforms previous approaches, DreamerV3, is reported as a step towards general artificial intelligence in a preprint (10 Jan).
    • A large language model, ProGen, that can generate functional protein sequences with a predictable function, with the input including tags specifying protein properties, is reported (26 Jan).
    • A deep-learning model, ZFDesign, for zinc finger design for any genomic target for gene- and epigenetic-editing is reported (26 Jan).
    • Software for generating 3D dynamic scenes (text-to-4D), MAV3D, is reported (26 Jan).
    • A study reports the development of deep learning algorithms to identify technosignature candidates, finding 8 potential alien signals not detected earlier (30 Jan).
    • Chatbot and text-generating AI, ChatGPT (released on 30 Nov 2022), a large language model, becomes highly popular, with some considering the large public's attention as unwarranted hype as potential applications are limited, similar software such as Cleverbot existed for many years, and the software is, on the fundamental level, not structured toward accuracy – e.g. providing seemingly credible but incorrect answers to queries and operating "without a contextual understanding of the language" – but only toward essentially the authenticity of mimicked human language (~Jan). It was estimated that only two months after its launch, it had 100 million active users. Applications may include solving or supporting school writing assignments, malicious social bots (e.g. for misinformation, propaganda, and scams), and providing inspiration (e.g. for artistic writing or in design or ideation in general).
• 23 January
  • The most affordable carbon capture and conversion system to date, bringing the cost down to just $39 per metric ton, is revealed. The process takes flue gas from power plants, uses a solvent to strip out the CO₂, then converts it to industrially-useful methanol.
  • In two studies (20 & 23 Jan), researchers report that substitution of PET adhesive tapes could nearly prevent self-discharge in the widely used lithium-ion batteries, extending battery life.
  • A geophysical study reports that the spin of the Earth's inner core has stopped spinning faster than the planet's surface and likely is now rotating slower than it. This is not thought to have major effects and one cycle of the oscillation is about seven decades, coinciding with several other geophysical periodicities.
• 25 January
  • Engineers report the design of millimetre-sized robots able to rapidly shift between liquid and solid states. The devices could be used to fix electronics or remove objects from the body.
  • Researchers report the development of a viable wearable continuous heart ultrasound imager.
  • Progress in disease screening or diagnosis: researchers demonstrate the use of ants as biosensors to detect cancer via urine, in two separate studies (11 & 27 Jan) Alzheimer's disease is detected early via blood biomarkers, a non-invasive alternative to difficult rarely-used catheter testing for a common cause of high blood pressure is reported (16 Jan).
  • The US NIH begins "requiring most of the 300,000 researchers and 2,500 institutions it funds annually to include a data-management plan in their grant applications — and to eventually make their data publicly available". Advantages of such requirements may include making science more accessible, increasing public trust in science and increasing efficiency and reproducibility.
• 27 January
  • A study finds that the world has enough rare earths and other raw materials to switch from fossil fuels to renewable energy.
  • ESA reports the successful demonstration of a braking sail-based satellite deorbiter, ADEO, which could be used by space debris mitigation measures.
• 30 January
  • Climate scientists predict, using artificial intelligence, that global warming will exceed 1.5 °C in the next decade (scenario SSP2-4.5), and a nearly 70% chance of 2 °C between 2044 and 2065 (~2054) – a substantial probability of exceeding the 2 °C threshold – even if emissions rapidly decline (scenario SSP1-2.6).
  • In two studies (4 & 30 Jan) separate teams of researchers report substantial improvements to green hydrogen production methods, enabling higher efficiencies and durable use of untreated seawater.
• 31 January – A news outlet reports on a study (9 Nov 2022) that concludes that a "visual flicker paradigm to entrain individuals at their own brain rhythm (i.e. peak alpha frequency)" results in substantially faster perceptual visual learning, maintained the day following training.

February

6 February: A previously unknown cell mechanism explains how cells 'remember' their identity when they divide.

8 February: The dwarf planet Quaoar is found to have a ring system.

• 1 February
  • C/2022 E3 (ZTF), a green-coloured comet from the Oort cloud, is observed in the night sky making its closest approach to Earth.
  • An article examines Leonardo da Vinci's experiments on gravity in the Codex Arundel and presents a solution using Newtonian mechanics to confirm Leonardo's "equivalence principle".
• 3 February – Researchers show how pre-installed apps on Android smartphones in China are used for mass surveillance in China.
• 6 February
  • Astronomers announce the discovery of an additional 12 moons of Jupiter.
  • A previously unknown cell mechanism involved in aging is discovered, which explains how cells 'remember' their identity when they divide – the cells' so-called epigenetic memory.
  • A study integrates policy as an aspect into an integrated assessment model, showing that Powering Past Coal Alliance-based (from COP23) coal phase-out is highly unlikely (<5%) with current policies where both coal-use would substantially only shift from power to other industries (steel, cement, and chemicals) and China now potentially "dangerously delay[ing]" the phase-out.
• 7 February
  • A study quantifies and maps threats of glacial lake outburst floods caused by climate change, finding ~15 million people to be at risk.
  • A UN report projects there could be 10 million annual deaths from antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) superbugs by 2050 if steps aren't taken and highlights driving factors like climate change and economic sectors' activities, suggesting a One Health-type approach. (See also 19 Jan 2022 for current rates.) An analysis of global antibiotics use in livestock – which is one of the known drivers of AMR in livestock and wildlife/environment and also impacts human health – shows that it has declined in Europe and China (plateaued) due to new policy but increased globally (1 Feb). Around 1 February, news report on 'super pigs' – invasive hybrids resulting from cross-breeding domestic pigs with wild boars, that are relatively intelligent, adaptable and resilient and by that time cause major economic- and environmental damage across North America as well as human health risks – previously described as the "most prolific invasive mammals on Earth".
  • News outlets report on a study (21 Nov 2022) demonstrating locust antennae implanted as biosensors into (bio-hybrid) robots for AI-interpreted machine olfaction.

9 February: Safety-by-design ways like DNA screening for biosafety and biosecurity to prevent engineered pandemics

9 February: Results of the first longevity caloric restriction (CR) trial, CALERIE

15 February: Cosmologists report results that suggest black holes are the astrophysical origin of dark energy.

• 8 February
  • The minor planet Quaoar is found to have a ring system, following observations by the CHEOPS space telescope.
  • Scientists in the U.S. propose mining the lunar soil and launching it towards the Sun to form a shield (space sunshade) against global warming.
  • The first direct transfer of qubits between quantum computer microchips is demonstrated, with a 99.999993% accuracy rate and connection speed of 2424/s. The research team suggests their work has "the potential to scale-up by connecting hundreds or even thousands of quantum computing microchips."
  • Two studies show how the microbiome can drive and interact with chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).
  • 3D printing-like additive 3D assembly of matter using holographic sound fields is demonstrated, with early fields of applications including rapid biofabrication/TE, having several advantages over a similar method using light reported in 2017.
• 9 February
  • Scientists review safety-by-design technology- and policy-based approaches to ensure biosafety and biosecurity to prevent engineered pathogen pandemics, such as sequence screening and biocontainment systems, some of which already implemented and part of regulations to some degree.
  • A study reports results of the first longevity caloric restriction (CR) trial, CALERIE, finding that two years of nonintermittent CR slowed the pace of aging as measured by one of three aging clocks (modest DunedinPACE effects).
  • Researchers demonstrate a magnetic medical microbot, I-RAMAN, for cleaning clogged arteries which could i.a. replace endovascular surgery with pigs and with a vascular model that has a pseudo blood clot.
• 13 February – Public health knowledge becomes more robust: a study demonstrates that school meal programs (the HHFKA) can substantially improve the health of youths as measured by BMI. Scientists show associations between (ultra-)processed food (such as breakfast cereals) consumption and cancer-related mortality in ~200,000 UK Biobank participants (31 Jan). An umbrella review confirms that physical activity is highly beneficial (as in ~1.5 times more effective than counseling) for improving symptoms of depression, anxiety and distress in adults and should be one "mainstay approach" (1 Feb). A separate review comes to similar conclusions for depressive symptoms, also giving broad recommendations for the selection of exercise type(s), i.a. reporting AE and RE types showed large effects whereas mixing both did not (1 Feb). Scientists, using data of ~9 million U.S. citizens, report worldwide-prevalent air pollution is a potential risk factor for late-onset depression (10 Feb). A study expands on the evidence of air pollution-related bone damage (14 Feb).
• 14 February
  • A new record low Antarctic sea ice extent is reported by the National Snow and Ice Data Center in the US, beating the previous record set a year earlier.
  • Researchers report a potential first pharmacological acute contraception for men, 100% effective in tests with mice.
• 15 February
  • Two joint studies by the British Antarctic Survey and the US Antarctic programme find that glaciers on the icy continent may be more sensitive to changes in sea temperature than previously thought. Researchers used sensors and an underwater robot beneath the Thwaites glacier to study melting.
  • Scientists report that the possible sounds that ankylosaur dinosaurs may have made were bird-like vocalizations based on a finding of a fossilized larynx from the ankylosaur Pinacosaurus grangeri.
  • The engineering of metastructures that allow the electrical fields inside the device to be controlled at the sub-wavelength scale is shown to be a viable approach for developing ultra-fast electronics in 6G communications.
  • Researchers report the development of Erodium-inspired self-burying seed carriers for aerial seeding of a large range of seed sizes in agriculture and reforestation.
  • Two studies (15 & 2 Feb) report observational evidence and calculations that indicate "stellar remnant black holes are the astrophysical origin of dark energy", as closer supermassive black holes appear to be much larger than distant ones (from the past) which suggests that their growth is driven by the expansion of the Universe, with them contributing "an effectively constant cosmological energy density", so "that black holes contribute cosmologically as vacuum energy", giving the Ω_Λ as measured by Planck. Their explanation depends on black holes containing dark energy and, if true, would solve one of the top key known questions of cosmology and would also avoid black hole singularities. A preprint (7 Feb) outlines, via draft theoretical modelling using an EoS partly motivated by loop quantum cosmology and FLRW, how dark energy could also enable a Big Bounce in the ultimate future – cyclical Big Bangs – by being nonlinear as in evolving between a high energy effective cosmological constant (ECC) and a low energy ECC "close to the observed dark energy density today", "sometimes growing the cosmos, sometimes shrinking it down until the conditions are right for a new Big Bang to occur".
  • A study strengthens (see also 26 Sep 2022) the invalidation of the common argument for high medication costs that research and development (R&D) investments are reflected in and necessitate the treatment costs, finding that during recent decades, the largest biopharmaceutical companies spent more on selling, general and administrative activities (SG&A such as marketing and advertising) than on R&D, with the same largely also applying to share buybacks. It also mentions past public investments, suggests valuable innovation could get accelerated and concludes that high prices in specific as well as higher new medication price medians – both burdens to consumers and healthcare systems – are not justified.
• 16 February
  • An effective new method for carbon dioxide removal from the ocean is described. It could be implemented by ships that would process seawater as they travel, at offshore drilling platforms or aquaculture fish farms.
  • An international norms and arms control proposal for artificial intelligence in the military (such as LAWs and weapons decision-making), the "Political Declaration on Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy", is published by the U.S. government. The first international summit on military AI led to a joint unbinding statement by the U.S., China and other nations, with some external calls for starting negotiations on an internationally binding law or an enforcement-mechanisms-driven law.
  • A study models the burden of the global energy price crisis on household spending caused by the Russo-Ukrainian War, projecting economic mechanisms and fossil fuel dependency will potentially push an additional 78–141 million people into extreme poverty, "offering a basis for targeted support measures".
  • A study shows how many psychedelics promote neural plasticity as psychoplastogens: by getting inside nerve cells and activating 5-HT_2A receptors inside, rather than (only) on the surface, of cells, which can e.g. lead to antidepressant-like effects.
• 18 February – Researchers report the development of a biocomposite 3D printing ink, BactoInk, containing calcium carbonate-producing microorganisms which could be used for restoration, artificial reefs and potentially bone-repair.
• 19 February – A study reports that rationing has been neglected as a policy option for mitigating climate change, and, partly based on historical data and economic analysis, concludes that such personal carbon allowances (PCAs) for few or many products could help states reduce emissions rapidly and fairly. It suggests built-in fair shares mechanisms would be a key part of two-currency PCA economics and that carbon taxes-only economics would not have effects that are as quick and equitable, with their fairness issues potentially including disproportionate impacts on low-income populations (or intensified economic inequality in general). There could be 'carbon cards' for all-encompassing CAs (e.g. using life-cycle assessment for supermarket items [as in 8 Aug 2022]) or per-capita rationing of (scientifically) selected goods such as meat, flights, and/or fossil fuels to adapt to the scarce (physically limited) carbon budget available to meet goals. PCAs could also help address other issues such as the energy crisis and viably accelerate sustainability transitions of domains ranging from lifestyles to investments but may require smaller initial steps than an entire-population-national rationing implementation.
• 20 February – Progress in sex-, reproduction-, and gender studies: a researcher reports "sexual loneliness" is increasing, is a neglected substantial public health problem (of men's health), and that the distribution of the number of lifetime sex partners is as unequal as the distribution of wealth among the most unequal countries and concentrating further – with the number of lifetime sex partners of the top 5% of American men rising substantially within a decade, accounting for more sex acts than the bottom 50% by 2012 – and that while "women can get attention from thousands of men online [with dating apps] in just a few hours, men are lucky if anyone is interested in them", which may be one aspect of gender equality and other issues or topics. News reports on a study (23 Jan) that investigates a subset of the well-being effects of dating app use. A study reviews data on polygyny as a potential way for increasing fertility in developed countries (6 Feb). A review shows that investigated gender differences in basic skills are larger in more gender-equal countries, the gender-equality paradox (16 Feb). News reports on a study (19 Jan) that shows that "women are [now] 3 to 15 times more likely to be selected as members of the AAAS and NAS than men with similar publication and citation records".

28 February: Scientists coin and outline a new field called 'organoid intelligence' (OI).

• 21 February
  • Scientists report the findings of a "dark microbiome" of microorganisms in the Atacama Desert in Chile, a Mars-like region on Earth.
  • Neuroethicists propose a framework that differentiates consciousness into multiple (ten) dimensions, relevant to consciousness studies and questions about non-human consciousness, with nuanced cognitive capacity levels in each that via indicators could form comparable consciousness profiles. On 23 February, a study reports first brain recordings of freely moving octopuses, which are among the most intelligent animals of Earth, also enabling novel intelligence studies and finding both human-like and never-before-seen brain waves.
  • A study shows DNA methylation aging clocks could be useful indicators of health while social factors – such as health behaviors and poverty – are at least as good predictors and e.g. can better predict cognitive functioning. Around February, Bryan Johnson's Project Blueprint for one of the first comprehensive, possibly largely public, (self-)experimentations of a comprehensive combination therapy informed by the large scientific corpus on the topic and organ measurements to maximally reverse biological age and (epigenetic) aging markers achieves substantial media attention, with such activities previously largely reserved to biohackers without resources and means to evaluate effects.
• 22 February
  • Soft, 3D-printed heart replicas that can be personalised for individual patients are demonstrated by engineers for applications in device development, procedural planning, and outcome prediction.
  • Concerns about and research of avian influenza (bird flu) H5N1 rise as increasing spillovers to and between mammals are reported, with the incoming WHO chief scientist warning governments should invest in H5N1 vaccines for all flu strains, and prepare for a potential outbreak among humans (pandemic preparedness), which, if there is a significant risk, could possibly also be prevented.
  • Archaeologists report the earliest evidence of bow and arrow use outside Africa (see also 12 Jun 20) – ~54,000 years ago in France, showing the earliest known H. sapiens to migrate into Neandertal territories used these technologies.
• 23 February
  • The world's first COVID-19 drug designed by generative AI is approved for human use, with clinical trials expected to begin in China. The new drug, ISM3312, is developed by Insilico Medicine.
  • The growing of electrodes in the living tissue of zebrafish (including in the brain) and medicinal leeches is demonstrated, using an injectable gel and the animals' own endogenous molecules to trigger the formation. The researchers claim their breakthrough enables "a new paradigm in bioelectronics."
  • After the EU's ECHA published a restriction policy proposal for all PFAS on 7 February which would largely ban the use of these harmful 'forever chemicals', scientific journalists of "The Forever Pollution Project" release the first comprehensive map of PFAS contamination for Europe. While the map only shows contamination of surface- and groundwater but not bottled and tap water, consumers could protect their health using specific types of faucet water filters. A map released on 22 February by EWG integrates scientific data about prevalent PFAS contamination of wildlife.
• 27 February
  • The channelling of ions into defined pathways in perovskite materials is shown to improve the stability and operational performance of perovskite solar cells. A research team claims this could boost their efficiency from 25 to 40%.
  • A study links the common artificial sweetener erythritol to substantially increased major cardiovascular event risk, also elucidating causal mechanics via in vivo data.
• 28 February
  • Scientists coalesce recent developments (see also 26 Dec 2022) using human brain organoids into a new field they term organoid intelligence (OI), seeking to harness OI for computing – as a novel type of AI – in an ethically responsible way. Networks of such miniature tissues could become functional using stimulus-response training or organoid-computer interfaces – to potentially become "more powerful than silicon-based computing" for a range of tasks – and could also be used for research of various pathophysiologies, brain development, human learning, memory and intelligence, and new therapeutic approaches against brain diseases.
  • Promising results of therapeutic candidates are reported: a phase 3 trialed pegylated interferon lambda against COVID-19 (and other viruses) (9 Feb), a monkey-tested potential first Marburg virus vaccine (10 Feb), in human neurons and in mice tested in-use lamotrigine for recovering MYT1L-caused autism (14 Feb), phase 3 trial results for one of the three late-stage and near-FDA-approval RSV vaccines in elderly (16 Feb), one of two phase 2 trialed RSV vaccines (16 Feb), a trialed electrical stimulation of cervical spinal circuits against post-stroke hemiparesis (20 Feb), a phase 3 trialed MPC stem cell therapy against cardiac events in people with HFrEF heart failure (27 Feb).
  • Progress in screening or diagnosis: a news-reported possibly inexpensive high-throughput static droplet microfluidic device against cancer that isolates and metabolomically analyzes circulating tumor cells in blood (16 Dec 2022), retinal eye screening and monitoring biomarkers against Alzheimer's disease (AD) (9 Feb), autoantibody biomarkers in blood for inexpensively detecting AD (21 Feb).

March

14 March: Launch of GPT-4, an artificial intelligence software able to generate human-like text.

15 March: Evidence of active volcanism on Venus is presented.

• 1 March
  • Biological organoid intelligence (see 28 Feb), 'Brainoware', is demonstrated to solve computational tasks in a preprint, with implications for bioethics and potential bottlenecks and limits of nonbio-AI.
  • A new record for the closest and oldest ultracool dwarf binary pair is reported. The newly discovered stars, in a system named LP 413-53AB, orbit each other in just 17 hours and are believed to be billions of years old.
  • An ICIJ-led investigation 'Deforestation Inc.' shows or reaffirms how an unregulated greenwashing industry overlooks deforestation and human rights (HR) violations when granting environmental certifications that are used to claim compliance to environmental standards, labor laws and HR.
  • A U.S. DNI report concludes that the 'anomalous health incidents' (AHIs) termed 'Havana syndrome' are "very unlikely" to get induced by a foreign adversary. A previous report declassified on 28 March considered directed energy as in directed energy weapons as a plausible cause.
  • Bioengineers show bodily system changes can induce anxiety, in specific altered heart rate by itself in risky contexts, after earlier studies also implicated immune system elements.
  • An "adversarial collaboration" study shows larger financial incomes increase mental wellbeing beyond a previously believed flattening threshold, except for a ceiled "unhappy" minority.
  • A study about global spatiotemporal PM_2.5 fine particle air pollution suggests that in 2019, only "0.001% of the global population had an annual exposure to PM_2.5 at concentrations lower than 5 μg/m³ [WHO annual limit]". On 14 March, the annual IQAir World Air Quality Report that uses a sensor network suggests of the countries assessed, six countries may have met the WHO guideline specific to this type of air pollution. Air pollution is one of the largest causes of early deaths.
  • The largest study of ancient Europeans' DNA (356 UP–neolithic hunter-gatherers) is published, with implications for the history of ancestry changes during the last Ice Age. On 23 March, geneticists report on immune function (MHC) and pigmentation (SLC24A5) as targets of adaptation in neolithic admixture, with farmers inheriting many immunity genes.
  • Science results of the first test of asteroidal planetary defense, DART (see 26 Sep 2022), are published.
• 2 March
  • A study reports boreal fires, "typically accounting for 10% of global fire carbon dioxide emissions, contributed 23% [...] in 2021".
  • After a study (27 Feb) indicated pathological changes to subcortical motor and cognitive hubs in (fatigued) long COVID cases, a small comparative study shows differences in volumes of brainstem regions are similar for ME/CFS and long COVID patients, being larger than in 10 healthy subjects.
• 3 March – After a study (31 Jan) indicated that in building heating in the EU, the feasibility of staying within planetary boundaries is possible only through electrification, with green hydrogen heating being 2–3 times more expensive than heat pump costs, a study indicates that replacing gas boilers with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut German gas consumption, despite of "gas-industry lobbyists and [...] politicians" at the time making "the case for hydrogen" amid some HT policy changes, for which the former study revealed a need to "mitigate increased costs for [many of the] consumers".
• 6 March – The highest-granularity study on food GHGs reports that global food consumption alone would lead to failed climate goals with constant patterns, with ~75% of the projected warming due to ruminant meat, dairy and rice, albeit consumption currently shifts towards higher emissions overall as economic development is expected to facilitate acquisitions of undifferentiated goods like beef.
• 7 March – A preprint by heads of The Galileo Project and U.S.' AARO suggests UAP could be probes sent off from an interstellar parent craft and that a lack of signatures required by standard physics for purported speeds "could imply inaccurate distance measurements". It challenges whether prior observations are reliable and finds "dandelion seeds" probes could use local materials.

16 March: A global rise of high-risk pathogen labs raises pandemic prevention concerns.

• 8 March
  • A new way of capturing carbon, which transforms the gas into bicarbonate of soda and stores it safely in seawater, is shown to be three times more efficient than existing methods.
  • Nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride is demonstrated as a viable superconducting material at 20 °C (room temperature) under a pressure of 1 GPa (10 kbar).
  • A bacterial hydrogenase enzyme, Huc, for biohydrogen energy from the air is reported.
  • The first global precise global time series of ocean surface plastic pollution is released.
• 9 March – Researchers report the development of a fuel cell implant powered by blood glucose. It can also release insulin at certain levels and have enough energy to allow smartphone implant control.
• 10 March
  • The entire brain of a fruit fly larva is mapped in complete detail for the first time, showing all 3,016 neurons and 548,000 synapses.
  • News outlets report on a study (27 Feb), alongside related reports, that concludes "Russia's role as a major player in the global nuclear power sector has remained largely below the [Russian invasion of Ukraine related] sanctions radar". On 7 March, news reports of a study (28 Feb) that uses ICIJ data to investigate offshore networks of oligarchs, suggesting sanctioning of professional intermediary wealth managers.

20 March: The concluding synthesis of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report is published.

• 13 March
  • A study affirms total intensity of extreme weather events is strongly correlated with global mean temperature during 2002–2021, not using mainly models but historical data.
  • An analysis concludes there is large potential (~9,400 TWh/yr) for floating solar photovoltaics on reservoirs, at the upper range of the prior 2020 study.
  • The first comprehensive assessment of 'bottom marine heat waves' is published.
  • An analysis concludes there is large potential for mycoforestry incorporation for carbon sequestration, ecosystem support, and food production.
• 14 March
  • Progress in healthy sustainable food research:
    • Medical researchers report a 24% reduction of heart disease risk in women on a Mediterranean-type diet.
    • A study (1 Mar) reports average carbon footprints of average diets in a US cohort that can be called vegan (~0.69 CO₂-eq/1000 kcal), vegetarian (~1.16), pescatarian (~1.66), omnivore (~2.23), paleo (~2.62) and keto (~2.91) diets. Pescatarian diets were the healthiest before the two other plant-based diets. There may also be substantial variation within diets.
    • A study (7 Mar) using data of 0.5 M participants strengthens the association between ultra-processed foods and cancer risks.
    • A post-mortem study (8 Mar) finds green leafy vegetable intake inversely correlates with Alzheimer's disease pathology.
    • Scientists report (22 Mar) fMRI results showing daily consumption of a high-fat/high-sugar snack alters, similar to drug addiction and likely directly, brain reward circuits, altering food preferences.
  • Progress relating to AI research:
    • The LLM GPT-4 is launched by OpenAI. It and ChatGPT based on it continue to receive major global media attention.
    • Researchers suggest that growing influence of industry in AI research means that "public interest alternatives for important AI tools may become increasingly scarce" (2 Mar).
    • Google reveals PaLM-E, an embodied multimodal language model with 562 billion parameters (7 Mar).
    • Google releases chatbot Bard due to effects of the ChatGPT release, with potential for integration into its Web search and, like ChatGPT software, also as a software development helper tool (21 Mar). DuckDuckGo releases the DuckAssist feature integrated into its search engine that summarizes information from Wikipedia to answer search queries that are questions (8 Mar). The experimental feature is shut down without explanation on 12 April. Around the time, a proprietary feature by scite.ai is released that delivers answers that use research papers and provide citations for the quoted paper(s). It may demonstrate an alternative approach to ChatGPT whose fundamental algorithms are not designed to generate text that is true, including for example "hallucinations" and fake citations or misinformation more generally. Elicit.org may provide a free alternative to this tool. A broader alternative approach to the software's Q&A applications and use of text generation for assignments may be the improvement of media literacy and Web search skills in education systems.
    • A method for editing NeRF scenes, a novel media technique from 2020, with natural language commands is demonstrated by Nvidia (22 Mar).
    • An open letter "Pause Giant AI Experiments" by the Future of Life Institute calls for "AI labs to immediately pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4" due to "profound risks to society and humanity". It received substantial media attention and also contributed to speculations about perceived large LLM potential (22 Mar). At the time there is extensive media coverage of views that regard ChatGPT as a potential step towards AGI or sentient machines, also extending to some academic works (e.g. a popular 22 Mar preprint by a company). The coverage focused on such views may not represent the majority expert views and, for example, some researchers note that e.g. the ability to generate coherent text and imitations are not the same as understanding language. A set of techniques under development include self-refining code or text.
  • The first clear evidence of active volcanism on Venus is presented, based on a reanalysis of old images from the Magellan spacecraft. On 24 March, a second study finds that Venus hosts far more volcanoes than previously mapped, creating a new catalog.
  • A news outlet reports on a two/multi-robot and beacons mesh communication paradigm (11 Feb) for exploration by robotic probes, drones, spacecraft, disaster recovery rovers or underwater robots.
• 15 March
  • The structure of olfactory receptor protein OR51E2 is found, the first elucidation of the structure of any olfactory receptor to date.
  • A technique for offspring from two male mice via skin cells (differentiated to oocytes) and many embryo transfers is demonstrated.
• 16 March – The first Global Biolabs Report documents a rapid rise of high-risk pathogen labs around the world, many of which in urban areas or with particularly weak biorisk management, with BSL-4 labs doubling within a decade. Its results raise concerns about contemporary pandemic prevention measures for which the report makes broad key recommendations to prevent reckless, accidental – for which there are track-records – or malicious releases.
• 17 March – A study suggests in developed countries (Sweden) wealth (lottery winning) increases marriage formation and fertility (likely via desirability) for males, with the only discernible effect on female winners being increased short-run (but not long-run) divorce risk.
• 19 March – A news outlet reports on a systematic study of major issues in popular currently available commercial VPNs for Internet privacy and security. On 3 March, researchers report on their paper about 'digital resignation', calling for regulations and education reform.
• 20 March
  • The final synthesis of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report is published. It summarises the state of knowledge relating to climate change with assessed levels of confidence. Conclusions in the summary for contemporary policy-makers include that the extent to which both current and future generations will be impacted depends on choices now and in the near-term, with "high confidence" that policies implemented by the end of 2020 are "projected to result in higher global GHG emissions in 2030 than emissions implied by NDCs" and would fail to meet global climate goals.
  • The CDC reports of rising concerns over the accelerating (95% increase in 2021) spread of antimicrobial-resistant C. auris fungus in U.S. healthcare facilities. On 13 March, a study reports the first case of C. purpureum causing disease in a human – a mycologist, highlighting cross-kingdom human pathogen potential.
  • A consciousness- and psychedelics science study shows the most comprehensive view of the acute brain action of psychedelics during trips with the first EEG-fMRI neuroimaging results about DMT effects on the brain.
• 21 March
  • Analysis of samples from the near-Earth asteroid Ryugu reveals the presence of uracil, one of the four nucleobases in RNA needed for life.
  • A university reports on a study (23 Feb) that concludes that "the public has more-positive attitudes towards [fossil fuel] subsidy removal if optimal use of the saved fiscal revenues is specified".
• 22 March – Astronomers report that ʻOumuamua, an interstellar object discovered in 2017 passing through the Solar System, was a comet after all, "originating as a planetesimal relic"; the observed acceleration was "due to the release of entrapped molecular hydrogen that formed through energetic processing of an H₂O-rich icy body". On 24 March, two TGP scientists in a preprint suggest this theory is incorrect because "their calculation of surface temperature ignored the crucial cooling effect of evaporating H₂".
• 23 March
  • Progress in health literacy and communication:
    • A review about mitochondria and health is published, suggesting that "a normalization of a lack of physical activity in our modern society has led to the perception that exercise is an 'intervention'" instead of part of a modus vivendi engrained in human bodies and that lessons learned from elite athlete research (healthy subjects) could be translated to the betterment of populations' health.
    • On 2 March, a report projects more than half of the population will be obese within 12 years, assessing the situations in 187 countries, including their obesity prevention policies commitment.
    • On 21 March, a psychologist reports on a study (10 Feb) that hypothesizes mental health awareness efforts (in current forms) or glamorised and romanticised mental disorders on social media (e.g. quotes about depression on aesthetically-appealing backgrounds shared widely on certain social media) may contribute to the recent rise in reported mental health problems – by intensifying and over-diagnosing of such – beyond e.g. increased reporting of previously under-recognised symptoms or mental health-related issues.
  • A study, as part of a series and alongside a WHO fact sheet (21 Mar), robustifies the recent concept of "commercial determinants of health" suggesting "transnational corporations", facilitated by economic and governance systems and a "shift towards market fundamentalism", are responsible for escalating rates of avoidable ill health, planetary damage, and social and health inequity", with just four industry sectors "already account[ing] for [or being involved in] at least a third of global deaths". It concludes that while policy-related capacities "have been impoverished and disempowered or captured by commercial interests", "many policy solutions [to some degree of adoptability] are available [but are] not being implemented". On 22 March, a news outlet reports on a paper (25 Jan) that contributes to an understanding of already-existing law that suggests that fossil fuel companies may be chargeable with homicide due to climate change effects and e.g. partly their deception of the public and proactive prevention of regulations. The paper is focused on corporate actors and does not address e.g. politicians' and policymakers' responsibilities, media people or issues, economic pressures or incentives, and responsibilities for facilitations of solutions to these underlying economic conditions.
  • The first (9) multi-organ-based human virome, of (31) post-mortem healthy individuals, is published, including a dark virome from body sites previously considered to be sterile. Positive and negative long-term consequences of such resident DNA viruses, including reactivation factors and issues, are largely unknown.
• 28 March – A new viable lithium-ion battery recycling method is reported. On 21 March, a university and one news outlet report on a study (21 Feb) suggesting incentives and regulations are needed for producers to design solar panels that can be more easily recycled.
• 29 March
  • A study of ~90,000 adults finds that increased physical activity levels can reduce the mortality risks associated with short or long sleep duration.
  • Astronomers identify an "ultramassive" black hole, one of the largest ever discovered, and the first to be confirmed through gravitational lensing, at the centre of the galaxy Abell 1201 BCG.
  • News outlets report on a study (19 Feb) that indicates the language connectome is shaped by factors that include native language characteristics.
  • A study reports a bacterial new PVC injection system-based way of protein delivery, one of the biggest unsolved problems of gene editing.
• 30 March
  • A study of the deep ocean currents around Antarctica finds they could slow by 40% by 2050, with significant implications for the global climate. On 27 March, a study attempts to provide estimations of the tipping point(s) of the Greenland ice sheet.
  • Botanists report plants emit ultrasonic sounds under stress which can be interpreted, relevant to agriculture.
  • A news outlet reports on a DVGW report that suggests gas pipeline infrastructures (in Germany) are suitable to be repurposed to transport hydrogen, showing limited corrosion.
• 31 March
  • Parts of Twitter's recommender algorithms become open source, welcomed and requested by many albeit with several issues related to code exclusion and verifiability. Around the time, the free version of its API, which was also used for research, is shut down – followed shortly thereafter by reddit – proprietary verification checkmarks cause controversy, parts of its source code are leaked, and applications of a "state-affiliated media" label – which purportedly uses "Category:Publicly funded broadcasters" data which, like the label, does not differentiate and list the shares of funding sources – cause controversy.
  • A university reports on a study (14 Jan) demonstrating functional integration of a magnetically steered microbot containing neurons, 'Mag-Neurobot', in a mouse "organotypic hippocampal slice" (OHS) as physical (semi-)artificial neurons.
• Promising innovations relating to global challenges are demonstrated: a low-cost open source air pollution sensor (Flatburn) (1 Mar), a second biotech company commercializes sustainable MS mycelium protein after Quorn in 1983 (Meati Foods) (6 Mar), another agrivoltaic greenhouse which outperforms a conventional glass-roof greenhouse (6 Mar), first kWh by a TLP floating airborne wind turbine system (X30) possibly as part of a "new wave of startups" in this area (7 Mar), WHO recommendations on two new types of insecticide-treated nets for Malaria prevention (14 Mar), a biodegradable and biorecyclable glass (17 Mar), a COTS demining drone (~21 Mar), nonalcoholic first powdered beer (Dryest Beer) (23 Mar), a reforestation drone (AirSeed) (24 Mar), a phase-change materials embedded in wood-based energy-saving building material (27 Mar), cultivated meat from extinct mammoths as demonstration of potential (28 Mar), media reports on a study (17 Jul 2022) demonstrating a CNC radiative cooling film (29 Mar).
• Promising results of therapeutic candidates are reported: mice-tested CMD diet with RSL3 against cancer (2 Mar), a phase 1 trialed tuberculosis vaccine (6 Mar), trialed pulsed field ablation (PFA) against atrial fibrillation (6 Mar), mice-tested FGF21 (also activated by β-klotho) for alcohol intoxication recovery (7 Mar), a mice-tested mRNA vaccine against potential antibiotic-resistant plague which may also be useful for other antibacterial vaccines (8 Mar), a study (28 Feb) indicates Naloxone access does not promote high-risk opioid use behaviors (9 Mar), rat-tested mitochondrial transplantation (MTx) for cardiac arrest recovery (16 Mar), an EEG BCI headgear (16 Mar), mice-tested menin target against aging (16 Mar), a mice-tested novel-type CRISPR gene editing system PE^SpRY against RP vision loss (17 Mar), a mice-tested wearable patch for accelerated cutaneous chronic wound healing (24 Mar), phase 3 trialed pembrolizumab addition against recurrent endometrial cancer (27 Mar), a phase 3 trialed percutaneous approach against chronic limb threatening ischemia without amputation (30 Mar), a mice-tested self-charging battery ROS-emitting implant against cancer (31 Mar).

April

12 April: Researchers demonstrate an 'AI scientist' that can rediscover physical laws from axioms and data.

14 April: Launch of the JUICE mission to Jupiter.

• 3 April
  • Five employees at the National Hurricane Center publish a tropical cyclone report (TCR) on Hurricane Ian, which officially upgrades the hurricane from a Category 4 to a Category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson scale. The TCR also stated that Hurricane Ian caused, with 90% confidence, $112.9 billion worth of damage to the United States, which made Ian the third-costliest United States hurricane on record as well as the costliest hurricane to strike Florida on record.
  • An unexplained rise of emissions of five chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), successfully banned by the Montreal Protocol of 1989, is reported. Their climate impact in 2020 is roughly equivalent to that of the CO₂e from Denmark in 2018.
  • A study affirms and explains why a moderate decrease in body temperature extends lifespan.
• 5 April
  • The NOAA reports that greenhouse gases continued to increase rapidly in 2022 and that CO₂ levels in the atmosphere are now the highest in 4.3 million years.
  • An umbrella review summarizes scientific results on the extensive health effects of added-sugar foods and makes recommendations such as limiting sugar-sweetened beverages which are "the largest source of added sugars" and developing of policy such as advertising restrictions.
• 6 April – A study shows neurons take up glucose (from food) and metabolize it by glycolysis. There was only limited research on how neurons get their energy in the context of links between glucose metabolism and cognition (brain health and performance).
• 10 April – A study expands upon the role of elites' unsustainable consumption in urban water crises. In Cape Town, for example, the wealthiest 14% of the population use half of the city's water, while the poorest 62% use just a quarter.
• 11 April – A study reports that genomic surveillance (GS) shows that a clonal lineage of the wheat blast fungus has spread worldwide and that there is a need for GS to track and mitigate the potential pandemic threat to the global food supply as it may become fungicide-insensitive.
• 13 April
  • The direct imaging of HIP 99770 b, a new exoplanet found 133 light years away, is reported by astronomers.
  • A global trend towards more rapid-onset "flash droughts" hindering forecasting is reported.
• 14 April
  • Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) is launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) to search for life in the Jovian system, with an expected arrival date of 2031.
  • A review reports that a gender-affirming therapy in adolescents – gender transition for "rapidly growing numbers" of gender-dysphoric youth – is not supported by the evidence, and asks the field to honor principles of evidence-based medicine.
• 17 April
  • A new technique for improving the resolution of post-mortem MRI brain scans "by 64 million times" is reported by researchers, who capture the sharpest ever images of an entire mouse brain.
  • A study expands upon the international Earth heat inventory from 2020, which provides a measure of the Earth energy imbalance (EEI) and allows for quantifying how much and where heat has accumulated in the Earth system with comprehensive data. It suggests that the EEI is the "most fundamental global climate indicator" to gauge climate change mitigation efforts.
• 18 April
  • Astronomers conclude that "... planets in the habitable zones of stars with low metallicity are the best targets to search for complex life on land."
  • A university reports a study (29 Mar) affirming the high level of economic losses from biological invasions, showing they have risen to the level of economic damage costs from floods or earthquakes, which are also rising.
• 19 April
  • A bolide is observed over Ukraine and Belarus for about five seconds. It is first observed at an altitude of 98 km above Velyka Dymerka, then passes directly above Kyiv at an altitude of 80 km and continues to the southwest with a speed of 29 km/s. A bright flare occurs at an altitude of 38 km, when the bolide's absolute magnitude reaches approximately –18.
  • The likely cause of grey hair is shown to be pigment-making cells losing their ability to mature into melanocytes.
  • Researchers show parrots can and enjoy to use a videocalling system.
  • A study with mice shows that microplastics pass the blood–brain barrier (BBB), entering and accumulating in the brain, and identifies a key determinant for whether or not they pass the BBB.
• 20 April
  • A new 29-year record of ice sheet mass in Greenland and Antarctica is published as part of the IMBIE collaboration. It finds that the combined ice loss in these regions has more than tripled since the early 1990s, with 2019 seeing the greatest losses of any year on record. These findings have implications for future sea level rise.
  • Paleoneurologists publish the first neuroevolutionary timeline about correlations of changes in the shape of the cerebral cortex and functions, showing "variability in surface geometry relates to species' ecology and behaviour" and cognition. It characterizes many of the neuromorphological events in the origin of distinct human intelligence over the past 77 million years.
  • A UNICEF report indicates "public perception of the importance of vaccines for children declined during the COVID-19 pandemic in 52 out of 55 countries studied" with causal factors including "growing access to misleading information". On 26 April, news outlets report that Twitter is warned by EU digital policy-makers after a report indicated its recent policies "boost" Russian disinformation-based propaganda. On 17 April, Twitter introduces labels for rationales when tweets are made less visible which previously were semi-censored without any explanation. On 5 April, the first review of interventions against false conspiracy beliefs, with interventions "that fostered an analytical mindset or taught critical thinking skills" being most effective and preventive action being important.
• 21 April – Researchers report the development of neuromorphic AI hardware using nanowires (see also 2020-04-20) physically mimicking the brain's activity in identifying and remembering an image from memory. On 26 April, a university reports on a demonstration (11 Mar) of multisensory motion cue integration by a neuromorphic nerve for robots.

Image version of this section

• 24 April
  • Astronomers release close-up global images, for the first time, of the Martian moon Deimos that were taken by the Mars Hope orbiter.
  • The first review of issues identified in meta-science of metascience is published, providing an overview of ten "questionable" practices (QMPs) in the field such as "overplaying the role of replication in science" and preregistration potential.
  • A policy study identifies reduction of car travel activity as the most important transportation policy option in reducing GHG emissions to levels comparable to carbon budget levels, with a "decrease car distance driven and car ownership by over 80% as compared to current levels" by 2027 being effective in "edging close to the designated carbon budget" in their case-study of London and electrification being highly insufficient. On 20 April, an international study indicates that the contemporary domestic policy-proposal of a general speed limit on highways in Germany, the only large country in the world without such, for a quick GHG emissions reduction would also be economically beneficial. It points to a climate change mitigation law (KSG) that mandated emission reductions in this sector that was changed in 2023 so as to remove these obligations.
• 25 April
  • Scientists, based on new evidence, conclude that Rosalind Franklin was a contributor and "equal player" in the discovery process of DNA, rather than otherwise, as may have been presented subsequently after the time of the discovery.
  • The first gene silencing approach to Alzheimer's disease is reported, with a drug called BIIB080 used on the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene. Patients in a Phase 1 trial were found to have a greater than 50% reduction in levels of harmful tau protein after taking the drug.
• 26 April
  • Astronomers present an image, for the first time viewed together, of the shadow of the black hole in the center of the Messier 87 galaxy, and its related high-energy jet.
  • The first-ever global assessment of glacier mass loss from satellite radar altimetry is published. It shows that glaciers lost 2,720 gigatonnes of ice, about 2% of their volume, between 2010 and 2020.
• 28 April – Progress in AI software:
  • ChatGPT is shown to outperform human doctors in responding to online medical questions when measured on quality and empathy by "a team of licensed health care professionals", albeit the chatbot may have previously been trained with these reddit question and answers threads.
  • Further LLM developments during what has been called an "AI boom" include: local or open source versions of LLaMA which was leaked in March, news outlets report on GPT4-based Auto-GPT that given natural language commands uses the Internet and other tools in attempts to understand and achieve its tasks with unclear or so-far little practicality, a systematic evaluation of answers from four "generative search engines" suggests their outputs "appear informative, but frequently contain unsupported statements and inaccurate citations", a multi-modal open source tool for understanding and generating speech, a data scientist argues that "researchers need to collaborate to develop open-source LLMs that are transparent" and independent, Stability AI launches an open source LLM.
  • On 12 April, researchers demonstrate an 'AI scientist' that can create of models of natural phenomena from knowledge axioms and experimental data, showing the software can rediscover physical laws using logical reasoning and few data points.
• Promising results of therapeutic candidates are reported: a review suggests daily vitamin D₃ may reduce cancer mortality by around 12% (31 Mar), review of experimental phototherapies against dementia cognitive decline (5 Apr), mice-tested L. reuteri-and-tryptophan-diet for checkpoint inhibitor potentiation (6 Apr), doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis against STIs (6 Apr), an engineered probiotic against alcohol-induced damage (11 Apr), phase 2 trialed AXA1125 against long COVID fatigue (14 Apr), review finds cranberry products useful against UTIs in women (17 Apr), and macaques-tested low-intensity focus ultrasound delivery of AAV into brain regions against brain diseases (19 Apr). Progress in screening: an α-synuclein SAA (assay) against Parkinson's disease (12 Apr), and exogenously administered bioengineered sensors that amplify urinary cancer biomarkers for detection (24 Apr).
• Promising innovations relating to global challenges are reported: a laser-using drone-based methane plume localization method, approval of the first yeast-based cow-free dairy (Remilk), a Tor browser-equivalent Web browser for privacy-protected browsing when using a VPN (Mullvad browser), a concentrated solar-to-hydrogen device approaching viability, a method for fat tissue cultured meat, flexible organic solar cells on balloons in the 35 km stratosphere.

May

• 1 May
  • A new brain-reading device called a "semantic decoder" is demonstrated by the University of Texas at Austin. The non-invasive system, partly based on a transformer, is able to translate a person's neural activity into a continuous stream of text.
  • News outlets report the first study (6 Feb) modelling contemporary detectability of human civilization from afar which suggests overall radio-leakage from mobile towers would still be too weak to be detectable with humanity's next-generation radio telescopes from three of Earth's current closest nearby star-systems. Radar systems are not yet included in their model, while radar emissions during – and possibly since – the Cold War are thought to be the first most detectable cue by which hypothetical extraterrestrials could detect humanity.
  • The second study, after one from early 2022 with similar results, about EEG data of dying humans finds a surge of gamma waves and increased functional connectivities in two of four patients. It provides data and analysis about the brain process of dying (terminal loss of sentience and life) and near-death experiences.
• 2 May
  • A new AI algorithm developed by Baidu is shown to boost the antibody response of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines by 128 times.
  • A single-molecule valve is demonstrated by Osaka Metropolitan University, a breakthrough in nanoscale control of fluids.
  • Scientists report economic factors of neurology or mental health and cognition during child development: association of low income with brain structure and hippocampal volume, stronger associations in U.S. states with higher cost of living, and lower associations for stronger social safety nets for low-income-affected people.

8 May: Infrared view of three asteroid belts around the star Fomalhaut.

• 3 May
  • Drug company Eli Lilly reports that donanemab can slow the pace of Alzheimer's disease by 35%, following a Phase 3 study in human patients.
  • Astronomers using the Gemini South telescope report the first direct evidence of an exoplanet being swallowed by an ancient Sun-like star, a fate that likely awaits the Earth in five billion years.
• 4 May – Westinghouse Electric's nuclear division announces the AP300, a miniature version of its signature AP1000 nuclear reactor.
• 5 May – The World Health Organization announces that COVID-19 is no longer considered a global health emergency.
• 8 May
  • The first infrared image of an asteroid belt outside our Solar System is captured by the James Webb Space Telescope. Three distinct rings of debris are shown to exist around Fomalhaut, a young star 25 light years away.
  • AI successfully identifies people at the highest risk for pancreatic cancer up to three years before diagnosis, using solely the patients' medical records.
• 9 May – 34% of neuroscience papers and 23% of medical papers published in 2020 were probably fabricated or plagiarized, according to a study, stemming from paper mills.
• 10 May
  • CRANK-MS, a new algorithm to detect Parkinson's disease before the onset of symptoms, is demonstrated by the University of New South Wales and Boston University. It achieves an accuracy of 96%, using neural networks to analyse biomarkers in bodily fluids.
  • A rough draft of the human "pan-genome" is presented, consisting of 47 genomes from a cohort of genetically diverse individuals. This aims to improve medical research by building on the earlier Human Genome Project.
  • Scientists demonstrate with experimental evolution how macroscopic multicellularity could have emerged on Earth.
• 11 May – The discovery of 62 new moons of Saturn is reported, taking its total confirmed number to 145 and overtaking Jupiter.
• 15 May
  • The National Institutes of Health begins a Phase 1 trial of an mRNA-based universal influenza vaccine, enrolling 50 volunteers.
  • A study shows most extensively the neuro-molecular mechanics of how a fungal parasite affects behavior of insects.
  • By publishing virome-related results, researchers close a major gap in the acceleratingly accumulating research into centenarians' microbiome characteristics for life extension.
• 16 May – A software tool called Allegro is reported to accurately simulate 44 million atoms, running on the Perlmutter supercomputer.
• 17 May
  • Scientists report, based on genetic studies, a more complicated pathway of human evolution than previously understood. According to the studies, humans evolved from different places and times in Africa, instead of from a single location and period of time.
  • The newly discovered exoplanet LP 791-18 d is theorised to be covered with volcanoes, due to the extreme gravitational pull of a super-Earth in the same system.
  • A study suggests school curricula start including useful basic life support, noting that e.g. complemented video lessons could be effective.
• 18 May
  • Astronomers map the paths of potentially hazardous asteroids for the next 1,000 years. At least 28 asteroids of 1 km diameter or larger are found to have non-zero probabilities of a 'deep encounter' with Earth.
  • A study reports that more than 50% of freshwater lakes and reservoirs lost volume since 1992 due to human and climatic drivers.
• 19 May
  • A policies study review, based on a systematic examination of existing methane policies across sectors, concludes that both only "about 13% of methane emissions are covered by methane mitigation policies and that the effectiveness of these policies "is far from clear".
  • Researchers propose a methodological approach and quantifications for reparations from fossil fuel producers. Cross-disciplinary researchers propose academics make universities implement, leadingly, the plant-based dietary transition that an increasingly large and confirmed corpus of studies, to which these contributed to, concludes is vital (7 May).
  • Metascience-related events
    • Nature reports China has "overtaken the United States as the number one ranked country or territory for contributions to research articles published in the Nature Index group of high-quality natural-science journals", remaining at second place overall. The Nature Index, since 2016, evaluates contribution by the number of articles published in a subgroup of their journals – other potential or less popular approaches and metrics for quantifications of success or impact can or could produce different rankings or annual tables and conclusions.
    • A time-use research study (10 May) estimates the costs of manuscript (re)formatting to fit journal guidelines, ~$230 million or ~75 million hours of lost academics' time in 2021. As researchers, usually with little time, usually conduct these tasks themselves and manually and the, largely cosmetic, unstandardized changes are required before, not after, the paper is accepted for publication, it proposes journals start allowing "free-format submissions".
    • A study (25 May) highlights a list of problematic persuasive methods in academic articles, such as exaggerating the importance of the work or insufficient contextualization by "Not citing previous work that decreases the perceived novelty of the current work".

25 May: Artificial intelligence is reported to have designed a new antibiotic, effective against Acinetobacter baumannii (pictured).

• 21 May – IBM announces that it will begin development of a 100,000-qubit quantum computer, the world's largest and most powerful, to be completed by 2033.
• 22 May – A study quantifies "the human cost of global warming", showing current policies "leading to around 2.7 °C global warming could by 2080–2100 leave one-third (22–39%)" of people outside their climate niche (see also 4 May 2020) – humans' long-time ranges of mean annual temperatures to which their physiology may have largely adapted to. It indicates meeting the 1.5 °C goal would decrease the population exposed to unprecedented heat ~5-fold and ties itself to earlier research by initially noting that quantifying the social cost of carbon in monetary terms, as related or economics studies tend to do, may be inadequate.
• 23 May
  • Using the Hubble Space Telescope and Gaia spacecraft, an analysis of proper motions of the closest known globular cluster, Messier 4, reveals an excess mass of roughly 800 solar masses in the center. This appears to not be extended, and could thus be the best kinematic evidence for an intermediate-mass black hole (even if an unusually compact cluster of compact objects, white dwarfs, neutron stars or stellar-mass black holes cannot be completely discounted).
  • The first survey study of academics' perception of the topic of "unidentified aerial phenomena" – also called UAP and one type of "anomalous phenomena" – suggests few academics are knowledgeable about the existing academic literature on UAP, such as studies by Knuth, Nolan and Loeb or of The Galileo Project. The majority was not or only slightly aware of the 2021 US Intelligence UFO Report. Results indicate "more academic research about UAP" is rated by the respondent population (~4% of ~40,000 contacted) most commonly as "Of Average Importance", below and before "Very Important".
  • A study identifies plastic chopping boards as a substantial source of ingested microplastics. Researchers show plastic recycling facilities are a major source of microplastic water pollution (1 May).
  • Computational neuroscientists show that people with higher intelligence scores in HCP cognitive tests took more time to solve difficult problems and that their higher synchrony between brain areas allowed for better integration of evidence (or progress) from preceding working memory sub-problem processing. Reducing synchrony in "avatar" simulations, that were adjusted and tuned towards personalization, "led decision-making circuits to quickly jump to conclusions". Their codified results may be useful for an understanding of cognition to replicate or imitate in bio-inspired computing.
  • Researchers report trends in reasons for HPV vaccine hesitancy during 2010–20.
• 24 May
  • Scientists demonstrate gene 'FAAH'-related disruption via genetic or epigenome editing for pain insensitivity (see also 10 March 2021). Their mainly long non-coding RNA 'FAAH-OUT'-related analyses, following from decade-long study of a woman who can't feel pain or anxiety, could also enable novel therapeutic developments against other neurological problems.
  • One of the first empirical studies on what real users are shown during their typical use of popular Web search engines interprets its results to show that choices for unreliable news sources for their queries are driven primarily by users' own choices and less by the engine's algorithms. The Web researchers link their findings to the concept of filter bubbles which emphasizes the role of design- and personalization algorithms. On 2 May, a report accompanied by an open letter concludes that Alphabet Inc, against its voluntary promises, still runs climate misinformation ads. Statements by Elon Musk in 2022 suggest YouTube may also show ethically disputed advertising other than science-related misinformation such as extensively showing "scam ads".
• 25 May
  • 5,000 marine species new to science are discovered in the Clipperton Fracture Zone, a proposed deep sea mining hotspot in the Pacific Ocean.
  • AI is used to develop an experimental antibiotic called abaucin, which is shown to be effective against Acinetobacter baumannii.
  • Evidence for the existence of a second Kuiper Belt is presented by NASA scientists, which the New Horizons spacecraft could potentially visit during the late 2020s or early 2030s.
  • A study reports observational evidence for problematic fast slowdown of the Antarctic bottom water current.
  • Neuroengineers demonstrate induction of a torpor-like state in mice via ultrasound stimulation.
• 29 May
  • A new record high efficiency of 19.3% for organic solar cells is reported by Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
  • MBR Explorer is announced by the United Arab Emirates Space Agency, an uncrewed mission to explore seven asteroids, which includes an attempted surface landing on 269 Justitia in 2034.
  • Scientists provide details of H5N1 bird flu's fast viral evolution of clade 2.3.4.4b including reassortment after "explosive geographic expansion in 2021 among wild birds", with relevance to measures such as existing candidate vaccines.
• 31 May
  • The first X-ray of a single atom is reported at Ohio University.
  • An international study, using modelling and literature assessment, codifies, integrates into and quantifies "safe and just Earth system boundaries" (ESBs) with the context of Earth system stability and minimization of human harm. They expand upon earlier boundary frameworks by incorporating concepts such as intra- and intergenerational justice, propose that their framework may better enable a quantitative foundation for safeguarding the global commons, and report many of the ESBs are already exceeded.
• Healthcare systems related results are published: large increases in medication prices via sustained decrease in their use can cause poorer disease control (8 May), widespread implementation of the particular Alzheimer's disease therapeutic solution lecanemab may increase annual U.S. Medicare spending by $2.0 to $5.1 billion (11 May), mailed HPV self-collection kits with scheduling assistance can lead to greater uptake of cervical cancer screening (11 May), cost-related medication nonadherence occurs in approximately 1 in 5 older adults in the U.S. in 2022 (18 May), and a QALY-based health economics study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of U.S. population-wide screening for CKD (23 May).
• Research on potential current public risk sources is published: the common DBP and BPAF appear to have "substantial impact on the integrity of the sperm nucleus and DNA structure" in mice via oxidative stress (5 May), a preliminary study contextualizes "time spent on social media" as one of the "least influential factors in adolescent mental health" (8 May), ubiquitous environmental contaminant TCE appears to be a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) (15 May), various pesticides are identified as potential risk factors for PD (16 May), researchers demonstrate a two zero-day vulnerabilities-based quick low-cost method – "BrutePrint" – for bypassing common smartphones' fingerprint authentication (18 May), and common sucralose impurity sucralose-6-acetate appears to be DNA damaging with sucralose-sweetened drinks potentially far exceeding the threshold of toxicological concern (29 May).
• Promising innovations relating to global challenges are demonstrated: an open source automated experimentation science platform (BacterAI) for predicting microbial metabolism with little data (4 May), a pesticide alternative against wheat seed loss (22 May), a free non-open-source transfer learning-based system (Geneformer) to predict how networks of interconnected human genes control or affect the function of cells (31 May).

June

• 1 June – Caltech reports the first successful beaming of solar energy from space down to a receiver on the ground, via the MAPLE instrument on its SSPD-1 spacecraft, launched into orbit in January.
• 2 June – Physicist Lucas Lombriser reports an alternative way of interpreting the available scientific data which suggests that the notion of an expanding universe may be more a "mirage" than otherwise.
• 5 June
  • Scientists report evidence that Homo naledi, an extinct species of archaic human discovered in 2013 in South Africa, and living as long as 500,000 years ago, buried their dead, created art in their caves and used fire.
  • A 'chef' robot developed at the University of Cambridge is trained to watch and learn from cooking videos, and recreate dishes itself.
• 6 June – A study in Nature finds that the first complete disappearance of Arctic sea ice could occur during the 2030s, a decade earlier than previously forecast.
• 8 June
  • US scientists confirm that the next El Niño has begun, likely resulting in higher global temperatures in late 2023 and into 2024.
  • Taurine given to a range of animal species is found to boost health and extend lifespan by up to 12%.
• 14 June
  • Researchers at the University of Cambridge and Caltech report the creation of the first synthetic human embryo from stem cells, without the need for sperm or egg cells.
  • Scientists report evidence that the planet Earth may have formed in just three million years, much faster than the 100 million years thought earlier.
  • Astronomers report that the presence of phosphates on Enceladus, moon of the planet Saturn, has been detected, completing the discovery of all the basic chemical ingredients for life on the moon.
  • IBM computer scientists report that a quantum computer produced better results for a physics problem than a conventional supercomputer.
  • A machine learning model developed at the University of Edinburgh is trained to recognise the key features of chemicals with senolytic activity. It finds three chemicals – ginkgetin, periplocin and oleandrin – able to remove senescent cells without damaging healthy cells.
• 17 June – Researchers report that a single gas-stove burner can raise the indoor concentrations of benzene, related to cancer risk, to more than that found in secondhand tobacco smoke.
• 21 June – The first successful transplant of a functional cryopreserved mammalian kidney is reported by the University of Minnesota.
• 22 June – A study in The Lancet predicts that by 2050, the worldwide number of adults with diabetes will more than double, from 529 million to over 1.3 billion. No country is expected to see a decline.
• 23 June – Orforglipron, an experimental drug for obesity, is shown to achieve a nearly 15% mean weight reduction in human adults during a Phase 2 trial.

Predicted and scheduled events

See also: 2023 in spaceflight

• Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) and ufology
  • First major observational campaign of the SETI project COSMIC.
  • Expected public release date of the first study by NASA on UAP in mid-2023.
  • Expected public first release of results from the international UFO investigation project The Galileo Project led by astronomer Avi Loeb.
  • Rocket Lab's Venus probe is scheduled to be launched and to arrive on Venus in October, partly to search for signs of life on Venus.
• Expected start of the Vera Rubin Observatory, the Qitai Radio Telescope, the European Spallation Source and the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory.
• Nature has listed 11 clinical trials to watch in 2023. Results of the Participatory Evaluation (of) Aging (With) Rapamycin (for) Longevity Study (PEARL) clinical trial investigating a life extension intervention are expected to be released.
• Science-related budgets
  • US: several fields, research topics and agencies are provided with increased budgets, including the new Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H). Various changes to the budgets of US institutions like NASA, FDA, EPA and NIH have been described.
  • UK:
    See also: Advanced Research and Invention Agency

Awards

Main article: Lists of science and technology awards

Deaths

Main article: Deaths in 2023

Further information: Category:2023 deaths

See also

• Category:Science events
• Category:Science timelines
• List of emerging technologies
• List of years in science

References

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External links

• Template:Commons category-inline

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