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→Radioactive contamination: address bizarre claim that Denver not largely affected; see maps in several cited references; provide cite for clear and abundant evidence that RF is upwind of Denver; please don't remove relevant facts
→Radioactive contamination: copyedit and citation for how the 1957 came to be revealed; it happened directly as a result of atmospheric monitoring, not just people seeing a smoke column, which could have been explained away
Line 199: Line 199:
Radioactive materials, primarily [[plutonium]] (Pu-239), were emitted or leaked into the environment for decades from the [[Rocky Flats Plant|Rocky Flats]] nuclear weapons plant, located about 15 miles upwind from Denver.<ref>http://www.westword.com/2009-08-13/news/judge-finesilver-almost-gave-the-rocky-flats-grand-jury-a-big-twentieth-birthday-present/</ref> The plant has since been shut down and disassembled.
Radioactive materials, primarily [[plutonium]] (Pu-239), were emitted or leaked into the environment for decades from the [[Rocky Flats Plant|Rocky Flats]] nuclear weapons plant, located about 15 miles upwind from Denver.<ref>http://www.westword.com/2009-08-13/news/judge-finesilver-almost-gave-the-rocky-flats-grand-jury-a-big-twentieth-birthday-present/</ref> The plant has since been shut down and disassembled.


Two major fires occurred at the plant during its years of operation. On September 11, 1957 areas downwind from the plant, substantially including Denver, <!-- it is utterly false that the phrase "Denver metropolitan area" does not appear to be supported by any specific reference; just look at the maps.--> became contaminated with Pu-239 from a then highly-classified nighttime plutonium fire.<ref>http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/rf/charta.htm</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/rf/1957fire.htm|title = Citizen Summary Rocky Flats Historical Public Exposures Studies |publisher = Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment|accessdate =September 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>http://www.rockyflatsnuclearguardianship.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/leroy-moore-papers/1957-fateful-year-may92-1.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.rockyflatsnuclearguardianship.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/leroy-moore-papers/dem-public-heath-at-rf-12-10.pdf</ref> Another major fire in 1969<ref>http://www.colorado.edu/journalism/cej/exhibit/index.html</ref> also released plutonium contamination. A pillar of smoke made this daytime fire immediately apparent to metropolitan Denver residents. The fire was reported and monitored by news media and civilian agencies, which led to the U.S. government's first official disclosure of the 1957 fire.
Two major fires occurred at the plant during its years of operation. On September 11, 1957 areas downwind from the plant, substantially including Denver, <!-- it is utterly false that the phrase "Denver metropolitan area" does not appear to be supported by any specific reference; just look at the maps.--> became contaminated with Pu-239 from a then highly-classified nighttime plutonium fire.<ref>http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/rf/charta.htm</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/rf/1957fire.htm|title = Citizen Summary Rocky Flats Historical Public Exposures Studies |publisher = Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment|accessdate =September 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>http://www.rockyflatsnuclearguardianship.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/leroy-moore-papers/1957-fateful-year-may92-1.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.rockyflatsnuclearguardianship.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/leroy-moore-papers/dem-public-heath-at-rf-12-10.pdf</ref> Another major plutonium fire in 1969<ref>http://www.colorado.edu/journalism/cej/exhibit/index.html</ref> produced similar effects, but was monitored and reported by civilian agencies, which led to the U.S. government's divulgence of the 1957 fire.<ref>http://www.rockyflatsnuclearguardianship.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/leroy-moore-papers/dem-public-heath-at-rf-12-10.pdf, Page 3</ref>


In 1989 a combined [[FBI]] and [[EPA]] raid of the plant for investigation of environmental crimes effectively ended production and further potential for plutonium fires. [[Superfund]] decontamination results have been withheld by the U.S. Government. Significant Pu-239 contamination has been found outside the former plant site as recently as August 2010.<ref>http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2010/2010-08-05-01.html</ref><ref>http://coloradoindependent.com/95372/invasive-weeds-at-rocky-flats-raise-nuclear-concerns</ref>
In 1989 a combined [[FBI]] and [[EPA]] raid of the plant for investigation of environmental crimes effectively ended production and further potential for plutonium fires. [[Superfund]] decontamination results have been withheld by the U.S. Government. Significant Pu-239 contamination has been found outside the former plant site as recently as August 2010.<ref>http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2010/2010-08-05-01.html</ref><ref>http://coloradoindependent.com/95372/invasive-weeds-at-rocky-flats-raise-nuclear-concerns</ref>

Revision as of 09:12, 29 September 2011

This article is about the capital of Colorado. For other uses, see Denver (disambiguation).

City and County of Denver
City-county
Denver, Colorado
Denver Skyline from City Park
Denver Skyline from City Park
Flag of City and County of Denver
Flag
Official seal of City and County of Denver
Seal
Nickname(s): 
The Mile-High City[2] Queen City of the West, Queen City of the Plains,[3] Wall Street of the West[4]
Location of Denver in the State of Colorado
Location of Denver in the State of Colorado
CountryUnited States
StateColorado
City and CountyDenver[1]
FoundedNovember 22, 1858, as Denver City, K.T.[5]
Incorporated11/7/1861, as Denver City, C.T.[6]
ConsolidatedNovember 15, 1902, as the City and County of Denver
Named forJames William Denver
Government
 • TypeConsolidated City and County[1]
 • MayorMichael Hancock (D)[7]
Area
[5]
 • City-county154.9 sq mi (401.3 km2)
 • Land153.3 sq mi (397.2 km2)
 • Water1.6 sq mi (4.1 km2)  1.03%
 • Metro
8,414.4 sq mi (21,793 km2)
Elevation
[8]
5,130−5,680 ft (1,564−1,731 m)
Population
 (2010)[9][10][11][12]
 • City-county600,158 (US: 26th)
 • Density3,874.4/sq mi (1,510.9/km2)
 • Urban
1,984,887
 • Urban density3,979.3/sq mi (1,536.4/km2)
 • Metro
2,552,195
 • Demonym
Denverite
Time zoneUTC-7 (MST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)
ZIP codes
80201-80212,80202 80214-80239, 80241, 80243-80244, 80246-80252, 80256-80266, 80271, 80273-80274, 80279-80281, 80290-80291, 80293-80295, 80299, 80012, 80014, 80022, 80033, 80123, 80127[13]
Area code(s)Both 303 and 720
FIPS code08-20000
GNIS feature ID0201738
HighwaysI-25, I-70, I-76, I-225, I-270, US 6, US 40, US 85, US 285, US 287, CO 2, CO 26, CO 30, CO 35, CO 83, CO 88, CO 95, CO 121, CO 177, CO 265, CO 470, E-470
WebsiteCity and County of Denver
Most populous Colorado city

The City and County of Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvər/) is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Colorado. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the "Mile-High City" because its official elevation is exactly one mile (1.6 km) or 5,280 feet (1,609.344 m) above sea level.[5] The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.

The population of Denver was 600,158 according to the 2010 census.[10] According to 2009 Census estimates, Denver was the 26th most populous U.S. city.[9] The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2009 population of 2,552,195 and ranked as the 21st most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area[11] and the 12-county Denver-Aurora-Boulder Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2009 population of 3,110,436 and ranked as the 16th most populous U.S. metropolitan area.[14] Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile (800 km) radius and the second-largest city in the Mountain West and Southwest after Phoenix. Denver is the most populous city in the Front Range Urban Corridor, an urban region stretching across 18 counties in two states, and the second-largest in area after Colorado Springs. The population of the Front Range Urban Corridor was estimated to be 4,328,406 in 2009.[15]

History

Main article: History of Denver
Former Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver visited his namesake city in 1875 and in 1882.
File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Panorama of Denver, Colorado, 1898.jpg
Panorama print of Denver, 1898

Denver City was founded in November 1858 as a mining town during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush in western Kansas Territory.[16] That summer, a group of gold prospectors from Lawrence, Kansas, arrived and established Montana City on the banks of the South Platte River. This was the first settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria (named after the gold mining town of Auraria, Georgia), and St. Charles City.

The "Broncho Buster", a variation of Frederic Remington's "Bronco Buster" western sculpture at the Denver capitol grounds, a gift from J.K. Mullen in 1920

On November 22, 1858, General William Larimer, a land speculator from eastern Kansas, placed cottonwood logs to stake a claim on the bluff overlooking the confluence of the South Platte River and Cherry Creek, across the creek from the existing mining settlement of Auraria, and on the site of the existing townsite of St. Charles. Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver.[17] Larimer hoped that the town's name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County, but unknown to him Governor Denver had already resigned from office. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne and Arapaho. The site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park in downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, with the intention of creating a major city that would cater to new emigrants. Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria.[17] In May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pike’s Peak Express in order to secure the region’s first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for “passengers, mail, freight, and gold,” the Express reached Denver on a trail that trimmed westward travel time from twelve days to six. In 1863, Western Union furthered Denver’s dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus.

"Pioneer Mothers of Colorado" statue at the Denver Post building

The Colorado Territory was created on February 28, 1861,[18] Arapahoe County was formed on November 1, 1861,[18] and Denver City was incorporated on November 7, 1861.[6] Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902.[19] In 1867, Denver City became the Territorial Capital. With its new-found importance, Denver City shortened its name to just Denver.[19] On August 1, 1876, Colorado was admitted to the Union.

Between 1880 and 1895 the city experienced a huge rise in corruption, as crime bosses, such as Soapy Smith, worked side by side with elected officials and the police to control elections, gambling, and the bunko[20] gangs.[21] The city also experienced a depression in 1893 after the crash of silver prices. In 1887, the precursor to the international charity United Way was formed in Denver by local religious leaders who raised funds and coordinated various charities to help Denver's poor.[22] By 1890, Denver had grown to be the second-largest city west of Omaha, but by 1900 it had dropped to third place behind San Francisco and Los Angeles.[23]

In 1901, the Colorado General Assembly voted to split Arapahoe County into three parts: a new consolidated City and County of Denver, a new Adams County, and the remainder of the Arapahoe County to be renamed South Arapahoe County. A ruling by the Colorado Supreme Court, subsequent legislation, and a referendum delayed the creation of the City and County of Denver until November 15, 1902.[24]

Denver has hosted the Democratic National Convention twice, during the years of 1908, and again in 2008, taking the opportunity to promote the city's status on the national, political, and socioeconomic stage.[25]

Early in the 20th century, Denver, like many other cities, was home to a pioneering Brass Era car company. The Colburn Automobile Company made cars copied from the contemporary Renault.[26]

Denver was selected in 1970 to host the 1976 Winter Olympics to coincide with Colorado's centennial celebration, but in November 1972 Colorado voters struck down ballot initiatives allocating public funds to pay for the high costs of the games, which were subsequently moved to Innsbruck, Austria. The notoriety of becoming the only city ever to decline to host an Olympiad after being selected has made subsequent bids difficult. The movement against hosting the games was based largely on environmental issues and was led by State Representative Richard Lamm, who was subsequently elected to three terms (1975–87) as Colorado governor.[27] There are now talks of Denver exploring a potential bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics. [28]

In 2010, Denver adopted a comprehensive update of its zoning code.[29] The new zoning was developed to guide development as envisioned in adopted plans such as Blueprint Denver,[30] Transit Oriented Development Strategic Plan, Greenprint Denver, and the Strategic Transportation Plan.

Denver has also been known historically as the Queen City of the Plains and the Queen City of the West, because of its important role in the agricultural industry of the high-plains region in eastern Colorado and along the foothills of the Colorado Front Range. Several US Navy ships have been named USS Denver in honor of the city.

Geography

Satellite image of the Denver Metropolitan area
Sunrise in Denver on a typical January morning
Main article: Geography of Denver

Denver is located in the center of the Front Range Urban Corridor, between the Rocky Mountains to the west and the High Plains to the east. According to the United States Census Bureau the city has an area of 154.9 square miles (401.2 km2), of which 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2), or 1.03%, is water. The City and County of Denver is surrounded by only three other counties: Adams County to the north and east, Arapahoe County to the south and east, and Jefferson County to the west.

Climate

Denver lies within the semi-arid, continental climate zone (Köppen climate classification BSk)[31] with four distinct seasons, generally modest annual precipitation spread through the year with about 90 days of precipitation a year, averaging every 4th day. Summers range from warm to hot. Winters range from mild to cold, with periods of heavy snow alternating with periods of warmth, the result from warming downslope chinook winds. Due to its inland location on the High Plains, at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, weather patterns in Denver can be subject to rapid, volatile yet usually brief changes. Annual precipitation is 15.81 in on the north side[convert: unknown unit] and 18.9 on the south side.[32] The first snowfall of the season generally occurs around October 8, and the last snowfall is about April 27, averaging 61 inches (155 cm) of seasonal accumulation. The city's climate is very sunny with 3100 hours of sunshine, or roughly 300 sunny days a year. However most of these day have periods of clouds, sometimes dark, thus the 300 days of sun is misleading. [33]

The lowest temperature ever recorded in Denver was recorded on January 9, 1875 at −29 °F (−34 °C). The highest temperature ever recorded in Denver is 105 °F (41 °C) (National Weather Service) on August 8, 1878 and again on July 20, 2005.

Climate data for Denver (DIA; elev 5414 ft), 1991−2020 normals,[a] extremes 1872−present[b]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 76
(24) 		80
(27) 		84
(29) 		90
(32) 		95
(35) 		105
(41) 		105
(41) 		105
(41) 		101
(38) 		90
(32) 		81
(27) 		79
(26) 		105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 65.0
(18.3) 		67.1
(19.5) 		74.7
(23.7) 		80.8
(27.1) 		88.3
(31.3) 		96.5
(35.8) 		99.6
(37.6) 		96.9
(36.1) 		92.9
(33.8) 		84.1
(28.9) 		73.6
(23.1) 		65.3
(18.5) 		100.6
(38.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 44.6
(7.0) 		45.7
(7.6) 		55.7
(13.2) 		61.7
(16.5) 		71.2
(21.8) 		83.4
(28.6) 		89.9
(32.2) 		87.5
(30.8) 		79.6
(26.4) 		65.3
(18.5) 		52.9
(11.6) 		44.0
(6.7) 		65.1
(18.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 31.7
(−0.2) 		32.7
(0.4) 		41.6
(5.3) 		47.8
(8.8) 		57.4
(14.1) 		68.2
(20.1) 		75.1
(23.9) 		72.9
(22.7) 		64.8
(18.2) 		51.1
(10.6) 		39.4
(4.1) 		31.2
(−0.4) 		51.2
(10.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 18.7
(−7.4) 		19.7
(−6.8) 		27.5
(−2.5) 		33.9
(1.1) 		43.6
(6.4) 		53.0
(11.7) 		60.2
(15.7) 		58.3
(14.6) 		50.0
(10.0) 		37.0
(2.8) 		26.0
(−3.3) 		18.4
(−7.6) 		37.2
(2.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −3.8
(−19.9) 		−1.5
(−18.6) 		9.5
(−12.5) 		19.8
(−6.8) 		30.2
(−1.0) 		41.9
(5.5) 		51.4
(10.8) 		48.8
(9.3) 		35.9
(2.2) 		19.6
(−6.9) 		5.4
(−14.8) 		−3.4
(−19.7) 		−11
(−24)
Record low °F (°C) −29
(−34) 		−25
(−32) 		−11
(−24) 		−2
(−19) 		19
(−7) 		30
(−1) 		42
(6) 		40
(4) 		17
(−8) 		−2
(−19) 		−18
(−28) 		−25
(−32) 		−29
(−34)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.38
(9.7) 		0.41
(10) 		0.86
(22) 		1.68
(43) 		2.16
(55) 		1.94
(49) 		2.14
(54) 		1.58
(40) 		1.35
(34) 		0.99
(25) 		0.64
(16) 		0.35
(8.9) 		14.48
(368)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 6.4
(16) 		7.6
(19) 		8.8
(22) 		6.2
(16) 		1.4
(3.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.8
(2.0) 		3.9
(9.9) 		7.3
(19) 		6.6
(17) 		49.0
(124)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 3.8
(9.7) 		4.7
(12) 		4.0
(10) 		2.2
(5.6) 		0.5
(1.3) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		2.0
(5.1) 		4.1
(10) 		5.3
(13) 		9.0
(23)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 4.4 5.5 6.2 9.0 10.4 8.1 8.3 7.5 6.0 5.3 4.6 4.4 79.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 5.0 5.3 4.8 4.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.8 4.6 4.6 31.4
Average relative humidity (%) 55.2 55.8 53.7 49.6 51.7 49.3 47.8 49.3 50.1 49.2 56.3 56.6 52.0
Average dew point °F (°C) 12.7
(−10.7) 		16.2
(−8.8) 		19.9
(−6.7) 		26.2
(−3.2) 		35.8
(2.1) 		43.5
(6.4) 		48.4
(9.1) 		47.7
(8.7) 		39.6
(4.2) 		28.6
(−1.9) 		21.0
(−6.1) 		14.2
(−9.9) 		29.5
(−1.4)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 215.3 211.1 255.6 276.2 290.0 315.3 325.0 306.4 272.3 249.2 194.3 195.9 3,106.6
Mean daily daylight hours 9.7 10.7 12 13.3 14.4 15 14.7 13.7 12.4 11.1 10 9.4 12.2
Percent possible sunshine 72 70 69 69 65 70 71 72 73 72 65 67 70
Average ultraviolet index 2 2 3 3 5 6 6 5 5 3 2 2 4
Source 1: NOAA (sun, relative humidity and dew point 1961−1990)[34][35][36][37][38]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (Daylight-Average UV index)[39]

Neighborhoods

Denver's 79 official neighborhoods
See also: List of Denver neighborhoods
Downtown Denver
The former Colorado State Museum, south across the street from the state capitol.
Denver Downtown Theatre District

The City and County of Denver has defined 80 official neighborhoods that the city and community groups use for planning and administration. Although the city's delineation of the neighborhood boundaries is somewhat arbitrary, it corresponds roughly to the definitions used by residents. These "neighborhoods" should not be confused with cities or suburbs, which may be separate entities within the metro area.

The character of the neighborhoods vary significantly from each other and include everything from large skyscrapers to turn of the twentieth century houses to modern, suburban style developments. Generally, the neighborhoods closest to the city center are denser, older and contain more brick building material. Many neighborhoods away from the city center were developed after World War II, and are built with more modern materials and style. Some of the neighborhoods even farther from the city center, or recently redeveloped parcels anywhere in the city have either very suburban characteristics or are new urbanist developments that attempt to recreate the feel of older neighborhoods. Most neighborhoods contain parks or other features that are the focal point for the neighborhood.

Denver does not have larger area designations, unlike the City of Chicago which has larger areas that house the neighborhoods (IE: Northwest Side). Denver residents use the terms "north" "south" "east" and "west" loosely.[40]

Denver also has a number of neighborhoods not reflected in the administrative boundaries. Sometimes, these neighborhoods reflect the way people in an area identify themselves; sometimes, they reflect how others, such as real estate developers, have defined those areas.

Well-known neighborhoods include the historic and trendy LoDo (short for "Lower Downtown"), part of the city's Union Station neighborhood; Capitol Hill, Baker Historic District, South City Park/Greektown, Highland, Cherry Creek, Washington Park, Lowry; Uptown; Curtis Park, part of the Five Points neighborhood; Alamo Placita, the northern part of the Speer neighborhood; Park Hill, a successful example of intentional racial integration;[41] and Golden Triangle, in the Civic Center.

Parks and recreation

As of 2006, Denver had over 200 parks, from small mini-parks all over the city to the giant 314 acre (1.3 km²) City Park.[42] Denver also has 29 recreation centers providing places and programming for resident's recreation and relaxation.[43]

Chess players on the 16th Street Mall.

Many of Denver's parks were acquired from state lands in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This coincided with the City Beautiful movement, and Denver mayor Robert Speer (1904–12 and 1916–18) set out to expand and beautify the city's parks. Reinhard Schuetze was the city's first landscape architect, and he brought his German-educated landscaping genius to Washington Park, Cheesman Park, and City Park among others. Speer used Schuetze as well as other landscape architects such as Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and Saco Rienk DeBoer to design not only parks such as Civic Center Park, but many city parkways and tree-lawns. All of this greenery was fed with South Platte River water diverted through the city ditch.[44]

Cheesman Park started as a cemetery.

In addition to the parks within Denver itself, the city acquired land for mountain parks starting in the 1910s.[45] Over the years, Denver has acquired, built and maintained approximately 14,000 acres (56 km²) of mountain parks, including Red Rocks Park, which is known for its scenery and musical history revolving around the unique Red Rocks Amphitheatre.[46][47] Denver also owns the hill on which the Winter Park Resort ski area is operated in Grand County, 67 miles (110 km) west of Denver.[48] City parks are important places for both Denverites and visitors, inciting controversy with every change. Denver continues to grow its park system with the development of many new parks along the Platte River through the city, and with Central Park and Bluff Lake Nature Center in the Stapleton neighborhood redevelopment. All of these parks are important gathering places for residents and allow what was once a dry plain to be lush, active, and green. Denver is also home to a large network of public community gardens, most of which are managed by Denver Urban Gardens, a non-profit organization.

Since 1974, Denver and the surrounding jurisdictions have rehabilitated the urban South Platte River and its tributaries for recreational use by hikers and cyclists. The main stem of the South Platte River Greenway runs along the South Platte from Chatfield Reservoir 35 miles (56 km) into Adams County in the north. The Greenway project is recognized as one of the best urban reclamation projects in the U.S., winning, for example, the Silver Medal Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence in 2001.

Radioactive contamination

Main article: Radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant

Radioactive materials, primarily plutonium (Pu-239), were emitted or leaked into the environment for decades from the Rocky Flats nuclear weapons plant, located about 15 miles upwind from Denver.[49] The plant has since been shut down and disassembled.

Two major fires occurred at the plant during its years of operation. On September 11, 1957 areas downwind from the plant, substantially including Denver, became contaminated with Pu-239 from a then highly-classified nighttime plutonium fire.[50][51][52][53] Another major plutonium fire in 1969[54] produced similar effects, but was monitored and reported by civilian agencies, which led to the U.S. government's divulgence of the 1957 fire.[55]

In 1989 a combined FBI and EPA raid of the plant for investigation of environmental crimes effectively ended production and further potential for plutonium fires. Superfund decontamination results have been withheld by the U.S. Government. Significant Pu-239 contamination has been found outside the former plant site as recently as August 2010.[56][57]

Demographics

See also: Diversity in Denver
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18604,749—
18704,7590.2%
188035,629648.7%
1890106,713199.5%
1900133,85925.4%
1910213,38159.4%
1920256,49120.2%
1930287,86112.2%
1940322,41212.0%
1950415,78629.0%
1960493,88718.8%
1970514,6784.2%
1980492,365−4.3%
1990467,610−5.0%
2000554,63618.6%
2010600,1588.2%
U.S. Census Bureau[58][59]

The United States Census Bureau estimated that, in 2008, the population of the City and County of Denver was 598,707, making it the 24th most populous U.S. city.[60] The Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2008 population of 2,506,626 and ranked as the 21st most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area,[61] and the larger Denver-Aurora-Boulder Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2008 population of 3,049,562 and ranked as the 17th most populous U.S. metropolitan area.[62] Denver is the most populous city within a radius centered in the city and of 550 miles (885 km) magnitude.[63] Denverites is a term used for residents of Denver (city or county).

According to census estimates, the City and County of Denver contains approximately 566,974 people (2006) and 239,235 households (2000). The population density is 3,698 inhabitants per square mile (1,428/km²) including the airport. There are 268,540 housing units (2005) at an average density of 1,751 per square mile (676/km²).[64] However, the average density throughout most Denver neighborhoods tends to be higher. Without the 80249 zip code (47.3 sq mi, 8,407 residents) near the airport, the average density increases to around 5,470 per square mile.[65]

According to the 2006-2008 American Community Survey, the racial composition of Denver was as follows:

Source:[66]

Approximately 70.3% of the population (over five years old) spoke only English at home. An additional 23.5% of the population spoke Spanish at home. In terms of ancestry, 31.2% were Mexican, 14.6% of the population were of German ancestry, 9.7% were of Irish ancestry, 8.9% were of English ancestry, and 4.0% were of Italian ancestry.[67]

There are 250,906 households, of which 23.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.7% are married couples living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 50.1% are non-families. 39.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.27 and the average family size is 3.14.

Age distribution is 22.0% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 36.1% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 102.1 males.

The median household income is $46,410, and the median family income is $48,195. Males have a median income of $36,232 versus $33,768 for females. The per capita income for the city is $24,101. 19.1% of the population and 14.6% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 25.3% of those under the age of 18 and 13.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.[68]

Panorama of downtown Denver, circa 2007, looking east at the intersection of Auraria Pkwy. and Speer Blvd.

Government

Denver City and County Building (circa 1941), looking west.
Denver City and County Building with Christmas decorations (1955).
Colorado State Capitol looking east.
Government buildings from a distance in downtown Denver (May 1972)
Main article: Law and government of Denver

Denver is a consolidated city-county with a mayor elected on a nonpartisan ballot, a 13-member city council and an auditor. The Denver City Council is elected from 11 districts with two at-large council-members and is responsible for passing and changing all laws, resolutions, and ordinances, usually after a public hearing. They can also call for misconduct investigations of Denver's departmental officials.

Denver has a strong mayor/weak city council government. The mayor can approve or veto any ordinances or resolutions approved by the council, makes sure all contracts with the city are kept and performed, signs all bonds and contracts, is responsible for the city budget, and can appoint people to various city departments, organizations, and commissions. However, the council can override the mayor's veto with a nine out of thirteen member vote, and the city budget must be approved and can be changed by a simple majority vote of the council. The auditor checks all expenditures and may refuse to allow specific ones, usually based on financial reasons.[69]

All elected officials have four-year terms, with a maximum of three terms. While Denver elections are non-partisan, Democrats have long held a majority sway on Denver politics with most officials elected citywide having Democratic Party affiliation. In federal elections, Denverites also tend to vote for Democratic candidates, voting for the Democratic Presidential nominee in every election since 1960 (excluding 1980 and 1972). The office of Denver's Mayor has been occupied by a Democrat since the municipal general election of 1963, including the current mayor, Guillermo (Bill) V. Vidal. Denver is represented at the federal level by congresswoman Diana DeGette, a Democrat representing Colorado's 1st congressional district, which includes all of Denver and parts of Arapahoe County.

Benjamin F. Stapleton was the mayor of Denver, Colorado for two periods, the first from 1923–1931 and the second from 1935–1947. Stapleton was responsible for many civic improvements during his term, notably during his second stint as mayor when he had access to funds and manpower from the New Deal. During this time, the park system was considerably expanded and the Civic Center completed. His signature project was the construction of Denver Municipal Airport, which began in 1929 amidst heavy criticism. It was later renamed Stapleton International Airport in his honor. Today, the airport no longer stands, but has been replaced by a neighborhood also named Stapleton. Stapleton Street continues to bear his name.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Denver was one of the epicenters of the Chicano Movement. The boxer-turned-activist Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales formed an organization called the Crusade for Justice, which battled police brutality, fought for bilingual education, and, most notably, hosted the First National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference in March 1969.[70]

In recent years, Denver has taken a stance on helping people who are or become homeless, particularly under the administrations of mayors John Hickenlooper and Wellington Webb. Denver's homeless population is considerably lower than many other major cities, but residents of the city streets have suffered during Denver's winters. Although mild and dry much of the time, Denver's winters can have brief periods of cold temperatures and varying amounts of snow.

In 2005, Denver became the first major city in the U.S. to make the private possession of less than an ounce of marijuana legal for adults 21 and older. The city voted 53.49-46.51 percent in favor of the marijuana legalization measure. This initiative does not usurp state law, which currently treats marijuana possession in much the same way as a speeding ticket with fines of up to $100 and no jail time.[71] The electorate of Colorado voted on and rejected a similar state-wide initiative in November 2006. Denver passed an initiative in the fourth quarter of 2007 requiring the mayor to appoint an 11 member review panel to monitor the city's compliance with the 2005 ordinance.[72] Former Denver mayor John Hickenlooper was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[73] an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino.

Denver hosted the 2008 Democratic National Convention, which was the centennial of the city's first hosting of the landmark 1908 convention. It also hosted the G7 (now G8) summit between June 20 and June 22 in 1997 and the 2000 National Convention of the Green Party.[74][75]

Economy

See also: List of tallest buildings in Denver
Republic Plaza, Denver's tallest building
Construction of the Spire, a new 41 story residential building near the convention center
The 17th street district includes many financial, business and corporate buildings.[76]
The United States Mint in Denver (2010)

The Denver MSA has a gross metropolitan product of $157.6 billion in 2010, making it the 18th largest metro economy in the United States.[77] Denver's economy is based partially on its geographic position and its connection to some of the major transportation systems of the country. Because Denver is the largest city within 500 miles (800 km), it has become a natural location for storage and distribution of goods and services to the Mountain States, Southwest states, as well as all western states. While Denver is a bit closer to the large cities in California, it is practically right in between the large cities of the Midwest such as, Chicago and St. Louis and the large cities of the West Coast such as, Los Angeles and San Diego, another benefit for distribution. Over the years, the city has been home to other large corporations in the central United States, making Denver a key trade point for the country. Several well known companies originated in or have relocated to Denver. William Ainsworth opened the Denver Instrument Company in 1895 to make analytical balances for gold assayers. Its factory is now in Arvada. AIMCO (NYSE: AIV) the largest owner and operator of apartment communities in the United States, with approximately 870 communities comprising nearly 136,000 units in 44 states, is headquartered in Denver, employing approximately 3,500 people. Also Samsonite Corp., the world's largest luggage manufacturer, began in Denver in 1910 as Shwayder Trunk Manufacturing Company but Samsonite closed its NE Denver factory in 2001, and moved its headquarters to Massachusetts after a change of ownership in 2006. The Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Company, founded in Denver in 1911, is now a part of telecommunications giant Qwest. MediaNews Group purchased the Denver Post in 1987; the company is based in Denver. The Gates Corporation, the world's largest producer of automotive belts and hoses, was established in S. Denver in 1919. Russell Stover Candies Inc. made its first chocolate candy in Denver in 1923, but moved to Kansas City in 1969. The Wright & McGill Company has been making its Eagle Claw brand of fishing gear in NE Denver since 1925. The original Frontier Airlines began operations at Denver's old Stapleton International Airport in 1950. Frontier was reincarnated at DIA in 1994. Scott's Liquid Gold, Inc., has been making furniture polish in Denver since 1954. Village Inn restaurants began as a single pancake house in Denver in 1958. Big O Tires, LLC, of Centennial opened its first franchise in 1962 in Denver. The Shane Company sold its first diamond jewelry in 1971 in Denver. Johns Manville Corp., a manufacturer of insulation and roofing products, relocated its headquarters to Denver from New York in 1972. CH2M HILL Inc., an engineering and construction firm, relocated from Oregon to the Denver Technological Center in 1980. The Ball Corp. sold its glass business in Indiana in the 1990s and moved to suburban Broomfield. Ball has several operations in greater Denver. Molson Coors Brewing Company established its U.S. headquarters in Denver in 2005. Its subsidiary and regional wholesale distributor, Coors Distributing Company, is in NW Denver. The Newmont Mining Corporation, the largest gold producer in North America and one of the largest in the world, is headquartered in Denver. Large Denver-area employers that have headquarters elsewhere include Lockheed Martin Corp., United Airlines, Kroger Co. and Xcel Energy, Inc. MapQuest, an online site for maps, directions and business listings, is headquartered in Denver's LODO district.

Downtown Skyline in August 1964. Includes the old Cosmopolitan Hotel, since demolished.

Geography also allows Denver to have a considerable government presence, with many federal agencies based or having offices in the Denver area. Along with federal agencies come many companies based on US defense and space projects, and more jobs are brought to the city by virtue of its being the capital of the state of Colorado. The Denver area is home to the former nuclear weapons plant Rocky Flats, the Denver Federal Center, the Denver Mint and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

In 2005, a $310.7 million expansion for the Colorado Convention Center was completed, doubling its size. The hope was that the center's expansion would elevate the city to one of the top 10 cities in the nation for holding a convention.[78]

Denver's position near the mineral-rich Rocky Mountains encouraged mining and energy companies to spring up in the area. In the early days of the city, gold and silver booms and busts played a large role in the economic success of the city. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the energy crisis in America and resulting high oil prices created an energy boom in Denver captured in the soap opera Dynasty. Denver was built up considerably during this time with the construction of many new downtown skyscrapers. When the price of oil dropped from $34 a barrel in 1981 to $9 a barrel in 1986 the Denver economy dropped with it, leaving almost 15,000 oil industry workers in the area unemployed (including former mayor and current governor John Hickenlooper, a former geologist), and the highest office vacancy rate in the nation (30%).[79] There remain 700 employed petroleum engineers in the region,[80] and energy and mining are still important in Denver's economy today, with companies such as EnCana, Halliburton, Smith International, Rio Tinto Group, Newmont Mining, Noble Energy, and Anadarko.

Aerial view of Lakeside Amusement Park looking NNE, January, 1966
The Wells Fargo Center, often called the Cash Register Building.[81]
The first Chipotle Mexican Grill near the campus of the University of Denver

Denver's west-central geographic location in the Mountain Time Zone (UTC -7) also benefits the telecommunications industry by allowing communication with both North American coasts, South America, Europe, and Asia in the same business day. Denver's location on the 105th meridian at over 1-mile (1.6 km) in elevation also enables it to be the largest city in the U.S. to offer a 'one-bounce' real-time satellite uplink to six continents in the same business day. Qwest Communications, Dish Network Corporation, Starz-Encore, DIRECTV, and Comcast are a few of the many telecommunications companies with operations in the Denver area. These and other high-tech companies had a boom in Denver in the mid to late 1990s. Denver had one of the lowest unemployment rates in the nation at 3.8 percent in October 2007.[82] The Downtown region has seen increased real estate investment with the construction of several new skyscrapers set to be completed in 2010-2013.

Denver has also enjoyed success as a pioneer in the fast casual restaurant industry, with many popular national chain restaurants founded and based in Denver. Chipotle Mexican Grill, Quizno's, and Smashburger were founded and are headquartered in Denver. Qdoba Mexican Grill, Noodles & Company, and Good Times Burgers & Frozen Custard originated in Denver, but have since moved their headquarters to the nearby suburbs of Wheat Ridge, Broomfield, and Golden.

Media

Main article: Media in Denver, Colorado

The Denver Metropolitan Area is served by a variety of media outlets in print, radio, television, and the Internet.

Television stations

Denver is the 16th-largest market in the country for television, according to the 2009-2010 rankings from Nielsen Media Research.

Radio stations

Denver is also served by over 40 AM and FM radio stations, covering a wide variety of formats and styles. Denver-Boulder radio is the #19 market in the United States, according to the Spring 2011 Arbitron ranking (up from #20 in Fall 2009). For a list of radio stations, see Radio Stations in Colorado

Print

After a continued rivalry between Denver's two main newspapers, the Denver Post and Rocky Mountain News, the papers merged operations in 2001 under a Joint Operating Agreement which formed the Denver Newspaper Agency[83] until February 2009 when E. W. Scripps Company, the owner of the Rocky Mountain News closed the paper. There are also several alternative or localized newspapers published in Denver, including the Westword, The Onion and Out Front Colorado. Denver is home to multiple regional magazines such as 5280, which takes its name from the city's 5280 feet (1609 m) high elevation.

Transportation

The skyline of downtown Denver from the southwest

City streets

Main article: Street system of Denver
Colfax Avenue at Broadway, where the downtown street grid and the "normal" city grid meet. Colfax Avenue carries U.S. Route 40 through Denver.
Front of the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception.
First Baptist Church is located across from the state capitol.

Most of Denver has a straightforward street grid oriented to the four cardinal directions. Blocks are usually identified in hundreds from the median streets, identified as "00", which are Broadway (the east–west median, running north–south) and Ellsworth Avenue (the north–south median, running east–west). Colfax Avenue, the major east-west artery through Denver, is 15 blocks (1500) north of the median. Avenues north of Ellsworth are numbered (with the exception of Colfax Avenue and a few others, such as Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, and Stapelton Dr. While not Avenues, they run East-West like roads named Avenue), while avenues south of Ellsworth are named.

There is also an older downtown grid system that was designed to be parallel to the confluence of the South Platte River and Cherry Creek. Most of the streets downtown and in LoDo run northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast. This system has an unplanned benefit for snow removal; if the streets were in a normal N-S/E-W grid, only the N-S streets would receive sunlight. With the grid oriented to the diagonal directions, the NW-SE streets receive sunlight to melt snow in the morning and the NE-SW streets receive it in the afternoon. This idea was from Henry Brown the founder of the Brown Palace Hotel. There is now a plaque across the street from the Brown Palace Hotel which honors this idea. The NW-SE streets are numbered, while the NE-SW streets are named. The named streets start at the intersection of Colfax Avenue and Broadway with the block-long Cheyenne Place. The numbered streets start underneath the Colfax and I-25 viaducts. There are 27 named and 44 numbered streets on this grid. There are also a few vestiges of the old grid system in the normal grid, such as Park Avenue, Morrison Road, and Speer Boulevard. Larimer Street, named after William Larimer, Jr., the founder of Denver, which is located in the heart of LoDo, is the oldest street in Denver.

Cherry Creek Bike trail, running between the lanes of Speer Blvd

All roads in the downtown grid system are streets. (16th Street, Stout Street) Roads outside that system that travel east/west are given the suffix "avenue" and those that head north and south are given the "street" suffix. (Example, Colfax Avenue, Lincoln Street,). Boulevards are higher capacity streets and travel any direction (more commonly north and south). Smaller roads are sometimes referred to as places, drives (though not all drives are smaller capacity roads, some are major through-fares) or courts. Most streets outside the area between Broadway and Colorado Boulevard are organized alphabetically from the city's center.

Confusion may arise where the two grid systems meet, especially given downtown Denver's one way streets. The mountains to the west also offer a great compass-point for those attempting to drive in the Mile High City.

The residents of the Denver Metropolitan Area commonly refer to locations as the intersection of the nearest two major roads (such as, "Broadway and Colfax," "Havana and Alameda," "6th Ave and Wadsworth Blvd").

Many Denver streets have bicycle lanes, and there are over 850 miles[84] of paved, off-road, bike paths in Denver parks and along bodies of water, like Cherry Creek and the South Platte. This allows for a significant portion of Denver's population to be bicycle commuters and has led to Denver being known as a bicycle friendly city.[85] In addition to the many bike paths, Denver launched B-Cycle - a city-wide bicycle sharing program - in late April 2010. The B-Cycle network is the largest in the United States boasting 400 bicycles for the initial launch.[86]

Denver is the birthplace of the Denver Boot, a car-disabling device.

Some things that are unique to the Denver street system, are signs that are inscribed "No Double Turns," and the fact that it is legal to turn left when faced with a red light if the road being turned onto is a one-way road. Both of these things often confuse tourists, many of which will not turn left on red, and misunderstand the meaning of the "Double Turn" signs. "No Double Turns," in Colorado, mean that only the lanes on the edge of the road may turn and not any of the center lanes. An example of this is that the left lane may turn left (even when the light is red, if the road is one-way and the car will be going the correct direction on it) and the right lane may turn right, but any other lanes must go straight. The reason for this is that the edge lanes do not have to turn, and if a car in one of the center lanes turns, there may be a collision. These two situations are very common in Downtown Denver, and may be found throughout the city.

Walkability

A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Denver sixteenth most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.[87]

Freeways and highways

Denver is primarily served by the interstate freeways I-25 and I-70. The intersection of the two interstates is referred to locally as "the mousetrap", because when viewed from the air, the junction (and subsequent vehicles) resemble mice in a large trap.

Denver also has a nearly complete beltway known as "the 470's". These are SH 470 (also known as C-470), a freeway in the southwest Metro area, and two toll highways, E-470 (from southeast to northeast) and Northwest Parkway (from terminus of E-470 to US-36). SH 470 was originally intended to be I-470 and built with federal highway funds, but the funding was redirected to complete downtown Denver's 16th Street to a pedestrian mall. As a result, construction was delayed until 1980 after state and local legislation was passed.[88]

A highway expansion and transit project for the southern I-25 corridor, dubbed T-REX (Transportation Expansion Project), was completed on November 17, 2006.[89] The project installed wider and additional highway lanes, and improved highway access and drainage. The project also includes a light rail line that traverses from downtown to the south end of the metro area at Lincoln Avenue.[90] The project spanned almost 19 miles (31 km) along the highway with an additional line traveling parallel to part of I-225, stopping just short of Parker Road.

Metro Denver highway conditions can be accessed on the Colorado Department of Transportation website Traffic Conditions.[91]

Mass transportation

Denver RTD Light Rail car at Colfax & Auraria
Denver Union Station

Mass transportation throughout the Denver metropolitan area is managed and coordinated by the Regional Transportation District (RTD). RTD currently operates more than 1,000 buses serving over 10,000 bus stops in 38 municipal jurisdictions in eight counties around the Denver and Boulder metropolitan areas. Additionally, RTD operates five light rail lines, the C, D, E, F, and H with a total of 34.9 miles (56 km) of track, serving 36 stations.[92] FasTracks is a light rail/bus/rail expansion project approved by voters in 2004 which will serve neighboring suburbs and communities.

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Denver, operating its California Zephyr daily in both directions between Chicago and Emeryville, California, across the bay from San Francisco. Amtrak Thruway service operated by private bus companies links the Denver station with Rocky Mountain points.

At Albuquerque, New Mexico, Denver Thruway connections are made daily with the Amtrak Southwest Chief. Additionally, the Ski Train operated on the former Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad, which took passengers between Denver and the Winter Park Ski Resort, but it is no longer in service. The Ski Train made its final run to Winter Park on March 29, 2009

Denver's early years as a major train hub of the west are still very visible today. Trains stop in Denver at historic Union Station, where travelers can access RTD's 16th Street Free MallRide or use light rail to tour the city. Union Station will also serve as the main juncture for rail travel in the metro area, at the completion of FasTracks.

Visitors to Union Station can also experience Railroading in the Rockies from the 1950s by checking out the model railroad clubs in the basement. The Denver Society of Model Railroaders opens its display on the last Friday of the month except during the summer. The Platte Valley & Western Model Railroad Club is open every Friday night year round and offers visitors a chance to view how Denver looked during the 1950s. The club also offers behind the scenes tours as well as educational events and information to visitors.[93]

Airports

Inside the main terminal of Denver International Airport
Outside view of the main terminal, DIA

Denver International Airport (IATA: DEN, ICAO: KDEN), commonly known as DIA, serves as the primary airport for a large region surrounding Denver. DIA is located 18.6 miles (30 km) east-northeast of the Colorado State Capitol. DIA is the tenth busiest airport in the world and ranks fourth in the United States, with 51,245,334 passengers passing through it in 2008.[94] It covers more than 53 square miles (137.3 km2), making it the largest airport by land area in the United States and larger than the island of Manhattan.[95][96] Denver serves as a major hub for United Airlines, is the headquarters for Frontier Airlines, and is the fastest-growing focus city for Southwest Airlines.

Three general aviation airports serve the Denver area. Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport (KBJC) is 13.7 miles (22 km) north-northwest, Centennial Airport (KAPA) is 13.7 miles (22 km) south-southeast, and Front Range Airport (KFTG) is located 23.7 miles (38 km) east of the state capitol.

In the past, Denver has been home to several other airports that are no longer operational. Stapleton International Airport was closed in 1995 when it was replaced by DIA. Lowry Air Force Base was a military flight training facility that ceased flight operations in 1966, with the base finally being closed in 1994. It is currently being used for residential purposes. Buckley Air Force Base, a former Air National Guard base is currently the only military facility in the Denver-Metro area.

Education

The Ritchie Center at University of Denver
See also: List of higher education institutions in Denver

Denver Public Schools (DPS) is the public school system in Denver. It currently educates about 73,000 students in 73 elementary schools, 15 K-8 schools, 17 middle schools, 14 high schools, and 19 charter schools.[97] The first school of what is now DPS was a log cabin that opened in 1859 on the corner of 12th Street between Market and Larimer Streets. The district boundaries are coextensive with the city limits.

Denver's many colleges and universities range in age and study programs. The private University of Denver was the first institution of higher learning in the city and was founded in 1864. Other prominent Denver higher education institutions include Johnson & Wales University, Catholic (Jesuit) Regis University and the three public schools that constitute the Auraria Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Metropolitan State College of Denver, and Community College of Denver. The city has Roman Catholic and Jewish institutions, as well as a health sciences school. In addition to those schools within the city, there are a number of schools located throughout the surrounding metro area.

Culture and contemporary life

See also: Landmarks of Denver and Music in Denver
Colorado Convention Center
The Denver Pavilion, off the 16th Street Mall is a popular arts, entertainment and shopping center in downtown Denver.
Denver Performing Arts Complex

Apollo Hall opened quickly after the city's founding in 1859 and staged many plays for eager settlers.[19] In the 1880s Horace Tabor built Denver's first Opera House. After the turn of the century, city leaders embarked on a city beautification program that created many of the city's parks, parkways, museums, and the Municipal Auditorium, which was home to the 1908 Democratic National Convention and is now known as the Ellie Caulkins Opera House. Denver and the metropolitan areas around it continued to support culture. In 1988, voters in the Denver Metropolitan Area approved the Scientific and Cultural Facilities Tax (commonly known as SCFD), a 1 cent sales tax that contributes money to various cultural and scientific facilities and organizations throughout the Metro area.[98] The tax was renewed by voters in 1994 and 2004 and allows the SCFD to operate until 2018.[99]

Denver is home to many nationally recognized museums, including a new wing for the Denver Art Museum by world-renowned architect Daniel Libeskind, the second largest Performing arts center in the nation after Lincoln Center in New York City and bustling neighborhoods such as LoDo, filled with art galleries, restaurants, bars and clubs. That is part of the reason why Denver was recently recognized for the third year in a row as the best city for singles.[100] Denver's neighborhoods also continue their influx of diverse people and businesses while the city's cultural institutions grow and prosper. The city acquired the estate of abstract expressionist painter Clyfford Still in 2004 and plans to build a museum to exhibit his works near the Denver Art Museum by 2010.[101] The Denver Museum of Nature and Science currently holds an aquamarine specimen valued at over one million dollars, as well as specimens of the state mineral, rhodochrosite. Every September the Colorado Convention Center at 451 E. 58th Avenue hosts a gem and mineral show.[102]

File:SanteFeDr.jpg
The Santa Fe Arts District on Santa Fe Drive
Sakura Square in downtown Denver

While Denver may not be as recognized for historical musical prominence as some other American cities, it still manages to have a very active pop, jazz, jam, folk, and classical music scene, which has nurtured several artists and genres to regional, national, and even international attention. Of particular note is Denver's importance in the folk scene of the 1960s and 1970s. Well-known folk artists such as Bob Dylan, Judy Collins and John Denver lived in Denver at various points during this time, and performed at local clubs.[103] Also, three members of the widely popular group Earth, Wind, and Fire are from Denver. More recent Denver-based artists include Air Dubai, The Fray, Flobots, Cephalic Carnage, Axe Murder Boyz, Deuce Mob, and Five Iron Frenzy.

Because of its proximity to the mountains, and generally sunny weather, Denver has gained a reputation as being a very active, outdoor oriented city. Many Denver residents spend the weekends in the mountains; either skiing in the winter or hiking, climbing, kayaking and camping in the summer.

Additionally, Denver and the surrounding cities of the Front Range are home to a large number of local and national breweries. Many restaurants in the region have on-site breweries, and some of the larger brewers, including Coors and the New Belgium Brewing Company, offer tours. Overall, Denver ranks 1st in the nation in terms of beer production per capita, and second overall in terms of number of breweries.[104] The city also welcomes visitors from around the world when it hosts the annual Great American Beer Festival each fall.

Denver used to be a major trading center for beef and livestock when ranchers would drive (or later transport) cattle to the Denver Union Stockyards for sale. As a celebration of that history, each year for more than a century, Denver hosts the National Western Stock Show, attracting as many as 10,000 animals and 700,000 attendees. The National Western Stock Show is held every January at the National Western Complex, northeast of downtown.

Denver hosts four large Hispanic (Mexican American) celebrations: Cinco de Mayo (with over 500,000 attendees),[105] in May, El Grito de la Independencia, in September, the annual Lowrider show, and the Dia De Los Muertos art shows/events in North Denver's Highland neighborhood, and the Lincoln Park neighborhood in the original section of West Denver.

Denver is also famous for its dedication to New Mexican cuisine and the Chile. It's best known for its Green and Red Chile sauce, Colorado Burrito, Southwest (Denver) Omelette, Breakfast Burrito, Chiles rellenos, and Tamales most notably. Denver has a very large population of Mexican Americans (one of the countries largest), and is famous for many other southwest cuisine dishes as well. Denver is also well known for other types of food such as, Rocky Mountain oysters, Rainbow trout, and the Denver sandwich.

The Dragon Boat Festival in July, Moon Festival in September and Chinese New Year are annual events in Denver for the Chinese and Asian residents. Chinese hot pot (huo guo) and Korean BBQ restaurants have been growing in popularity. The Denver area has 2 Chinese newspapers, the Chinese American Post and the Colorado Chinese News.[106]

Denver is also the setting for The Bill Engvall Show, and the setting for the 18th season of MTV's The Real World. It was also the setting for the prime time drama Dynasty from 1981 to 1989 (although the show was mostly filmed in Los Angeles). From 1998 to 2002, the city's Alameda East Veterinary Hospital was home to the Animal Planet series Emergency Vets, which spun off three one-off documentary specials and the current Animal Planet series E-Vet Interns. The city is also the setting for the Disney Channel Original TV Show, Good Luck Charlie, which is currently in its first season.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Denver

Denver is home to a variety of sports teams and belongs to a select group of U.S. cities with teams from four major sports. Denver submitted the winning bid to host the 1976 Winter Olympics, but subsequently withdrew giving it the dubious distinction of being the only city to back out after winning a bid to host the Olympics. The Denver Broncos of the NFL, who are currently coached by John Fox, have been able to draw crowds of nearly 70,000 since their AFL origins in the early 1960s and continue to draw fans today to their current home Sports Authority Field at Mile High. The team has advanced to the Super Bowl six times and won back-to-back in 1998 and '99. The Denver Broncos are owned by Pat Bowlen. In the 1980s and 1990s, one of the top priorities of former Mayor Federico Peña was bringing major league baseball to the city, an effort which culminated in the creation of the Colorado Rockies as an expansion franchise in 1993 and the opening of Coors Field in 1995. The Rockies advanced to the playoffs in 1995, but were eliminated in the first round. In 2007, their late-season winning streak saw them advance to the playoffs as a wild-card entrant, advance to and win the NL Championship Series and bring the World Series to Denver for the first time. Denver is also home to the Colorado Avalanche, a National Hockey League team that relocated from Quebec City in 1995. They have won two Stanley Cups (1996 and 2001) while in Denver and play at Pepsi Center, which also hosts the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association, and the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League. The Major League Soccer team Colorado Rapids play in Dick's Sporting Goods Park, an 18,000 seat stadium opened for the 2007 MLS season, located in Commerce City, a suburb of Denver.[107] In 2006 Denver established a professional outdoor lacrosse team, the Denver Outlaws. They play in Sports Authority Field at Mile High and are sanctioned by Major League Lacrosse. In 2006, The Denver Outlaws won the Western Conference Championship.In 2010, the Colorado Rapids won the MLS Cup and were the MLS Champions.

Current sporting venues in Denver, Colorado
Sports Authority Field at Mile High
Coors Field
Pepsi Center
Dick's Sporting Goods Park

Sister cities

Main article: Sister cities of Denver, Colorado

Denver's relationship with Brest, France began in 1948, making it the second oldest sister city in the United States.[108] In addition to Denver's 10 sister cities, the Denver Regional Council of Governments (consisting of the city and 51 other local governments) has established a "sister city" relationship with the Baghdad Governorate, one of Iraq's eighteen provinces.

The list of Denver's sister cities includes:

Adjacent counties and municipalities

North: Adams County, Commerce City
West: Jefferson County, Wheat Ridge, Lakeside, Mountain View, Edgewater, Lakewood Denver
Enclave: Arapahoe County, Glendale 		Adams County
East: Aurora
Arapahoe County
South: Arapahoe County, Bow Mar, Littleton, Sheridan, Englewood, Cherry Hills Village, Greenwood Village, Aurora

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Denver, Colorado.

References

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