Patsy Mink

Patsy Mink
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Hawaii
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Hawaii
In office September 22, 1990 – September 28, 2002
Preceded by	Daniel Akaka
Succeeded by	Ed Case
Constituency	2nd district
In office January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1977
Preceded by	Thomas Gill
Succeeded by	Daniel Akaka
Constituency	At-large Seat B (1965–71) 2nd district (1971–77)
Member of the Honolulu City Council from the 9th district
In office December 1, 1982 – December 1, 1986
Succeeded by	John DeSoto
Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
In office March 28, 1977 – May 1, 1978
President	Jimmy Carter
Preceded by	Frederick Irving
Succeeded by	Thomas R. Pickering
Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus
In office January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1977
Leader	Carl Albert
Preceded by	Leonor Sullivan
Succeeded by	Shirley Chisholm
Personal details
Born	Patsy Matsu Takemoto (1927-12-06)December 6, 1927 Hāmākua Poko, Hawaii Territory, U.S.
Died	September 28, 2002(2002-09-28) (aged 74) Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Resting place	National Cemetery of the Pacific
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	John Mink
Children	1
Education	Wilson College University of Nebraska–Lincoln University of Hawaii at Manoa (BS) University of Chicago (JD)

Patsy Matsu Takemoto Mink (December 6, 1927 – September 28, 2002) was an American lawyer and politician from the U.S. state of Hawaii. Mink was a third generation Japanese American, having been born and raised on the island of Maui. After graduating as valedictorian of her high school class in 1944, she attended two years at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa and subsequently enrolled at the University of Nebraska, where she experienced racism and worked to have segregation policies eliminated. After illness forced her to return to Hawaii to complete her studies there, she applied to 12 medical schools to continue her education, but was rejected by all of them. Following a suggestion by her employer, she opted to study law and was accepted at the University of Chicago Law School in 1948. While at university, she met and married veteran John Francis Mink. When they graduated in 1951, Mink was unable to find employment as a married, Asian woman and after the birth of her daughter in 1952, the couple moved to Hawaii.

Refused the right to take the bar examination because upon her marriage she had lost her Hawaiian residency, Mink challenged the sexist statute. Though she won the right to take the test and passed the examination, no public or private firm would hire her because she was married and had a child. Her father helped Mink open her own practice and she became a member of the Democratic Party. Hoping to work legislatively to change discriminatory customs through law, she worked as an attorney for the Hawaiian territorial legislature in 1955 and the following year, ran for a seat in the territorial House of Representatives. Winning the race, she became the Japanese-American woman to serve in the territorial House and two years later, she became the first woman to serve in the territorial Senate, when she won her campaign for the higher house. In 1960, Mink gained national attention when she spoke in favor of the civil rights platform at the Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles.

In 1964, Mink ran for federal office and won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. She was the first woman of color and the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, and also the first woman elected to Congress from the state of Hawaii. She would serve a total of 12 terms, representing Hawaii's at-large and second congressional districts. While in Congress in the late 1960s, she introduced the first comprehensive initiatives under the Early Childhood Education Act, which included the first federal child-care bill and bills establishing adult education initiatives, Asian studies, bilingual education, career guidance programs, Head Start, school lunch programs, special education, student loans, teacher sabbaticals, and vocational education. She also worked on the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. In 1970, she became the first person to oppose a Supreme Court nominee on the basis of discrimination against women. Mink initiated a lawsuit which made significant changes to presidential authority under the Freedom of Information Act in 1971 and in 1972 was a co-author of the Title IX Amendment of the Higher Education Act.

Mink became the first Asian-American woman to seek the presidential nomination of the Democratic Party in the 1972 election, where she stood in the Oregon primary as an anti-war candidate. She was the Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs from 1977-1979. From 1980 to 1982, Mink served as the president of Americans for Democratic Action and then returned to Honolulu, where she was elected to the Honolulu City Council, which she chaired until 1985. In 1990, she was elected to the U.S. House again and served until her death in 2002. During her second six terms of office, she continued to work on legislation of importance to women, children, immigrants and minorities.

Family background

Patsy Matsu Takemoto was born on December 6, 1927 at the sugar plantation camp, Hāmākua Poko, near Paia, on the island of Maui. Her parents were second-generation Japanese Americans or Nisei. She was a Sansei, or third-generation descendant of Japanese emigrants. Her mother, Mitama Tateyama, was a homemaker, and the daughter of Gojiro Tateyama and Tsuru Wakashige. Their family, which had eleven children, lived in a shack by the Waikamoi Stream. William Pogue, Gojiro's employer, arranged to have Tateyama's daughters educated at the Maunaolu Seminary, a boarding school for Christian girls located in the town of Makawao.

Takemoto's maternal grandparents were both born in the Empire of Japan during the 19th century. Tateyama arrived in the Territory of Hawaii late in the century, and was employed on a sugarcane plantation. He later moved to Maui, and was initially employed as a worker for the East Maui Irrigation Company. Subsequently, Gojiro was employed as a store manager and filling station employee. He also delivered mail throughout the backcountry of Maui.

Her father, Suematsu Takemoto, was a civil engineer. He graduated from the University of Hawaii at Manoa in 1922, the first Japanese American to graduate from the University of Hawaii with a degree in civil engineering. For several years, he was the only Japanese-American civil engineer working at the sugar plantation in Maui. Suematsu was passed over for promotion to chief engineer several times during his career, the positions instead offered to mostly white Americans. He resigned his local position in 1945 in the aftermath of World War II, and moved to Honolulu with his family, where he established his own land surveying company.

Early years and education

Takemoto began her education at the Hāmākua Poko Grammar School when she was four and then transferred in 4th grade to the Kaunoa English Standard School a mostly-white school attended only by students who could speak English and pass the entrance examination. She felt isolated and found the atmosphere unfriendly. She entered Maui High School one year before Honolulu was attacked by Japan. Despite criticism of local Japanese characterizing them as enemies, Takemoto ran for and won her first election, becoming student body president in her senior year. She was the first girl to serve as president of the student body and graduated as class valedictorian in 1944.

Takemoto moved to Honolulu where she attended the University of Hawaii at Mānoa with medical school and a career in medicine her ultimate goal. During her sophomore year, she was elected president of the Pre-Medical Students Club and was selected as a member of the varsity debate team. In 1946, she decided to move to the mainland and spent one semester enrolled at Wilson College, a small women's college in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Unsatisfied with the school, Takemoto transferred to the University of Nebraska. The university had a long-standing racial segregation policy whereby students of color lived in different dormitories from the white students. This angered Takemoto, and she organized and created a coalition of students, parents, administrators, employees, alumni, sponsoring businesses and corporations. She was elected president of the Unaffiliated Students of the University of Nebraska, a "separate" student government for non-white students who were prevented from joining fraternities, sororities, and regular dormitories. Takemoto and her coalition successfully lobbied to end the university's segregation policies the same year.

Although her campaign was successful, in 1947, Takemoto experienced a serious thyroid condition that required surgery and moved back to Honolulu to heal and finish her final year of college at the University of Hawaii. In 1948, she earned bachelor's degrees in zoology and chemistry from the university. She began applying to medical schools, but none of the dozen schools to which she applied would accept her because she was a woman and because schools were receiving large numbers of applications from returning veterans. She briefly worked as a typist at Hickam Air Force Base and then went to work at the Honolulu Academy of Arts. Her supervisor there, Jessie Purdy Restarick encouraged Takemoto to consider a career in law.

Takemoto applied to both Columbia University and the University of Chicago Law School in the summer of 1948. Columbia rejected her outright, as the term was starting within months. The University of Chicago admitted her as a foreign student and there was only one other woman in her class. Although she had a difficult time adjusting to the harsh winters, and she found her courses tedious, Takemoto became a popular figure at the International House. While playing bridge there one evening, she met John Francis Mink, a veteran, who was enrolled in geology classes. Against her parents wishes, she and Mink married in January 1951, six months after meeting. That spring, she obtained her Doctor of Law degree and John graduated as well, with a master's degree in geology.

Family and early career

Law

Unable to find work as a married, female, Asian-American attorney, Mink returned to her student job at the University of Chicago Law School library while her husband found work immediately with the United States Steel Corporation. In 1952, she gave birth to daughter Gwendolyn (Wendy), who later became an educator and prominent author on law, poverty, and women's issues. In August the family decided to move to Hawaii and John immediately found work with the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. To practice law, Mink needed to pass her bar examination, but when she applied her residency was questioned. Proving that she had never resided in her husband's home state of Pennsylvania, she challenged the territorial law as sexist. Hawaii's attorney general ruled in her favor and allowed her to take the examination as a Hawaiian resident. Passing the test, Mink became "the first Japanese-American woman licensed to practice law in Hawaii".

After passing the bar exam in June 1953, Mink continued to face gender discrimination in finding work as an attorney. No firms in the private or public sector, even those headed by Japanese Americans were willing to hire a married woman with a child. With the help of her father, she opened a private firm and began teaching law courses at the University of Hawaii to earn money while she built her practice. With the opening of her firm, Mink became the first Asian-American woman to practice law in Hawaiian territory. Her firm took cases in criminal and family law, which other firms typically avoided. She began to be active in politics and founded the Everyman Organization, a group that served as the hub of the Young Democrats club on Oahu. She was elected "chairman of the territory-wide Young Democrats, a group that would wield a remarkable influence over Hawaiian politics for several decades".

State and territorial politics

In 1954, Mink worked to help elect John A. Burns to Congress, though he lost the race. The following year, she worked as staff attorney during the 1955 legislative session and drafted statutes, while obsserving the inner-workings of the legislature. As the Territory of Hawaii debated statehood in 1956, Mink was elected to the Hawaiian Territorial Legislature representing the Fifth District in the territorial House of Representatives. Surprising the Democratic party leadership with her win, she became the first woman with Japanese ancestry to serve in the territorial House. Two years later, she would become the first woman to serve in the territorial Senate. In 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state of the Union and Mink ran in the Democratic primary for the state's at-large U. S. congressional seat. She was defeated by Territorial Senator Daniel Inouye. From 1962 to 1964, Mink served in the Hawaii State Senate.

During her time in the territorial legislature, Mink was known for her liberal positions and independent decision-making. "On her first day in office" as a congresswoman in 1955, she submitted a resolution to ban the British from nuclear testing in the Pacific. She was concerned with a broad spectrum of socio-economic issues and worked on legislation dealing with education, employment, housing, poverty, and taxation. She authored a bill to grant "equal pay for equal work" and was a staunch supporter of improving education, supporting legislation to increase per capita spending to better provide for children. In 1960, Mink became vice-president of the National Young Democratic Clubs of America and worked on the Democratic National Convention's Platform Committee drafting team. That year at the national convention in Los Angeles, she gained national recognition when she spoke on the party position with regard to civil rights. She urged that equal opportunity and equal protection be afforded to all Americans. Motions to restrict the civil rights platform made by North Carolina Senator Sam Ervin were defeated and it passed with the approval by two-thirds of the party.

Federal politics

Patsy Mink during her first term in Congress

Mink with Lyndon Johnson after his trip to Hawaii for a conference on the Vietnam War, February 1966.

U.S. Representative (1965-1977)

Deciding to vie for a federal seat, Mink campaigned and won a post in the U.S. House. Her election made her first Hawaiian woman elected to Congress, the first woman of color elected to the House, the "youngest member from the youngest state, as well as the first Japanese-American woman member in Congress". She served six consecutive terms and was in office from 1965 to 1977. Her independent nature continued to guide her decisions and she focused on issues that had been important to her in the Hawaiian legislature, such as children, education, and gender equality. Mink supported the Great Society programs of President Lyndon B. Johnson, though she was openly critical of the Vietnam War.

Seeking and attaining a post on the Committee on Education and Labor, on which she would serve throughout her first tenure (1965-1977), Mink introduced in the late 1960s the first comprehensive initiatives under the Early Childhood Education Act, which included the first federal child-care bill and bills establishing bilingual education, Head Start, school lunch programs, special education, student loans, and teacher sabbaticals. She also worked on the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and bills promoting adult education, Asian studies, career guidance programs, and vocational education. Her day care bill proposed in 1967, was the first bill of its kind to pass both houses of Congress in 1971, but was vetoed by President Richard Nixon. In her second term, during the 90th Congress, Mink was appointed to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.

In 1970, Mink became the first Democratic woman to deliver a State of the Union response and only the second woman to respond to the address. That same year, she was the first witness to testify against President Nixon's Supreme Court nominee George Harrold Carswell. In her testimony, she cited his refusal to hear the case brought to the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals regarding Ida Phillips' employment discrimination case. Phillips had been denied a position because she was a woman with children and Mink's objection highlighted for the first time in an evaluation of a court nominee, the inequalities faced by working women. Carswell would eventually be rejected by the Senate. Harry Blackmun, who wrote the majority opinion in Roe v. Wade, would later be confirmed instead.

Mink sued the Environmental Protection Agency in 1971, to obtain copies of documents that were being withheld by Nixon's office with regard to nuclear testing on Amchitka Island. Believing that under the Freedom of Information Act agency reports connected to the test should be released, she led 32 congress members in the attempt to secure the reports. The District Court ruled that the documents "were exempt from compelled disclosure" and the test was performed in November 1971. The Court of Appeals reversed the decision of the lower court ruling that an in camera inspection of sensitive documents might determine that some could be released. Escalated to the Supreme Court, the decision issued reversed the appeals deicision and confirmed that court inspection could not override the executive's exemption. The Court did allow that Congress could change the law with regard to the regulation of executive actions. In 1974, Congress authorized private scrutiny of documents withheld by the executive. President Gerald Ford vetoed the legislation, but his veto was overridden by Congress.

Frustrated by the roll-backs in the Nixon administration of civil liberties and continuance of the Vietnam War, Mink entered the presidential race in 1971, the first Asian-American woman to run for president. As Hawaii had no primary, her name appeared on the Oregon ballot for 1972, as an anti-war candidate. During her campaign, she flew to Paris with Bella Abzug, US Representative of New York, to press for the resumption of peace talks. Arriving in April, the women met with Nguyễn Thị Bình, foreign minister for North Vietnam, as well as representatives for the South Vietnamese and United States governments. Her actions drew strong criticism, and would foster a campaign by Democrats in her home state to oppose her next term in Congress. In May, she lost the presidential primary, failing to secure enough delegates to support her candidacy.

Mink co-authored and advocated for the passage of Title IX Amendment of the Higher Education Act, prohibiting gender discrimination by federally funded institutions of higher education. President Nixon signed the Act into law in 1972. She also introduced the Women's Educational Equity Act of 1974, which allocated funds for the promotion of gender equity in schools. The law opened employment and education opportunities for women and opposed gender stereotypes in curricula and textbooks. In addition to her work on education issues, Mink promoted numerous laws that dealt with other issues important to women. These included the Consumer Product Safety and Equal Employment Opportunity Acts of 1972; the Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974; and various bills dealing with discrimination in insurance practices, pensions, retirement benefits, social security, survivor's benefits and taxation; equitable jury service; health care issues; housing discrimination based on marital status; and privacy issues. In 1973, she authored and introduced the Equal Rights for Women Act (H.R. 4034), which never made it out of committee, and she supported the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment.

In 1975, Mink attended the World Conference on Women held in Mexico City from mid-June to early July. Attending with Abzug and Representative Margaret Heckler of Massachusetts, the three women pledged to sponsor and support legislation for a US women's conference for the United States Bicentennial. When they returned home, Abzug introduced HR 9924, co-sponsored by Mink and others, which granted $5 million in total tax-payer contributions ($28.3 million in 2023 dollars) for both state and National Women's Conferences, which President Gerald Ford signed into law. That same year, an effort was made to exempt school athletics from the provisions of Title IX via the Casey Amendment. The Amendment proposed allowing schools to determine whether they would provide equal funding for men's and women's sporting activities. The exemption was struck from the Senate version of the appropriations bill. In the House, though Mink had lobbied heavly against the amendment to the appropriations bill (H.R. 5901) immediately before the vote was called she left the chamber, having received an emergency message that her daughter had been in a serious car accident in New York. In a 211 against and 212 for vote, the appropriation bill passed with the Casey Amendment intact. Speaker Carl Albert of Oklahoma and other members of the House called for a revote due to the circumstances. July 17th members revoted and with 215 in favor to 178 against, the Casey Amendment was rejected protecting the anti-discrimination provisions of Title IX.

Throughout her tenure, Mink was involved in many congressional activities, including serving as vice-chair of the Democratic Study Group from 1966 through 1971. In 1968, she served as chair of the House-Senate Ad Hoc Committee on Poverty. From 1972 to 1976, Mink served on the House Budget Committee, chaired the Insular Affairs Subcommittee on mines and mining from 1973 to 1977 and from 1975 to 1976 was part of the Select Committee on the Outer Continental Shelf. In 1976, learning that she had been given the experimental drug diethylstilbestrol, during her pregnancy, which unwittingly placed both she and her daughter at risk for developing cancer, Mink brought a class action lawsuit against Eli Lilly and Company and the University of Chicago. The settlement entitled all 1,000 women affected, and their children, to free lifetime diagnostic testing and treatment at the Chicago Lying-In Clinic. That year, she also filed a complaint with the Federal Communications Commission which successfully required radio stations to provide equal air time to opposing views. Mink introduced the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, which was enacted in 1977. From 1975 to 1977, during the 94th Congress, she was elected to a position in the House Democratic leadership, as Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus.

U.S. Assistant Secretary of State (1977-1979)

In 1976, Mink gave up her seat in Congress to run for a vacancy in the United States Senate created by the retirement of Senator Hiram Fong. After she lost the primary election for the Senate seat to Hawaii's other U.S. Representative, Spark Matsunaga, President Jimmy Carter appointed Mink as Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. She worked on environmental issues such as deep-sea mining, toxic waste, and whale protection, holding the post from 1977 to 1979.

Return to the private sector (1980-1987)

Mink resigned from the Carter Administration in 1980, accepting a position as president of the Americans for Democratic Action in Washington, D. C. She was the first woman to head the national organization and served three consecutive one-year terms. Returning to Honolulu, she was elected to the Honolulu City Council in 1983, serving as Chair until 1985. She was regularly on opposite sides with the Republican Mayor of Honolulu Frank Fasi, who was elected in 1984, though she remained on the council until 1987. In 1986 she ran for governor of Hawaii and in 1988 for mayor of Honolulu, but was not successful in either bid for office. When she left the city council, Mink began working for The Public Reporter, a watchdog committee, that monitored and published reports on voting records and pending legislation. She also led the Hawaii Coalition on Global Affairs, a group which sponsored public lectures and workshops on international issues.

Later career (1990-2002)

In 1990, Mink was elected to complete the remaining term of her successor in the House, Daniel Akaka. Akaka had been appointed to the Senate to succeed Matsunaga, who had recently died in office. She was elected to a full term six weeks later later, and subsequently was reelected six times. That year, she opposed the Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. When the Senate Judiciary Committee denied Anita Hill the opportunity to give testimony, Mink, and other congresswomen, including Barbara Boxer of California, Louise Slaughter of New York, and Pat Schroeder of Colorado, marched to the Capitol to protest the decision. Their protest was carried on the front page of The New York Times and Hill was later allowed to testify.

Mink announcing the formation of the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus

In her second tenure as a House member, Mink worked to revive protections in the socio-economic programs she had worked for in her first six terms, which had been scaled back by subsequent administrations. She worked on legislation from 1990 to 1993 sponsoring the Ovarian Cancer Research Act and amendments to the Higher Education Act. In 1992, she was honored by the American Bar Association with the Margaret Brent Women Lawyers Achievement Award for professional excellence. She co-sponsored Gender Equity Act of 1993, pressed for universal health care, and introduced a bill to protect reproductive decisions as an individual right. She worked on legislation regarding displaced homemakers, minimum wage increases, occupational safety, pay inequality, and violence against women.

In May 1994, Mink and Representative Norman Mineta of California co-founded the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus for which she became chair in 1995, serving until 1997. She also served as co-chair of the House Democratic Women's Caucus. Mink opposed legislation proposed by the Republican-majority House of the Clinton administration on welfare reform in 1996. She authored the Family Stability and Work Act as an alternative welfare reform measure and repeatedly, though mostly unsuccessfully, lobbied for increased federal safety nets for children and families living in impoverished conditions. She opposed legislation that would limit liability for product injuries and work place discrimination and objected to the ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement. She was a co-sponsor of the DREAM Act and staunchly opposed the creation of the United States Department of Homeland Security, fearing that it might avert civil liberties and result in another occurrence of policies like the internment camps for Japanese Americans during World War II.

Death

On August 30, 2002, Mink was hospitalized in Honolulu's Straub Clinic and Hospital due to complications from chickenpox. Her condition steadily worsened, and on September 28, 2002, Mink died in Honolulu of viral pneumonia, at age 74. In recognition of the national mourning of her death, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld ordered all flags at military institutions lowered to half staff in her honor. Mink received a national memorial and was honored with a state funeral held on 4 October in the Hawaii State Capitol Rotunda attended by leaders and members of Congress. Women's groups honored Mink by forming a human lei of around 900 women who surrounded the tent where Mink's casket stood in the capital atrium and sang Hawaiian songs. She was buried at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, near the Punchbowl Crater.

Mink's death occurred one week after she had won the 2002 primary election, too late for her name to be removed from the general election ballot. On November 5, 2002, Mink was posthumously re-elected to Congress. Her vacant seat was filled by Ed Case after a special election on January 4, 2003.

Legacy

Mink is remembered as a woman who dealt with the personal discrimination she had felt as a woman and an Asian American by dedicating her career to creating public policies to open doors for women and minorities. In 2002 Congress renamed the Title IX Amendment of the Higher Education Act, which Mink had co-authored, as the "Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act". Her papers were donated in 2002 and are housed in the Library of Congress and in 2003 a scholarship program, the Patsy Takemoto Mink Education Foundation, was established to provide educational funding for low-income women and children. That year, Mink was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame, the Scholar-Athlete Hall of Fame of the Institute for International Sport, and the post office which served the area of Maui in which she grew up was renamed in her honor, after authorization by President George W. Bush. In 2007, Central Oahu Regional Park on Oahu was renamed "Patsy T. Mink Central Oahu Regional Park" in her honor. She was honored posthumously with the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama on November 24, 2014.

Documentary films about Mink's life and role in Title IX include the Patsy Mink: Ahead of the Majority (2008), directed by Kimberlee Bassford and Rise of the Wahine (2014), directed by Dean Kaneshiro. The 2008 film highlighted the challenges Mink overcame and how that fueled her work on legislation to help others. The 2014 film told the story of the University of Hawaii's women's volleyball team struggle to build a team even after Title IX passed. As the bill was an educational funding law, women's athletic director, Donnis Thompson used it as leverage to expand sporting opportunities at the university in spite of intense opposition. Working together to ensure that lawmakers understood who they were representing, Mink had Thompson bring the team to Washington.

Selected works

• Mink, Patsy (September 1966). "Education—The Vision of America". The School Counselor. 14 (1). American School Counselor Association: 5–12. ISSN 0036-6536. OCLC 5792465172.
• Mink, Patsy (December 1970). "The Status of Women". Educational Horizons. 49 (2). Pi Lambda Theta: 54–56. ISSN 0013-175X. OCLC 5792526438.
• Mink, Patsy (1971). "Micronesia: Our Bungled Trust". Texas International Law Forum (6). University of Texas at Austin: 181–207. ISSN 0040-4381. OCLC 16332426.
• Mink, Patsy (1976). "Energy and Environment: Which Is Undermining Which?". Natural Resources Lawyer (9). American Bar Association: 19–39. ISSN 2328-3416. OCLC 772508196.
• Mink, Patsy (1976). "Reclamation and Rollcalls: The Political Struggle over Stripmining". Environmental Policy and Law. 2 (4). Elsevier Science Publishers: 176–180. ISSN 0378-777X. OCLC 4933180255.
• Mink, Patsy; Hartmann, Heidi I. (Spring 1994). "Wrap-up". Social Justice. 21 (1). Social Justice/Global Options via JSTOR: 110–113. JSTOR 29766793.
• Mink, Patsy (October 1996). "Nuclear Waste: The Most Compelling Environmental Issue Facing the World Today". Fordham Environmental Law Journal. 8 (1). Fordham University School of Law: 165–170. ISSN 1079-6657. OCLC 7851122029.

References

Bibliography

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• DePledge, Derrick (1 October 2002). "Bush Recalls Rep. Patsy Mink's 'Long Record of Public Service'". The Public Opinion. Chambersburg: Pennsylvania. Gannett News Service. p. 7. Retrieved 21 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Dobbin, Ben (19 March 2003). "Mink To Be Inducted in Women's Hall of Fame". The Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii. Associated Press. p. 6. Retrieved 21 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Ettinger, Zoë; McDowell, Erin (4 March 2020). "50 Women Who Made History as the First To Do These Extraordinary Things". Insider. New York City, New York: Insider Inc. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Fugita, Stephen S. (1999). "Patsy Takemoto Mink (1927-): Congresswoman, Attorney, Politician". In Kim, Hyung-chan; Cordonva, Dorothy; Fugita, Stephen S.; Ng, Franklin; Singh, Jane (eds.). Distinguished Asian Americans: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 246–250. ISBN 978-0-313-28902-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Glass, Andrew (28 September 2017). "Rep. Patsy Mink succumbs to viral pneumonia, Sept. 28, 2002". Politico. Arlington County, Virginia: Capitol News Company. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gootman, Elissa (September 30, 2002). "Patsy Mink, Veteran Hawaii Congresswoman, Dies at 74". New York Times. New York, New York. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved May 20, 2013. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gordon, Mike (2 November 2014). "Courting Equality (pt. 1)". The Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii. p. F1. Retrieved 21 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) and Gordon, Mike (2 November 2014). "Title IX: Memorabilia Documents Struggle and Rise (pt. 2)". The Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii. p. F10. Retrieved 21 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
• Gordon, Mike; Nakase, Dan (5 October 2002). "A Grateful State, Nation Say Goodbye (pt. 1)". The Honolulu Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii. p. 1. Retrieved 21 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) and Gordon, Mike; Nakase, Dan (5 October 2002). "Tributes Paid to an American Hero (pt. 2)". The Honolulu Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii. p. 5. Retrieved 21 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
• Hoover, Will (4 October 2002). "Thousands Say Goodbye to Islands' 'voice' (pt. 1)". The Honolulu Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii. p. 1. Retrieved 21 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) and Hoover, Will (4 October 2002). "Mink: Mourners Express Their Respect, Appreciation (pt. 2)". The Honolulu Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii. p. A14. Retrieved 21 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
• Kua, Crystal (October 2, 2002). "Mink Tributes Abound". The Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2017. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Leavitt, Judith A. (1985). "Mink, Patsy Takemoto". American Women Managers and Administrators: A Selective Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-century Leaders in Business, Education, and Government. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-0-313-23748-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lee, Ellen (September 16, 2018). "Patsy Takemoto Mink's Trailblazing Testimony Against a Supreme Court Nominee". The Atlantic. Washington, D.C.: Emerson Collective. ISSN 1072-7825. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 2018-09-17. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• McAleer, Margaret; Femia, Karen Linn; Brooks, Joseph K. (2007). "Patsy T. Mink Papers: A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress" (PDF). loc.gov. Washington, D. C.: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Mertens, Richard (October 2012). "Legacy: Patsy Mink (1927-2002): A Tenacious and Determined Politician" (PDF). University of Chicago Magazine. Vol. 105, no. 1. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago. pp. 46–49. ISSN 0041-9508. Retrieved 18 March 2020. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Miller, Ann (3 November 2014). "Rise of the Wahine (pt. 1)". The Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii. p. C1. Retrieved 21 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) and Miller, Ann (3 November 2014). "Wahine: Filmakers Hope To Preserve History, Significance of Hawaii's Contributions (pt 2)". The Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii. p. C3. Retrieved 21 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
• Nomura, Gail M. (1998). "Japanese American Women". In Mankiller, Wilma Pearl; Mink, Gwendolyn; Navarro, Marysa; Smith, Barbara; Steinem, Gloria (eds.). The Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 288–290. ISBN 0-618-00182-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Woodruff, Betsy (January 20, 2015). "The 15 Women Who Have Responded to a State of the Union Address: Sadly, Many Were Remembered More for What They Wore than What They Said". Slate. New York, New York: The Slate Group. ISSN 1090-6584. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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External links

• United States Congress. "Patsy Mink (id: M000797)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Patsy Mink: Ahead of the Majority, the documentary, a film by Kimberlee Bassford Women Make Movies
• All Politics Profile on CNN
• National Organization for Women Memorial of Patsy Mink
• FBI's Cold War files question Mink's loyalty

See also

• Women in the United States House of Representatives
• List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress
• List of United States Congress members who died in office