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=== Industrial Rock vs. Industrial Metal ===
=== Industrial Rock vs. Industrial Metal ===


There is an ever-growing confusion concerning the difference between [[Industrial Rock]] and [[Industrial Metal]]. For example: stalwarts [[Nine Inch Nails]] and [[KMFDM]] are considered by different sources as both [[Industrial Metal]]<ref>STILLMAN, Brian. '''The ''Revolver'' Record Collection Part 3:''' Industrial. Revolver, No. 36, p. 68-9, June 2005.</ref> ''and'' [[Industrial Rock]] [http://mickey.tv/charts/?s=Industrial%20Rock].
There is an ever-growing confusion concerning the difference between [[Industrial Rock]] and [[Industrial Metal]]. For example: stalwarts [[Nine Inch Nails]] and [[KMFDM]] are considered by different sources as both [[Industrial Rock]] [http://mickey.tv/charts/?s=Industrial%20Rock] ''and'' [[Industrial Metal]]<ref>STILLMAN, Brian. '''The ''Revolver'' Record Collection Part 3:''' Industrial. Revolver, No. 36, p. 68-9, June 2005.</ref>.


The main difference between (early) [[Industrial Rock]] and it's brutalized offspring is the latter's adoption of extreme forms of [[Punk rock|Punk]] and [[Heavy Metal]]. The six items considered below are an attempt to differentiate "[[Industrial Rock|i-rock]]" from it's metallic cousin{{Fact|date=September 2007}}:
The main difference between (early) [[Industrial Rock]] and it's brutalized offspring is the latter's adoption of extreme forms of [[Punk rock|Punk]] and [[Heavy Metal]]. The six items considered below are an attempt to differentiate "[[Industrial Rock|i-rock]]" from it's metallic cousin{{Fact|date=September 2007}}:
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* ''Unusually Fast Tempos:'' [[Industrial Metal]] makes use of the blindingly fast tempos pioneered by [[Hardcore punk|Hardcore]], which were later picked on by [[Thrash metal|Thrash]], [[Grindcore]], [[Death Metal]] and [[Power Violence]]. Fast music: "Envoyé" ([[The Young Gods]]), [[Ministry (band)|Ministry]]'s "TV Song II", [[NIN]]'s "March of the Pigs" and [[Marilyn Manson]]'s "Antichrist Superstar" (the song).
* ''Unusually Fast Tempos:'' [[Industrial Metal]] makes use of the blindingly fast tempos pioneered by [[Hardcore punk|Hardcore]], which were later picked on by [[Thrash metal|Thrash]], [[Grindcore]], [[Death Metal]] and [[Power Violence]]. Fast music: "Envoyé" ([[The Young Gods]]), [[Ministry (band)|Ministry]]'s "TV Song II", [[NIN]]'s "March of the Pigs" and [[Marilyn Manson]]'s "Antichrist Superstar" (the song).


* ''Extremely Low Guitar Tuning:'' [[Godflesh]] were tuning all the way down to a [[B Tuning|B]] on their aborted ''[[Streetcleaner|Tiny Tears]]'' ([[1989]]) [[Extended Play|EP]]; nevertheless, very low [[guitar tunings]] became popular in [[Industrial Metal]] only after the arrival of [[Nu Metal]]. Some examples: [[Fear Factory]] (''[[Obsolete (album)|Obsolete]]'' onwards), [[Rob Zombie]]'s solo career and all records by [[Spineshank]], [[Celldweller]] and [[The Union Underground]].
* ''Extremely Low Guitar Tuning:'' [[Godflesh]] were tuning all the way down to [[B Tuning|B]] on their aborted ''[[Streetcleaner|Tiny Tears]]'' ([[1989]]) [[Extended Play|EP]]<ref>{{cite web |url=
http://www.godflesh.com/faq.html#b|title= The Godflesh FAQ|publisher= [http://www.godflesh.com Godflesh-Crumbling Flesh]|accessdate= 2007-09-25}}</ref>; nevertheless, very low [[guitar tunings]] became popular in [[Industrial Metal]] probably after the arrival of [[Nu Metal]]. Some examples: [[Fear Factory]] (''[[Obsolete (album)|Obsolete]]'' onwards<ref>{{cite web |url=
http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/legends_rock/87886|title= Fear Factory shake, rattle, and rock to the metal beat|author= Paone, Caroline|date= [[2001-12-29]]|publisher= [http://www.suite101.com Suite101.com] |accessdate= 2007-09-25}}</ref>), [[Rob Zombie]]'s solo career and all records by [[Spineshank]], [[Celldweller]] and [[The Union Underground]].


== Origins ==
== Origins ==

Revision as of 23:20, 25 September 2007

Industrial rock
Stylistic originsPunk rock, Post-industrial, Post-punk, No Wave, Hardcore punk, Hard rock
Cultural originsLate 1970s, Germany, United States, United Kingdom
Typical instrumentsElectric guitar - Synthesizer - Drum machine - Drums - Sequencer - Keyboard - Sampler
Fusion genres
Industrial metal - Cyber-metal
Other topics
Notable artists

Industrial rock is a musical genre which is a fusion of post-industrial music and rock music.

Industrial rock is similar to industrial metal. By convention, all industrial metal artists may be more vaguely described as industrial rock, but not all industrial rock artists are properly described as industrial metal.

Musical stylings

The Basics

In his introduction for the Industrial Culture Handbook (1983), Jon Savage considered some hallmarks of the Industrial Music genre: organizational autonomy, shock tactics and the use of synthesizers and "anti-music"[1]. Furthermore, a "special interest" in the investigation of "cults, wars, psychological techniques of persuasion, unusual murders (especially by children and psychopaths), forensic pathology, venereology, concentration camp behavior, the history of uniforms and insignia" and "Aleister Crowley's magick" was present on Throbbing Gristle's work[2], as well as in other Industrial pioneers.

So, considering all of the above, what could be defined as "Industrial Rock"?

Industrial Rock takes Rock 'n' Roll's basic format - electric guitars, drums and bass - and pairs it with Industrial's fondness for unsettling lyrics and presentation, white noise blasts, and electronic music gear (synthesizers, sequencers, samplers and drum machines). Plus, most of these bands produce and release their own records, honoring the DIY credo. A combination of the elements above can be seen in a handful of post-punk purveyors: Chrome, Killing Joke, Laibach, The Swans and Big Black.

Industrial Rock - better still, Industrial Metal -, as we know it today, started out simultaneoulsy with Ministry's The Land of Rape and Honey (1988) and Godflesh's self-titled EP (also released in 1988). Al Jourgensen and Paul Barker updated the blueprint layed down by their post-punk predecessors with Hardcore punk tempos, EBM-sequencing and Thrash Metal riffs. Godflesh went their own way, igniting a powerful mix of downtuned guitars, saturated bass guitar and precise drum machine beats, all surrounded by a wall of feedback.

Typical instrumentation for industrial rock bands centers on heavily-distorted or otherwise-effected guitars and synthesizers. Bass guitars and drums may be played live, or they may be replaced by sequencers and drum machines, and computers in general. Many groups also make extensive use of samplers.

Industrial Rock vs. Industrial Metal

There is an ever-growing confusion concerning the difference between Industrial Rock and Industrial Metal. For example: stalwarts Nine Inch Nails and KMFDM are considered by different sources as both Industrial Rock [1] and Industrial Metal[3].

The main difference between (early) Industrial Rock and it's brutalized offspring is the latter's adoption of extreme forms of Punk and Heavy Metal. The six items considered below are an attempt to differentiate "i-rock" from it's metallic cousin[citation needed]:

Origins

The year was 1977. The Punk rock revolution had just reached its apex, but it was already showing signs of wear. Disco had also reached its climax, spearheaded by Donna Summer's "I Feel Love" and the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack. In the midst of this sonic upheal Industrial Music was born. Different than anything that came before, Industrial was proudly "anti-rock" and "anti-dance" - "anti-music" even. Its themes and presentation were so atrocious and extreme that even Punk's full-frontal assault looked pale in comparison.

Some of post-punk's prime movers, though, were soon to develop parallel sensibilities to Industrial Music's apocalyptic terror. Pere Ubu's debut (The Modern Dance, 1978), for example, was tagged "Industrial"[6]; it probably was the first rock record to be called such, even though Ubu's warped Rock 'n' roll was hardly the only one to make parallels with Industrial Music's nihilistic sonic science. PIL's early "death-disco" records were close in spirit to Industrial. So was San Francisco's Chrome, which melded Jimi Hendrix, The Sex Pistols and tape music experiments; or Killing Joke, considered by Simon Reynolds as "a post-punk version of Heavy Metal"[7]. Others followed in their wake: Steve Albini's Big Black, noise merchants The Swans and Swiss industrialmeisters The Young Gods, which ditched guitars in favor of a sampler.

The term "industrial rock", though, most likely had its genesis in the mid-1990s as a reaction to such crossover bands being referred to as simply "industrial." The industrial rock designation called attention to the fundamental similarities with rock, as opposed to industrial. However, casual listeners still often use "industrial" to refer to the more accessible industrial rock style.

The band Einsturzende Neubauten used the sounds of the metal industries, sensitized it and use it in their music. Years later, the industrial style arrived in North America and many bands were formed, such as Ministry, KMFDM, Godflesh and Nine Inch Nails.

Commercial Breakthrough and Mainstream Recognition

Industrial Rock's first commercial success might be attributed to Killing Joke's 1985 album, Night Time. It won a silver sales certificate (60,000+ in sales) by the BPI[8] on the strength of its two hits: club favorite "Love Like Blood" and "Eighties", whose guitar riff was famously plagiarized by Nirvana (on their 1991 song "Come As You Are").

Industrial Rock's true commercial breakthrough, though, came through Industrial Metal's early leading lights: Ministry and Nine Inch Nails. NIN's 1992 EP Broken hit the platinum mark in America and so did Ministry's Psalm 69, released months apart (albeit the latter took three years to do so). Both groups participated in the Grammy's 1992 Best Metal Performance category (NIN won). NIN went on the win another Grammy and three more nominations. Trent Reznor was also elected by Time as one of the most influential persons in 1997, and The Downward Spiral (1994) was voted one of the top 100 records in 1990s by Rolling Stone magazine.

Industrial Rock reached its commercial peak in the latter half of the 1990s. According to the RIAA databases, its top-selling artists[9], together, shifted around 17,5 million units[10]. Other style-related groups gained recognition from the mainstream, being nominated for the Grammys: Rammstein, Marilyn Manson, White Zombie, and Spineshank.

Sales were still going strong throughout 2000-2005; at least 10 million records were sold during that timeframe, which is more than the so-called "Emocore" bands sold at that same period[11].

Established acts: Experimented with the genre

Alternative Rock

Danzig

Although Blackacidevil (1996) is frequently referred as Danzig's "Industrial" album[12], Glenn's infatuation with the genre streches back further: he listened to Foetus since his Samhain days[13]. Early Industrial Metal was favored as well; in an interview for Seconds, Danzig sang high praises for Godflesh's Streetcleaner (1989). It was "one of my favorite records"[14], he told the magazine. He took Godflesh aboard his 4p (1994) tour[15] and later on invited Justin Broadrick to join his band[16] (Broadrick declined the offer[citation needed]).

Actual industrial sounds can be vaguely seen in the Thrall: Demonsweatlive EP (1993), on the over-distorted guitar solo of "The Violet Fire" and the hidden song after various short, silent tracks, a trick probably taken from NIN's Broken (1992). Danzig's liking for the genre went further on his next release, 4p. Danzig's fourth long play is littered with "Industrial" sound signatures: backmasked instruments ("Cantspeak"), "treated" vocals and distorted percussion ("Until You Call On the Dark"), and samples (sitars in "Bringer of Death", whiplashes in "Sadistikal"). Danzig 4 has also another variation of the "hidden song" trick (track #66, "Invocation"). Despite being an accomplished record, 4p's "industrialisms" provoked mixed reactions among fans. "If they want 'Mother pt. 2', forget it" said Danzig.

Undeterred by criticisms - fan and press alike - Glenn Danzig dived head-first in electronica and Industrial on Blackacidevil. He explained Danzig's new direction on a Hollywood Records bio[17]:

"I wanted to do something that nobody else was really doing. So I took an element of industrial that I liked here, and an element of techno there, then mixed it with what I normally do. I took the best elements of that stuff. They're powerful when used properly. Then, I'd still experiment with different directions--which I wanted to do anyway--and then watch what happend when I mixed it together."

Despite his obvious enthusiasm, Glenn rejected the "Industrial" label[18] put on his mid-1990s releases:

"...I hate is this "Industrial" tag. Every time people hear treated vocals, they're like, "It's Industrial," but The Beatles treated vocals! Does that mean "Come Together" is Industrial? I don't know what people mean by "Industrial". To me, it's Throbbing Gristle and Neubauten".

Lemonheads

Justin Broadrick remixed "Style" for a 12" promo of the song, released in 1993[19].

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Ministry did two "Give It Away" remixes, included on this song's (1991) single. The remix titles were: "Give It Away (12" Mix)" and "Give It Away (Rasta Mix)"[20].

Jim "Foetus" Thrilwell did three remixes each for the Red Hot Chili Peppers' cover versions of "Higher Ground" (Stevie Wonder) and "If You Want Me to Stay" (Sly Stone). These remixes were included on the various formats of the same-titled single released in 1992[21].

The Smashing Pumpkins

Although technically not an Industrial Rock album, Adore's (1998) production was greatly assisted by Bon Harris (ex-Nitzer Ebb)[22].

Glam Metal / "Cock-Rock" Bands

Mötley Crüe.k

Taime Downe, lead singer of sleaze rock band Faster Pussycat, formed an industrial rock band called the Newlydeads in the late 90's as well.

Shotgun Messiah, which started out as a glam metal band, changed their entire sound to industrial rock after losing all but two members.

Grindcore & Death Metal

Since it's early days Grindcore was infused with Industrial Music's influence. The genre's own name came from a Swans listening experience. According to ex-Napalm Death drummer Mick Harris, "Grind" was the only word that could describe The Swans's Filth LP[23]; the suffix "core" (obviously) came from "Hardcore". Throbbing Gristle, Killing Joke[24] and Whitehouse were also an influence, filtered through Justin Broadrick's unique guitar playing. Broadrick left Napalm Death after the From Enslavement to Obliteration (1986) demo and went on to form Godflesh. Mick Harris exited in 1991 to form Scorn with Bullen.

Even after Broadrick's and Harris's exit, Napalm Death continued to dabble in Industrial Music. Their intro to their Harmony Corruption (1990) tour was very similar to Coil's more ambient-directed work. No mystery here; Coil are cited as an influence on one of the interviews featured on the band's Live Corruption (1990) video[citation needed]. Godflesh is also an inspiration for the band; the last track of Utopia Banished (1992), "Contemptuous", is alledgedly inspired by Justin Broadrick's group[25]. Napalm Death also did live renditions of "Avalanche Master Song"; a taped performance of their cover version is included the second disc of Noise for Music's Sake (2003)

Finally, Napalm Death members could also be spotted in various occasions sporting Industrial group T-shirts: Shane Embury wearing Young Gods Ts[26]; Mick Harris wearing Ministry Ts; and the late Jesse Pintado wearing Skinny Puppy Ts[27]. Mitch Harris also had NIN stickers plastered over his guitar.

Obituary guitar player Trevor Peres...[28].

Hip-Hop

Dälek

Marz

N*E*R*D

Trent Reznor did a remix for N*E*R*D, a Neptunes side-project. The track in question was "Lapdance", renamed "Lapdance (Nine Inch Nails Remix)".

Puff Daddy

Trent Reznor did a remix for "Victory", which was released as a B-side for this song's 1998 single.

Sean Combs also released a rock remix of "It's All about the Benjamins", a version that featured the vocal talents of Rob Zombie. This version had its own music video, directed by Spike Jonze, which was nominated for "Best Video Of The Year" on MTV Video Music Awards in 1998[29].

Techno Animal

Techno Animal[30] flirted with Hip-Hop on their 2001 release, Brotherhood of the Bomb.

Thrash Metal

Thrash Metal's infatuation with Industrial Music probably started with Prong's Whose Fist Is This Anyway? (1991)[31], which featured some critically acclaimed remixes by Jim "Foetus" Thirlwell. Following this EP's success a barrage of remixes unsued, of which some of the most accomplished were:

By 1993-1994, several Thrash albums were displaying an undeniable Industrial Rock sound-print. Sepultura's Chaos A.D., Anthrax's Sound of White Noise, Machine Head's Burn My Eyes and Prong's Cleansing were some of those. Around that same time Nailbomb was formed, a side-project hailed by Sepultura's own Max Cavalera and Fudge Tunnel's Alex Newport.

Other Established Rock Artists

U2

David Bowie

Outside was Bowie's mid-1990s forray into Industrial Rock. However, when asked in 1995 if Outside was influenced by Nine Inch Nails, rock's chameleon answered, "No. I was influenced by a Swiss band called The Young Gods". Bowie went on to tour with NIN in America and The Young Gods in Europe.

His next outing (Earthling, 1997) shed most of Outside's industrial leanings in favor of an electronica direction. Nonetheless it featured a collaboration with Trent Reznor: a remix of "I'm Afraid of Americans", a track originally featured on the Showgirls (1995) movie. Although not a hit, Reznor's V1.0 remix (and the companion clip) paid off; "I'm Afraid of Americans" was nominated for Best Male Video category on 1998's MTV's Music Video Awards[37].

David Bowie later on wrote NIN's entry on Rolling Stone's "The Immortals: The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time" issue. Nine Inch Nails, by the way, ranked #94[38].

Alice Cooper

...as well as Alice Cooper during Dragontown and Brutal Planet are prime examples of this.

Gary Numan

...and the mid 90's work and present work of Synthpop icon Gary Numan.

Rob Halford

W.A.S.P.

Other examples of this are W.A.S.P. with their 1997 album Kill Fuck Die...

Controversies

The usefulness of the "Crossover" tag.

According to WordNet v3.0 a "crossover" is "the appropriation of a new style (especially in popular music) by combining elements of different genres in order to appeal to a wider audience"[39]. In its original underground rock context, "Crossover" was a subgenre of Punk that combined Hardcore with Thrash metal. True to WordNet's definition, the bands that practiced it (Corrosion of Conformity, Suicidal Tendencies, Dirty Rotten Imbeciles) wanted to reach a wider audience - the Metal audience.

Sometime between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s the term migrated to the Industrial scene. Sascha Konietzko might be the one to blame for that; he referred to KMFDM's music as "industrial-electronic-crossover-rock"[40]. There it somewhat changed; now it was meant for bands that infused Hardcore, Thrash and Noise rock with EBM and Industrial Music's production values. And staying true to its past definitions, the bands fitting this particular label (Ministry, Nine Inch Nails) did indeed make Industrial Music soar to new commercial heights.

Cyber-metal: a whole other "sub-subgenre"?

File:334624017 m.jpg
Kovenant circa Animatronics.

"Cyber-metal" was supposedly coined by Norwegian outfit The Kovenant (no relation the Futurepop trio Covenant). Kovenant started as a run-on-the-mill Black Metal band (In Times Before the Light, 1997), changed their sound dramatically to "black-prog-metal" (Nexus Polaris, 1998) and finally found their voice on the third offering, Animatronic (1999). This is the album when they re-christen themselves as "cyber-metal". The Kovenant's musical blueprint was later followed by a handful of European metal bands, including Deathstars[41], Hypnosis[42], Malmonde[43], Psionic[44] and Dimension FH3[45].

Though they admit being influenced by North-American acts such as White Zombie, Marilyn Manson and NIN[46], The Kovenant's "Cyber-metal" reveals iself a different beast from the typical American Industrial metal fare. Its "rock" side is similar to a thrashier and less speed-prone Black Metal; its "electronic" side strongly resembles both European electronica - The Prodigy is an admitted influence[47] - and the 1980s Synthpop artists they openly admire, such as A-ha, Duran Duran and Depeche Mode[48]. As Kovenant themselves sarcastically put it: "We're more interested in becoming electronic rather than industrial - less distorted and nicer"[49].

Industrial Metal & (Industrial) "Metal Music" - same thing?

Although Wikipedia re-directs "Metal Music" to Heavy Metal, few people nowadays remember that "Metal Music" was once an early 1980s term designed to describe Industrial Music groups that relied heavily on Metal percussion. Artists such as SPK, Einstürzende Neubauten, Die Krupps, Test Dept and Z'ev were often tagged as "Metal Music" in those days.

Rise and Fall... (and Rise Again)

The Decline in America...

While Industrial Rock 'n' Roll was riding high on the American charts of the late 1990s and early 2000s, its sudden popularity was met with mixed reactions from the music's early practionners - from mild estrangement to outright hostility. Some examples:

  • In an interview by the Industrial Nation zine, Lustmord mainman Brian Williams declared the following about Ministry's Industrial metal phase: "I have no time for all this rock and roll shit they're doing now. (...) I can't understand why they would want to do it, I can't imagine why people would want to listen to it, but people have a right to do what they want. Ministry just doesn't interest me"[51].

A myriad of other reasons conspire to support DeRogatis's line of thinking:

While Industrial Rock 'n' Roll was riding high on the American charts of the late 1990s and early 2000s, specific quarters of the music press were mounting a backlash against the genre.

This attitude is best represented by well-known music critic Jim DeRogatis. In a controversial April 2000 review for the Chicago Sun Times, DeRogatis dismissed NIN's new music as a "generic brand of industrial thrash" and accused Ministry of still repeating an act that "was old by 1992"[56]. Oddly enough, in the said review DeRogatis considered The Fragile a "commercial flop"[57]. A strange thought indeed for a double-album that reached the top spot of the Billboard 200[58] and went on to earn a Double Platinum status[59] (and was later named by Spin as "Album of the Year"[60]).

Recent accesments regarding Industrial Rock's current status have been marred by half-truths and glaring mistakes. One example is a recent interview with Skinny Puppy conducted by Matt Child. Child wrote a rather scathing (and misleading) indictment on Industrial Rock today:

"Industrial music -- or whatever it is we're calling that convergence of electronic elements, big guitars and punk's troublemaking spirit these days -- has got a bad rap. Admittedly, a lot of it's deserved: Most of today's rivet-heads are content to simply plagiarize Ministry and KMFDM riffs, pack a few heavy beats behind the noise and round out the package with a few samples and a few electronic bleeps pulled from the latest software plug-in. It's probably pretty engaging and energizing if you're the type who walks around in a long, black trench-coat visualizing public-space massacres. For everyone else, sadly, it's just another sad, tired offshoot of metal that has its moments now and then."[61].

Matt Child's article introduction makes the following mistakes:

  • Child has shown no knowledge whatsoever of the genre's popularity in Europe.

...and the Boom in Europe.

Parallel to the "i-rock" decline in North America, Europe belched forth its own brand of electro-metal. Germany's Neue Deutsche Härte, in particular, has had an incredible success rate on continental Europe. Its leading light, Rammstein, has sold 1 million records in Germany alone, while racking up gold (and platinum) records in Sweden, Austria, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway and the Czech Republic.

Other like-minded German musicians have been making dents in the charts as well. NDH pioneers Oomph! have achieved a gold record for their Augen Auf! (2004) single. Eisbrecher's debut entered at #13 on the Deutschen Alternative Top 20 Chart[62], while the group's second album (Antikörper, 2006) reached the #85 position on the German main chart[63].

Another born and bred European variation of Industrial Rock, "Cyber-metal" - led by Scandinavian acts such as Deathstars and The Kovenant - has had a remarkable underground success 'til now.

Sales & Awards (United States only)

Main article: Industrial Rock: Sales & Awards

Nielsen Soundscans

Here's some Nielsen Soundscan figures for Industrial Rock artists in the United States. It is important to note that most of these sales figures aren't up-to-date. Here's the list:

In an 2003 interview, Sascha Konietzko told The Culture Shock site that KMFDM's Soundscan sales rounded up to about 2 million units sold in the US[114].

RIAA Certifications

The following list includes all the Recording Industry Association of America certifications for Industrial Rock artists[115]. A gold award means that record bestowed has sold at least 500,000 units, and a platinum award means the record sold at least 1 million copies[116].

Note: The RIAA's internet database might not be entirely accurate. Other sources point out that White Zombie's Astro Creep: 2000 has gone 3x platinum and Rob's American Made Music to Strip By has already reached gold status[117]. Also, according to Soundscan numbers, Rob Zombie's Past, Present & Future and NIN's With Teeth should have been certified platinum by now.

Grammy Nominations

Nominees

All the Grammy nominees below were indicated for Best Metal / Hard Rock Performance:

Winners

Artists

Labels

Notes

  1. ^ Savage, Jon. Introduction. In: Vale, Vivian; Juno, Andrea. RE/Search #6-7: Industrial Culture Handbook. San Francisco, CA: RE/SEARCH PUBLICATIONS, 1983, p. 5.
  2. ^ Throbbing Gristle. In: Vale, Vivian; Juno, Andrea. RE/Search #6-7: Industrial Culture Handbook. San Francisco, CA: RE/SEARCH PUBLICATIONS, 1983, p. 9.
  3. ^ STILLMAN, Brian. The Revolver Record Collection Part 3: Industrial. Revolver, No. 36, p. 68-9, June 2005.
  4. ^ "The Godflesh FAQ". Godflesh-Crumbling Flesh. Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ Paone, Caroline (2001-12-29). "Fear Factory shake, rattle, and rock to the metal beat". Suite101.com. Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ IRVIN, Jim. The Mojo Collection: The Greatest Albums of All Time. Edinburgh: Cannongate, 2001, p. 442.
  7. ^ REYNOLDS, Simon. Rip it up and start again: postpunk 1978-1984. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 2005, p. 435.
  8. ^ "CERTIFIED AWARDS". THE BPI. Retrieved 2007-08-24. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ Groups such as Filter, Marilyn Manson, Ministry, Nine Inch Nails, Orgy, Rammstein, Stabbing Westward, Static-X and White Zombie, plus Rob Zombie's solo career.
  10. ^ "GOLD AND PLATINUM - Searchable Database". RIAA. Retrieved 2007-08-25. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  11. ^ "GOLD AND PLATINUM - Searchable Database". RIAA. Retrieved 2007-08-25. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ "Danzig Ready To Scare You Again". Addicted to Noise. 1996-09-21. Retrieved 2007-08-27. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Archived at Official DANZIG Fansite - www.The7thHouse.com.
  13. ^ "The Details on "blackacidevil" & More". Metal Edge. March 1997. Retrieved 2007-08-27. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Archived at Official DANZIG Fansite - www.The7thHouse.com.
  14. ^ Blush, Steven (October 1997). "DANZIG - 10/97 Seconds Magazine #44". Retrieved 2007-08-27. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Archived at Official DANZIG Fansite - www.The7thHouse.com.
  15. ^ Same as above.
  16. ^ Bartkewicz, Anthony (March 2007). "Justin Broadrick". Decibel Magazine. Retrieved 2007-09-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  17. ^ "Danzig Returns On Halloween With New Album 'blackacidevil' On Hollywood Records". 1996-09-20. Retrieved 2007-08-27. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Archived at Official DANZIG Fansite - www.The7thHouse.com.
  18. ^ Blush, Steven (October 1997). "DANZIG - 10/97 Seconds Magazine #44". Retrieved 2007-08-27. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Archived at Official DANZIG Fansite - www.The7thHouse.com.
  19. ^ "Encyclopaedia and Search". Evan Dando & The Lemonheads. Retrieved 2007-08-24. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  20. ^ "Guest Appearances, Remix Work, etc". Ministry - Homepage. Retrieved 2007-09-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  21. ^ "Remix: Red Hot Chili Peppers". f o e t u s. Retrieved 2007-09-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  22. ^ Molineuax, Sam (August 1998). "Bon Harris: Programming For The Smashing Pumpkins". SOS Home. Retrieved 2007-08-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  23. ^ MUDRIAN, Albert. Choosing Death: the Improbable History of Death Metal and Grincore. Los Angeles, CA: Feral House, 2004, p. 35.
  24. ^ Bartkewicz, Anthony (March 2007). "Justin Broadrick". Decibel Magazine. Retrieved 2007-09-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ Birchmeier, Jason. "( Utopia Banished > Overview )". Allmusic. Retrieved 2007-09-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ Check the back cover of Harmony Corruption (1990).
  27. ^ CHIRAZI, Steffan. Addicted to That Crush. Kerrang! no. 340, p. 10-2, may 1991.
  28. ^ ARNOPP, Jason. Industrial Metal: A User's Guide. Kerrang! no. 462, p. 44, sep 1993.
  29. ^ "1998 MTV Video Music Awards". ROCK ON THE NET. Retrieved 2007-08-27. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ A side-project of the British duo Justin Broadrick (Godflesh, Jesu) and Kevin Martin (GOD)
  31. ^ "Remix: Prong". f o e t u s. Retrieved 2007-09-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  32. ^ ".::Discography::". DIE KRUPPS Fanbase - Home. Retrieved 2007-08-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  33. ^ "Justin's Remix Work". Godflesh-Crumbling Flesh. Retrieved 2007-08-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  34. ^ "Discography: Black Lodge". STOMP STOMP STOMP. Retrieved 2007-09-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  35. ^ "Remix: Pantera". f o e t u s. Retrieved 2007-08-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  36. ^ "Remix: Megadeth". f o e t u s. Retrieved 2007-08-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  37. ^ "1998 MTV Video Music Awards". ROCK ON THE NET. Retrieved 2007-08-27. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  38. ^ Bowie, David (2005-04-21). "Nine Inch Nails". Rolling Stone (972). Retrieved 2007-09-08. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ "WordNet Search - 3.0 - S: (n) crossover". WordNet - Princeton University Cognitive Science Laboratory. Retrieved 2007-08-25. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  40. ^ THOMPSON, Dave. Alternative Rock. San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman Books, 2000, p. 71.
  41. ^ "POWERMETAL.de - Interviews: Deathstars - Whiplasher". POWERMETAL.DE Online Magazin - The Power of Metal, Rock and Gothic. Retrieved 2007-08-24. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  42. ^ "Review - HYPNOSIS - Cyber Death". THE METAL OBSERVER - Everything in Metal!. Retrieved 2007-08-25. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  43. ^ Dahl (2003-09-30). "AblaZine Interviews : MALMONDE". Ablazine. Retrieved 2007-08-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  44. ^ "Psionic - Nu-Tech Cyber Sorcery". Metal Reviews - Metal Coven - Metal Reviews. 2004-06-15. Retrieved 2007-08-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  45. ^ "CD-Review: Dimension FH3 - Does The Pain Excite You?". Das Metal-Magazin im Netz. Retrieved 2007-08-25. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  46. ^ Siva, Shan. "THE KOVENANT interview". Battle Helm Heavy Metal Magazine Online. Retrieved 2007-08-24. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  47. ^ "THE KOVENANT INTERVIEW". Welcome to MetalKings.com. April 2003. Retrieved 2007-08-25. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  48. ^ Metalgreg (2003-02-26). "Interview / Story: The Kovenant (Listening Session)". metal.de - Das Metal-Magazin im Netz. Retrieved 2007-08-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  49. ^ Siva, Shan. "THE KOVENANT interview". Battle Helm Heavy Metal Magazine Online. Retrieved 2007-08-25. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  50. ^ Keenan, David (1998-07-21). "Time Out Of Joint". THE WIRE - ADVENTURES IN MODERN MUSIC. Retrieved 2007-09-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  51. ^ FERGUNSON, Paul. Terror Against Terror: Lustmord's dancefloor coup. Industrial Nation, no. 7, p. 53-7, Spring 1993.
  52. ^ Bali, Gunnar (May 1995). "???". New Life. Retrieved 2007-09-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Archived at Litany: Music News Covering Skinny Puppy, Download, ohGr and Related Projects.
  53. ^ Radish, Diakon (1997). "cEvin Key: Music for Cats and Video Games". New Empire. Retrieved 2007-09-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Archived at Litany: Music News Covering Skinny Puppy, Download, ohGr and Related Projects.
  54. ^ BRIGHT, Matt. Dog Gone. Melody Maker, p. 39, February 24th 1996.
  55. ^ Considered only are the artists have earned either gold or platinum certifications from the RIAA. This short list includes Björk, Fatboy Slim, Moby, Portishead, The Chemical Brothers, The Crystal Method and The Prodigy.
  56. ^ DeRogatis, Jim (April 2000). "Nine Inch Nails stuck in the '90s". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved 2007-08-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Archived at The NIN Hotline.
  57. ^ Same as above.
  58. ^ Soeder, John (2000-04-09). "Rock's outlook bleak, but this Nail won't bend". Cleveland.com. Retrieved 2006-10-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Archived at The NIN Hotline.
  59. ^ "GOLD AND PLATINUM - Searchable Database". RIAA. Retrieved 2007-08-24. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  60. ^ Kaufman, Gil (1999-12-02). "Rock radio pumps up volume". SonicNet News. Retrieved 2007-08-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Archived at The NIN Hotline.
  61. ^ Child, Matt (2007-02-26). "Dog Days: Skinny Puppy". Aversion.com - Rock, Punk, Indie news. Retrieved 2007-09-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  62. ^ "Former MEGAHERZ Duo Launch EISBRECHER". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2004-05-24. Retrieved 2007-08-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  63. ^ "EISBRECHER: 'Antikörper' Enters German Chart At No. 85". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2006-11-02. Retrieved 2007-08-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  64. ^ "Metal/Hard Rock Album Sales In The US As Reported By SoundScan". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2002-04-30. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  65. ^ Love, Lita (2002-02-15). "Sludge Scans For February 2002". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  66. ^ Same as above.
  67. ^ Love, Lita (2004-08-04). "Sludge Scans for August 2004". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  68. ^ Love, Lita (1999-11-22). "Sludge Scan For November 1999". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  69. ^ "Metal/Hard Rock Album Sales In The US As Reported By SoundScan". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2002-04-30. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  70. ^ Same as above.
  71. ^ Same as above.
  72. ^ Love, Lita (2004-08-11). "Sludge Scans for August 2004". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  73. ^ Love, Lita (2000-06-09). "Sludge Scans for June 2000". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  74. ^ Love, Lita (1999-11-28). "Sludge Scans for November 1999". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  75. ^ Same as above.
  76. ^ Love, Lita (2001-02-09). "Sludge Scans For February 2001". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  77. ^ Love, Lita (1999-08-30). "Sludge Scan For August 1999". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  78. ^ Love, Lita (2001-02-09). "Sludge Scans For February 2001". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  79. ^ Same as above.
  80. ^ "Metal/Hard Rock Album Sales In The US As Reported By SoundScan". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2002-04-30. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  81. ^ Love, Lita (2004-01-13). "Sludge Scans For January 2004". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  82. ^ "Metal/Hard Rock Album Sales In The US As Reported By SoundScan". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2002-04-30. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  83. ^ Love, Lita (2003-12-01). "Sludge Scans For December 2003". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  84. ^ Love, Lita (2005-02-09). "Sludge Scans for February 2005". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  85. ^ Neilstein, Vince (2007-09-12). "THIS WEEK'S SOUNDSCAN NUMBERS REVEALED". MetalSucks. Retrieved 2007-09-20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  86. ^ "SOUNDSCAN Report: MINISTRY, SCORPIONS, MOTÖRHEAD, HOLLYWOOD ROSE". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2004-06-30. Retrieved 2007-09-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  87. ^ "Soundscan Results: Week Ending June 4th, 2006". AbsolutePunk.net. 2006-06-07. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  88. ^ Cohen, Jonathan (2004-05-10). "Nine Inch Nails Prepare To 'Bleed'". Billboard Music Charts. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  89. ^ "Soundscan Results: Week Ending April 16th, 2006". AbsolutePunk.net. 2006-04-20. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  90. ^ Neilstein, Vince (2007-08-15). "THIS WEEK'S SOUNDSCAN NUMBERS REVEALED". MetalSucks. Retrieved 2007-09-20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  91. ^ "Metal/Hard Rock Album Sales In The US As Reported By SoundScan". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2002-04-30. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  92. ^ Same as above.
  93. ^ "ORGY Schedule 'Rockline' Appearance". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2004-03-09. Retrieved 2007-09-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  94. ^ "Metal/Hard Rock Album Sales In The US As Reported By Soundscan". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2002-03-09. Retrieved 2007-09-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  95. ^ Same as above.
  96. ^ Love, Lita (2000-06-09). "Sludge Scans For June 2000". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  97. ^ Love, Lita (2004-12-01). "Sludge Scans for December 2004". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  98. ^ "Soundscan Results: Week Ending April 16th, 2006". AbsolutePunk.net. 2006-04-20. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  99. ^ "Metal/Hard Rock Album Sales In The US As Reported By SoundScan". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2002-04-30. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  100. ^ Love, Lita (2000-06-09). "Sludge Scans For June 2000". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  101. ^ "Metal/Hard Rock Album Sales In The US As Reported By SoundScan". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2002-04-30. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  102. ^ "WHITE ZOMBIE Box Set In The Works". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2007-01-03. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  103. ^ "SOUNDSCAN Report: ROB ZOMBIE, ATREYU, RAMMSTEIN, GUNS N' ROSES, AC/DC". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2006-04-05. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  104. ^ "Sludge Scans For July 2001". Metal Sludge Gossip Board Forum Index. 2001-07-28. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  105. ^ "Metal/Hard Rock Album Sales In The US As Reported By Soundscan". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2002-03-30. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  106. ^ Same as above.
  107. ^ "Sales Update! Megadeth, Static-X, Faith No More". Metal Sludge Gossip Board Forum Index. 2007-07-25. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  108. ^ Same as above.
  109. ^ Same as above.
  110. ^ Same as above.
  111. ^ "STATIC-X: 'Rockline' Performance, Interview Available For Streaming". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2007-09-06. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  112. ^ Love, Lita (2002-10-31). "Sludge Scans For October 2002". Metal Sludge. Retrieved 2007-09-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  113. ^ Same as above.
  114. ^ Douglas, Patrick (2003-09-29). "KMFDM - Sasha Konietzko (2003)". The Culture Shock - Home. Retrieved 2007-09-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  115. ^ "GOLD AND PLATINUM - Searchable Database". RIAA. Retrieved 2007-09-13. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  116. ^ "GOLD AND PLATINUM - Criteria". RIAA. Retrieved 2007-09-13. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  117. ^ gerrythedon (2006-06-27). "ROB ZOMBIE: Hellbilly (Super) Deluxe -11/22/05". DVD Talk Forum - powered by vBulletin. Retrieved 2007-09-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  118. ^ "35th Annual Grammy Awards - 1993". ROCK ON THE NET. Retrieved 2007-09-14. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  119. ^ Same as above.
  120. ^ "38th Annual Grammy Awards - 1996". ROCK ON THE NET. Retrieved 2007-09-14. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  121. ^ "39th Annual Grammy Awards - 1997". ROCK ON THE NET. Retrieved 2007-09-14. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  122. ^ Same as above.
  123. ^ "40th Annual Grammy Awards - 1998". ROCK ON THE NET. Retrieved 2007-09-14. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  124. ^ "41st Annual Grammy Awards - 1999". ROCK ON THE NET. Retrieved 2007-09-14. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  125. ^ Same as the above.
  126. ^ "42nd Annual Grammy Awards - 2000". ROCK ON THE NET. Retrieved 2007-09-14. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  127. ^ "43th Annual Grammy Awards - 2001". ROCK ON THE NET. Retrieved 2007-09-14. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  128. ^ "42nd Annual Grammy Awards - 2000". ROCK ON THE NET. Retrieved 2007-09-14. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  129. ^ Same as the above.
  130. ^ "45th Annual Grammy Awards - 2003". ROCK ON THE NET. Retrieved 2007-09-14. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  131. ^ "46th Annual Grammy Awards - 2004". ROCK ON THE NET. Retrieved 2007-09-14. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  132. ^ Same as the above.
  133. ^ "48th Annual Grammy Awards - 2006". ROCK ON THE NET. Retrieved 2007-09-14. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  134. ^ Same as the above.
  135. ^ Same as the above.
  136. ^ "Grammy Award Winners". GRAMMY.com. Retrieved 2007-09-14. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  137. ^ Same as above.
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