Glutathione disulfide: Difference between revisions
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'''Glutathione disulfide''' ('''GSSG''') is a [[disulfide]] derived from two [[glutathione]] molecules.<ref name="MeisterB">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meister A, Anderson |
'''Glutathione disulfide''' ('''GSSG''') is a [[disulfide]] derived from two [[glutathione]] molecules.<ref name="MeisterB">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meister A, Anderson ME |title=Glutathione |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |volume=52 |issue= |pages=711–60 |year=1983 |pmid=6137189 |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431 }}</ref> |
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In living cells, glutathione disulfide is reduced into two molecules of glutathione with reducing equivalents from the [[coenzyme]] [[NADPH]]. This reaction is catalyzed by the [[enzyme]] [[glutathione reductase]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Deneke SM, Fanburg BL |title=Regulation of cellular glutathione |journal= |
In living cells, glutathione disulfide is reduced into two molecules of glutathione with reducing equivalents from the [[coenzyme]] [[NADPH]]. This reaction is catalyzed by the [[enzyme]] [[glutathione reductase]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Deneke SM, Fanburg BL |title=Regulation of cellular glutathione |journal=The American Journal of Physiology |volume=257 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=L163–73 |year=1989 |pmid=2572174 |url=http://ajplung.physiology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=reprint&pmid=2572174 }}</ref> Antioxidant enzymes, such as [[glutathione peroxidase]]s and [[peroxiredoxin]]s, generate glutathione disulfide during the reduction of [[peroxide]]s such as [[hydrogen peroxide]] (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and [[organic peroxide|organic hydroperoxide]]s (ROOH):<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Meister A |title=Glutathione metabolism and its selective modification |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=263 |issue=33 |pages=17205–8 |year=1988 |pmid=3053703 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3053703 }}</ref> |
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:2 GSH + ROOH → GSSG + ROH + H<sub>2</sub>O |
:2 GSH + ROOH → GSSG + ROH + H<sub>2</sub>O |
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:2 GSH + R-S-S-R → GSSG + 2 RSH |
:2 GSH + R-S-S-R → GSSG + 2 RSH |
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The GSH:GSSG ratio is therefore an important [[bioindicator]] of cellular health, with a higher ratio signifying less oxidative stress in the organism. A lower ratio may even be indicative of neurodegenerative diseases, such as [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's disease (PD)]] and [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref> |
The GSH:GSSG ratio is therefore an important [[bioindicator]] of cellular health, with a higher ratio signifying less oxidative stress in the organism. A lower ratio may even be indicative of neurodegenerative diseases, such as [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's disease (PD)]] and [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Owen JB, Butterfield DA |title=Measurement of oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio |journal=Methods in Molecular Biology |volume=648 |issue= |pages=269–77 |year=2010 |pmid=20700719 |doi=10.1007/978-1-60761-756-3_18 }}</ref> |
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==Neuromodulator== |
==Neuromodulator== |
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GSSG, along with glutathione and [[S-Nitrosoglutathione|''S''-nitrosoglutathione]] (GSNO), have been found to bind to the [[glutamate]] recognition site of the [[NMDA receptor|NMDA]] and [[AMPA receptor]]s (via their γ-glutamyl moieties), and may be [[endogenous]] [[neuromodulator]]s.<ref name="SteulletNeijt2006">{{cite journal| |
GSSG, along with glutathione and [[S-Nitrosoglutathione|''S''-nitrosoglutathione]] (GSNO), have been found to bind to the [[glutamate]] recognition site of the [[NMDA receptor|NMDA]] and [[AMPA receptor]]s (via their γ-glutamyl moieties), and may be [[endogenous]] [[neuromodulator]]s.<ref name="SteulletNeijt2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steullet P, Neijt HC, Cuénod M, Do KQ |title=Synaptic plasticity impairment and hypofunction of NMDA receptors induced by glutathione deficit: relevance to schizophrenia |journal=Neuroscience |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=807–19 |year=2006 |pmid=16330153 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.014 }}</ref><ref name="VargaJenei1997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Varga V, Jenei Z, Janáky R, Saransaari P, Oja SS |title=Glutathione is an endogenous ligand of rat brain N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors |journal=Neurochemical Research |volume=22 |issue=9 |pages=1165–71 |year=1997 |pmid=9251108 |doi=10.1023/A:1027377605054 }}</ref> At [[millimolar]] concentrations, they may also modulate the redox state of the NMDA receptor complex.<ref name="VargaJenei1997" /> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 13:05, 20 March 2017
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
(2S)-2-Amino-5-[[(2R)-3-[(2R)-2-[[(4S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-(carboxymethylamino)-3-oxopropyl]disulfanyl-1-
(carboxymethylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| Abbreviations | GSSG |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.043.777 |
PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| |
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| Properties | |
| C20H32N6O12S2 | |
| Molar mass | 612.63 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
| |
Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is a disulfide derived from two glutathione molecules.[1]
In living cells, glutathione disulfide is reduced into two molecules of glutathione with reducing equivalents from the coenzyme NADPH. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glutathione reductase.[2] Antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins, generate glutathione disulfide during the reduction of peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic hydroperoxides (ROOH):[3]
- 2 GSH + ROOH → GSSG + ROH + H2O
Other enzymes, such as glutaredoxins, generate glutathione disulfide through thiol-disulfide exchange with protein disulfide bonds or other low molecular mass compounds, such as coenzyme A disulfide or dehydroascorbic acid.[4]
- 2 GSH + R-S-S-R → GSSG + 2 RSH
The GSH:GSSG ratio is therefore an important bioindicator of cellular health, with a higher ratio signifying less oxidative stress in the organism. A lower ratio may even be indicative of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease.[5]
Neuromodulator
GSSG, along with glutathione and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), have been found to bind to the glutamate recognition site of the NMDA and AMPA receptors (via their γ-glutamyl moieties), and may be endogenous neuromodulators.[6][7] At millimolar concentrations, they may also modulate the redox state of the NMDA receptor complex.[7]
See also
References
- ^ Meister A, Anderson ME (1983). "Glutathione". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 52: 711–60. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431. PMID 6137189.
- ^ Deneke SM, Fanburg BL (1989). "Regulation of cellular glutathione". The American Journal of Physiology. 257 (4 Pt 1): L163–73. PMID 2572174.
- ^ Meister A (1988). "Glutathione metabolism and its selective modification". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (33): 17205–8. PMID 3053703.
- ^ Holmgren A, Johansson C, Berndt C, Lönn ME, Hudemann C, Lillig CH (December 2005). "Thiol redox control via thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33 (Pt 6): 1375–7. doi:10.1042/BST20051375. PMID 16246122.
- ^ Owen JB, Butterfield DA (2010). "Measurement of oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio". Methods in Molecular Biology. 648: 269–77. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-756-3_18. PMID 20700719.
- ^ Steullet P, Neijt HC, Cuénod M, Do KQ (2006). "Synaptic plasticity impairment and hypofunction of NMDA receptors induced by glutathione deficit: relevance to schizophrenia". Neuroscience. 137 (3): 807–19. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.014. PMID 16330153.
- ^ a b Varga V, Jenei Z, Janáky R, Saransaari P, Oja SS (1997). "Glutathione is an endogenous ligand of rat brain N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors". Neurochemical Research. 22 (9): 1165–71. doi:10.1023/A:1027377605054. PMID 9251108.