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Poppy tea

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Dried poppy seed pods and stems (plate), and seeds (bowl)

Poppy tea is an herbal tea infusion brewed from poppy straw or seeds of several species of poppy. The species most commonly used for this purpose is Papaver somniferum, which produces opium as a natural defense against predators. In the live flower, opium is released when the surface of the bulb, called the seed pod, is pierced or scraped. For the purpose of the tea, dried pods are more commonly used than the pods of the live flower. The walls of the dried pods contain opiate alkaloids, primarily consisting of morphine.

The tea is consumed for its narcotic effect, and in small amounts for analgesic, anti-diarrheal, and sedative effects.[1][failed verification] It has also been known to be used as a method of relieving withdrawal symptoms.[medical citation needed] Use of such preparations originated in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, the Levant and Near East, and Central and South Central Asia millennia ago.

This tea is depicted both in Asian literature, Western literature, and is depicted as being available in opium dens.[2][3]

Legality

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, all parts of Papaver somniferum after harvesting (except for the seeds) are illegal by law, as they are Listed as drugs in the Opium Law. Because of use for decorative purposes, the trade in, and possession of dried Papaver somniferum is not actively prosecuted.[citation needed] Trade in, or possession of dried Papaver somniferum with the intention of drug use can be prosecuted. The dried seed pod of Papaver somniferum is easily obtainable as it is commonly available for decorative use. Many varieties, strains, and cultivars of Papaver somniferum are in existence, and the alkaloid content can vary significantly.[4]

United States

In the United States it is legal to purchase poppy seeds, but all other parts of the plant are considered Schedule II controlled substances under the federal Controlled Substance Act of 1970. Unwashed poppy seeds used to make poppy tea may contain lethal concentrations of morphine and codeine.[5] The Opium Poppy Exclusion Act of 1942 bans growing the poppy in many cases but is generally not a problem for gardeners as the plant is widely grown for the flowers and for seeds for replanting and cooking. For much of US history poppies were a significant cash crop, and the government encouraged farmers to grow more poppies for medicinal use during wars up to World War I. It is, however, manufacture of a schedule II substance to create a drink for the opium content, and the possession of it is illegal as well.[6]

Canada

The import and sale of opium poppy seeds is legal in Canada,[7] but possession of other parts of the plant may be prosecuted. Canadian authorities have noted the presence of dode or doda in the South Asian community, a traditional form of poppy tea. Crackdowns on this traditional preparation in the late 2000s led to a number of arrests in Canada.[8][9][10][11][12]

Chemical composition

Poppy tea contains two groups of alkaloids: phenanthrenes (including morphine and codeine) and benzylisoquinolines (including papaverine). Of these, morphine is the most prevalent comprising 8%-14% of the total. Its effects derive from the fact that it binds to and activates mu opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord, stomach and intestine.

Dried Papaver somniferum capsules and stems will, if harvested and dried by the usual protocol, contain significantly lower quantities of thebaine than opium made from latex as well as somewhat more codeine. When ingested, thebaine causes nausea, vomiting, and myoclonus. Thebaine is an important precursor for manufacture of pharmaceuticals, and is more concentrated in the roots of Papaver somniferum than elsewhere. Other species of poppies, numbering in the hundreds, do not contain morphine or codeine in useful amounts, but may contain non-narcotic alkaloids like protopine, sanguinarine or berberine.

Side effects and tolerance

Side effects increase with dosage and include drowsiness, mild stomach ache, lethargy, urinary retention, bradypnea, constipation, nausea, respiratory depression and death.[medical citation needed] Nausea can be attributed to the presence of noscapine and is more common in first-time or inexperienced users. At high doses, the side effects are dangerous and can cause death through respiratory arrest or inhalation of vomit. Constipation often results from use, as with any opiate.

Poppy tea is highly variable in potency; this accounts for almost all deaths related to the substance. Assume the tea is a saturated morphine solution when choosing the appropriate dose. Morphine's solubility in water is around 60mgs/ml.

Additionally, frequent use results in high tolerance and dependence. Chemical dependency builds in relation to the frequency of use, dosage, age, sex, weight and medical condition. Once chemical dependency has developed, abrupt cessation of use will cause withdrawal; symptoms include leg and abdominal cramps, mydriasis, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, insomnia, cravings, lethargy and anxiety. Symptoms of withdrawal usually fade after 4–10 days but cravings and psychological dependence may continue for longer, in some cases up to a year. Treatment methods for addiction are generally the same for any opioid.

Deaths

In the United States, in 2003, a 17 year old who, according to his parents, was self-treating his anxiety with home-brewed poppy seed tea, died of pulmonary edema caused by acute morphine and codeine intoxication.[13] A Drug Alert posted by the DOJ in 2010 pointed to five deaths possibly resulting from drinking of poppy tea.[14] Since 2010, not less than 10 deaths presumably related to poppy tea consumption were reported by the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS).[15]

In Canada, on 19 May 2012, a 19-year-old from Nova Scotia died after drinking the tea from a poppy seed pod he purchased on the Internet.[16]

In November 2012, a Tasmanian youth died after drinking tea brewed from seed heads, and a 50-year-old Tasmanian man died in similar circumstances in February 2011.[17]

Some instances of death or injury associated with the consumption of poppy seed tea have involved users who combined the beverage with other nervous system depressants (i.e. alcohol, tranquillizers, benzodiazepines)[18][19]

References

  1. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-19. Retrieved 2012-11-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ "Restyling the Secret of the Opium Den". Archived from the original on 2012-10-11.
  3. ^ "Photo Gallery". Opium Museum. Archived from the original on 2017-10-07. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  4. ^ "Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis | Pagina niet gevonden" (PDF). Cannabisbureau.nl. 2013-03-19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  5. ^ Powers, Deborah; Erickson, Stephen; Swortwood, Madeleine J. (3 October 2017). "Quantification of Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine in Home-Brewed Poppy Seed Tea by LC-MS/MS". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 63 (4): 1229–1235. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13664. ISSN 0022-1198. PMID 28973785. S2CID 206919379.
  6. ^ "Controlled Substances Act". FDA. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017.
  7. ^ "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act(S.C. 1996, c.19)". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 2013-11-22. Retrieved 2015-02-08.
  8. ^ "Ontario man arrested for 'doda' poppy preparation". Dosenation.com. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  9. ^ "Police warn about street drug called Doda | Toronto Star". Thestar.com. 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  10. ^ "Popular opium-like drug seized in B.C." Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  11. ^ "Error Redirect". Retrieved 30 April 2018 – via www.winnipegfreepress.com. [dead link]
  12. ^ Doda drug bust in Peel Region Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "Homebrewed High -- Can Poppy Tea Kill?". ABC News. 16 January 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  14. ^ Poppy letter - Center for Science in the Public Interest Archived
  15. ^ CSPI Urges FDA, DEA to Crack Down on Sale of Contaminated Poppy Seeds: At Least 12 U.S. Deaths Are Associated with ‘Tea’ Made with Poppy Seeds or Pods, April 3, 2019, Center for Science in the Public Interest Archived
  16. ^ "CBC News - Nova Scotia family warns of poppy seed tea dangers". Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  17. ^ unknown (29 November 2012). "Teen dies after drinking poppy tea". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  18. ^ McKenna, K. (2014, Dec. 5). Poppy seed tea fatality prompts drug alert from coroner. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/poppy-seed-tea-fatality-prompts-drug-alert-from-coroner/news-story/d8c34033bd0804e4e40e835eda755074
  19. ^ Bailey, K., Clay, D., Kraner, J., et al. (2010, Oct.). Fatality Involving the Ingestion of Phenazepam and Poppy Seed Tea. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 34 (8), 527-573.
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