2020 in science: Difference between revisions
Appearance
Content deleted Content added
→Deaths: added a number of missing notable August 2020 deaths in science, RIP |
|||
Line 58: | Line 58: | ||
** Scientists report that [[phytoplankton]] [[Marine primary production|primary production]] in the [[Arctic Ocean]] increased by 57% between 1998 and 2018 due to higher concentrations, suggesting the ocean may be able to support [[trophic level#Overview|higher trophic level production]] and additional [[carbon fixation]] in the future.<ref>{{cite news |title=A 'regime shift' is happening in the Arctic Ocean, scientists say |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-regime-shift-arctic-ocean-scientists.html |accessdate=16 August 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=K. M. |last2=Dijken |first2=G. L. van |last3=Arrigo |first3=K. R. |title=Changes in phytoplankton concentration now drive increased Arctic Ocean primary production |journal=Science |date=10 July 2020 |volume=369 |issue=6500 |pages=198–202 |doi=10.1126/science.aay8380 |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6500/198 |accessdate=16 August 2020 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> |
** Scientists report that [[phytoplankton]] [[Marine primary production|primary production]] in the [[Arctic Ocean]] increased by 57% between 1998 and 2018 due to higher concentrations, suggesting the ocean may be able to support [[trophic level#Overview|higher trophic level production]] and additional [[carbon fixation]] in the future.<ref>{{cite news |title=A 'regime shift' is happening in the Arctic Ocean, scientists say |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-regime-shift-arctic-ocean-scientists.html |accessdate=16 August 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=K. M. |last2=Dijken |first2=G. L. van |last3=Arrigo |first3=K. R. |title=Changes in phytoplankton concentration now drive increased Arctic Ocean primary production |journal=Science |date=10 July 2020 |volume=369 |issue=6500 |pages=198–202 |doi=10.1126/science.aay8380 |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6500/198 |accessdate=16 August 2020 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> |
||
** Scientists report that the [[formation of the Moon|Moon formed]] about 85 million years earlier than thought (4.425 ±0.025 bya) and that it hosted an [[magma ocean|ocean of magma]] for longer than previously thought (~200 million years).<ref name="themoon">{{cite news |title=Researchers find younger age for Earth's moon |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-younger-age-earth-moon.html |accessdate=16 August 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Earth's Moon Had Magma Ocean for 200 Million Years {{!}} Space |url=https://www.labroots.com/trending/space/18124/earth-s-moon-magma-ocean-200-million |accessdate=16 August 2020 |work=LabRoots}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maurice |first1=M. |last2=Tosi |first2=N. |last3=Schwinger |first3=S. |last4=Breuer |first4=D. |last5=Kleine |first5=T. |title=A long-lived magma ocean on a young Moon |journal=Science Advances |date=1 July 2020 |volume=6 |issue=28 |pages=eaba8949 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aba8949 |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/28/eaba8949 |accessdate=16 August 2020 |language=en |issn=2375-2548}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text and images are available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> |
** Scientists report that the [[formation of the Moon|Moon formed]] about 85 million years earlier than thought (4.425 ±0.025 bya) and that it hosted an [[magma ocean|ocean of magma]] for longer than previously thought (~200 million years).<ref name="themoon">{{cite news |title=Researchers find younger age for Earth's moon |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-younger-age-earth-moon.html |accessdate=16 August 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Earth's Moon Had Magma Ocean for 200 Million Years {{!}} Space |url=https://www.labroots.com/trending/space/18124/earth-s-moon-magma-ocean-200-million |accessdate=16 August 2020 |work=LabRoots}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maurice |first1=M. |last2=Tosi |first2=N. |last3=Schwinger |first3=S. |last4=Breuer |first4=D. |last5=Kleine |first5=T. |title=A long-lived magma ocean on a young Moon |journal=Science Advances |date=1 July 2020 |volume=6 |issue=28 |pages=eaba8949 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aba8949 |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/28/eaba8949 |accessdate=16 August 2020 |language=en |issn=2375-2548}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text and images are available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> |
||
** Scientists report that after mice exercise their livers secrete the protein [[GPLD1]], which is also elevated in elderly humans who exercise regularly, that this is associated with improved cognitive function in aged mice and that increasing the amount of GPLD1 produced by the mouse liver in old mice could yield many [[Neurobiological effects of physical exercise|benefits of regular exercise for their brains]] – such as increased BDNF-levels, neurogenesis, and improved cognitive functioning in tests.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brain benefits of exercise can be gained with a single protein |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-07-brain-benefits-gained-protein.html |accessdate=18 August 2020 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Horowitz |first1=Alana M. |last2=Fan |first2=Xuelai |last3=Bieri |first3=Gregor |last4=Smith |first4=Lucas K. |last5=Sanchez-Diaz |first5=Cesar I. |last6=Schroer |first6=Adam B. |last7=Gontier |first7=Geraldine |last8=Casaletto |first8=Kaitlin B. |last9=Kramer |first9=Joel H. |last10=Williams |first10=Katherine E. |last11=Villeda |first11=Saul A. |title=Blood factors transfer beneficial effects of exercise on neurogenesis and cognition to the aged brain |journal=Science |date=10 July 2020 |volume=369 |issue=6500 |pages=167–173 |doi=10.1126/science.aaw2622 |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6500/167 |accessdate=18 August 2020 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> |
|||
[[File:Water sanitation and desalination using SWSA sheets.webp|thumb|right|200px|13 July: Researchers report the development of a reusable aluminium surface for efficient [[Solar water disinfection|solar-based water sanitation]].<ref name="watersani"/>]] |
[[File:Water sanitation and desalination using SWSA sheets.webp|thumb|right|200px|13 July: Researchers report the development of a reusable aluminium surface for efficient [[Solar water disinfection|solar-based water sanitation]].<ref name="watersani"/>]] |
||
* 13 July – Researchers report the development of a reusable aluminium surface for efficient [[Solar water disinfection|solar-based water sanitation]] to below the WHO and EPA standards for drinkable water.<ref name="watersani">{{cite news |title=New solar material could clean drinking water |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-solar-material.html |accessdate=16 August 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Subhash C. |last2=ElKabbash |first2=Mohamed |last3=Li |first3=Zilong |last4=Li |first4=Xiaohan |last5=Regmi |first5=Bhabesh |last6=Madsen |first6=Matthew |last7=Jalil |first7=Sohail A. |last8=Zhan |first8=Zhibing |last9=Zhang |first9=Jihua |last10=Guo |first10=Chunlei |title=Solar-trackable super-wicking black metal panel for photothermal water sanitation |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=13 July 2020 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1038/s41893-020-0566-x |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0566-x |accessdate=16 August 2020 |language=en |issn=2398-9629}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text and images are available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> |
* 13 July – Researchers report the development of a reusable aluminium surface for efficient [[Solar water disinfection|solar-based water sanitation]] to below the WHO and EPA standards for drinkable water.<ref name="watersani">{{cite news |title=New solar material could clean drinking water |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-solar-material.html |accessdate=16 August 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Subhash C. |last2=ElKabbash |first2=Mohamed |last3=Li |first3=Zilong |last4=Li |first4=Xiaohan |last5=Regmi |first5=Bhabesh |last6=Madsen |first6=Matthew |last7=Jalil |first7=Sohail A. |last8=Zhan |first8=Zhibing |last9=Zhang |first9=Jihua |last10=Guo |first10=Chunlei |title=Solar-trackable super-wicking black metal panel for photothermal water sanitation |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=13 July 2020 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1038/s41893-020-0566-x |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0566-x |accessdate=16 August 2020 |language=en |issn=2398-9629}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text and images are available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> |
||
Line 97: | Line 96: | ||
** Scientists report that work honored by [[Nobel prize]]s clusters in only a few [[scientific fields]] with only 36/71 having received at least one Nobel prize of the 114/849 domains science could be divided into according to their DC2 and DC3 classification systems. Five of the 114 domains were shown to make up over half of the Nobel prizes awarded 1995–2017 (particle physics [14%], cell biology [12.1%], atomic physics [10.9%], neuroscience [10.1%], molecular chemistry [5.3%]).<ref name="nobelprizes">{{cite news |title=Nobel prize-winning work is concentrated in minority of scientific fields |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-nobel-prize-winning-minority-scientific-fields.html |accessdate=17 August 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ioannidis |first1=John P. A. |last2=Cristea |first2=Ioana-Alina |last3=Boyack |first3=Kevin W. |title=Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields |journal=PLOS ONE |date=29 July 2020 |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=e0234612 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0234612 |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0234612 |accessdate=17 August 2020 |language=en |issn=1932-6203}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text and images are available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> |
** Scientists report that work honored by [[Nobel prize]]s clusters in only a few [[scientific fields]] with only 36/71 having received at least one Nobel prize of the 114/849 domains science could be divided into according to their DC2 and DC3 classification systems. Five of the 114 domains were shown to make up over half of the Nobel prizes awarded 1995–2017 (particle physics [14%], cell biology [12.1%], atomic physics [10.9%], neuroscience [10.1%], molecular chemistry [5.3%]).<ref name="nobelprizes">{{cite news |title=Nobel prize-winning work is concentrated in minority of scientific fields |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-nobel-prize-winning-minority-scientific-fields.html |accessdate=17 August 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ioannidis |first1=John P. A. |last2=Cristea |first2=Ioana-Alina |last3=Boyack |first3=Kevin W. |title=Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields |journal=PLOS ONE |date=29 July 2020 |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=e0234612 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0234612 |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0234612 |accessdate=17 August 2020 |language=en |issn=1932-6203}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text and images are available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> |
||
** Scientists report that geochemical data shows that the origin of 50 of the 52 sarsen megaliths used to construct [[Stonehenge#Origin of sarsens identified|Stonehenge]] is most likely [[West Woods]], Wiltshire, 25 km north of Stonehenge.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mystery solved: Scientists trace source of Stonehenge boulders |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-mystery-stonehenge-iconic-boulders.html |accessdate=17 August 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nash |first1=David J. |last2=Ciborowski |first2=T. Jake R. |last3=Ullyott |first3=J. Stewart |last4=Pearson |first4=Mike Parker |last5=Darvill |first5=Timothy |last6=Greaney |first6=Susan |last7=Maniatis |first7=Georgios |last8=Whitaker |first8=Katy A. |title=Origins of the sarsen megaliths at Stonehenge |journal=Science Advances |date=1 July 2020 |volume=6 |issue=31 |pages=eabc0133 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abc0133 |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/31/eabc0133 |accessdate=17 August 2020 |language=en |issn=2375-2548}}</ref> |
** Scientists report that geochemical data shows that the origin of 50 of the 52 sarsen megaliths used to construct [[Stonehenge#Origin of sarsens identified|Stonehenge]] is most likely [[West Woods]], Wiltshire, 25 km north of Stonehenge.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mystery solved: Scientists trace source of Stonehenge boulders |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-mystery-stonehenge-iconic-boulders.html |accessdate=17 August 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nash |first1=David J. |last2=Ciborowski |first2=T. Jake R. |last3=Ullyott |first3=J. Stewart |last4=Pearson |first4=Mike Parker |last5=Darvill |first5=Timothy |last6=Greaney |first6=Susan |last7=Maniatis |first7=Georgios |last8=Whitaker |first8=Katy A. |title=Origins of the sarsen megaliths at Stonehenge |journal=Science Advances |date=1 July 2020 |volume=6 |issue=31 |pages=eabc0133 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abc0133 |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/31/eabc0133 |accessdate=17 August 2020 |language=en |issn=2375-2548}}</ref> |
||
** Scientists report that [[gut microbiome]]s that produce high levels of [[gallic acid]] and gallic acid itself, which can be found in many [[Antioxidant#Relation to diet|antioxidant-rich foods considered healthy]] and earlier reported to induce cell death in prostate and breast cancer cells, can switch mutated [[p53]] proteins from being tumour-suppressive to accelerate the growth of [[bowel cancer]]s in mice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Antioxidant-rich foods like black tea, chocolate, and berries may increase risk for certain cancers, new study finds |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-07-antioxidant-rich-foods-black-tea-chocolate.html |accessdate=18 August 2020 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kadosh |first1=Eliran |last2=Snir-Alkalay |first2=Irit |last3=Venkatachalam |first3=Avanthika |last4=May |first4=Shahaf |last5=Lasry |first5=Audrey |last6=Elyada |first6=Ela |last7=Zinger |first7=Adar |last8=Shaham |first8=Maya |last9=Vaalani |first9=Gitit |last10=Mernberger |first10=Marco |last11=Stiewe |first11=Thorsten |last12=Pikarsky |first12=Eli |last13=Oren |first13=Moshe |last14=Ben-Neriah |first14=Yinon |title=The gut microbiome switches mutant p53 from tumour-suppressive to oncogenic |journal=Nature |date=29 July 2020 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2541-0 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2541-0 |accessdate=18 August 2020 |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> |
|||
* 30 July – [[NASA]] successfully launches its [[Mars 2020]] rover mission to search for signs of ancient life and collect samples for return to Earth. The mission includes technology demonstrations to prepare for future human missions.<ref name="perseverance">{{cite web |title=NASA, ULA Launch Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mission to Red Planet |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-ula-launch-mars-2020-perseverance-rover-mission-to-red-planet |website=NASA|date=30 July 2020 |accessdate=30 July 2020}}</ref> |
* 30 July – [[NASA]] successfully launches its [[Mars 2020]] rover mission to search for signs of ancient life and collect samples for return to Earth. The mission includes technology demonstrations to prepare for future human missions.<ref name="perseverance">{{cite web |title=NASA, ULA Launch Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mission to Red Planet |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-ula-launch-mars-2020-perseverance-rover-mission-to-red-planet |website=NASA|date=30 July 2020 |accessdate=30 July 2020}}</ref> |
||
* 31 July |
* 31 July |
Revision as of 15:50, 1 September 2020
Years in science: | 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 |
Centuries: | 20th century · 21st century · 22nd century |
Decades: | 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s 2050s |
Years: | 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 |
| |||
---|---|---|---|
+... |
2020 in science |
---|
Fields |
Technology |
Social sciences |
Paleontology |
Extraterrestrial environment |
Terrestrial environment |
Other/related |
A number of significant scientific events have occurred or are scheduled to occur in 2020.
Events
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
- 1 July
- Scientist at CERN report that the LHCb experiment has observed a four-charm tetraquark particle never seen before, which is likely to be the first of a previously undiscovered class of particles.[4][5][6]
- Scientists report that they measured that quantum vacuum fluctuations can influence the motion of macroscopic, human-scale objects for the first time by measuring correlations below the standard quantum limit between the position/momentum uncertainty of the mirrors of LIGO and the photon number/phase uncertainty of light that they reflect.[7][8][9]
- 2 July – Scientists report that a more infectious SARS-CoV-2 variant with spike protein variant G614 has replaced D614 as the dominant form in the pandemic.[10][11]
- 3 July
- Scientists report in a preprint that a major genetic risk factor of the COVID-19 virus was inherited from archaic Neanderthals ~60,000 years ago.[13][14]
- Scientists show that adding an organic-based ionic solid into perovskites can result in substantial improvement in solar cell performance and stability. The study also reveals a complex degradation route that is responsible for failures in aged perovskite solar cells. The understanding could help the future development of photovoltaic technologies with industrially relevant longevity.[15][16]
- Via analysis of satellite images, scientists show that certified "sustainable" palm oil production resulted in deforestation of tropical forests of Sumatra and Borneo and endangered mammals' habitat degradation in the last 30 years.[12][17]
- 4 July
- According to WHO chief scientist Dr. Soumya Swaminathan, the Infection Fatality Rate (IFR) of COVID-19 and related pandemic is currently estimated at 0.6%, and the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) at 5%.[18]
- Scientists report that COVID-19 may be an airborne disease, and not just one transmitted by droplets of the virus in the air or on surfaces.[19]
- 6 July
- Astronomers report evidence that the chemical element carbon, the fourth most abundant chemical element (after hydrogen, helium and oxygen) in the universe, and one of the most essential chemical elements for the formation of life as we know it, was formed mainly in white dwarf stars, particularly those bigger than two solar masses.[20][21]
- The Versatile Video Coding standard (H.266) is finalised, designed to halve the bitrate of previous formats, and paving the way for on-demand 8K streaming services.[22][23]
- Scientists report that analysis of simulations and a recent observational field model show that maximum rates of directional change of Earth's magnetic field reached ~10° per year – almost 100 times faster than current changes and ~10 times faster than previously thought.[24][25]
- Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin demonstrate a cobalt-free, high-energy, lithium-ion battery.[26][27]
- 8 July
- Scientists writing in the journal Brain publish evidence that a few mildly affected or recovering COVID-19 patients can be left with serious or potentially fatal brain conditions, such as delirium, inflammation, nerve damage, and psychosis.[29][30]
- Mitochondria are gene-edited for the first time, using a new kind of CRISPR-free base editor (DdCBE), by a team at the Broad Institute.[31][32]
- The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) announces that it assesses a 20% chance that global warming compared to pre-industrial levels will exceed 1.5 °C in at least one year within the five years of 2020-2024. 1.5 °C is often considered to be a key threshold of global warming and nations have agreed to attempt limiting contemporary climate change to it under the Paris Agreement.[33][34]
- A team of researchers report that they succeeded in using a genetically-altered variant of R. sulfidophilum to produce spidroins, the main proteins in spider silk.[28][35]
- Scientists assess that the geoengineering technique of enhanced rock weathering – spreading finely crushed basalt on fields – has potential use for carbon dioxide removal by nations, identifying costs, opportunities and engineering challenges.[36][37]
- Scientist report the development of a mobile robot chemist and demonstrate that it can assist in experimental searches. According to the scientists their strategy was automating the researcher rather than the instruments – freeing up time for the human researchers to think creatively – and could identify photocatalyst mixtures for hydrogen production from water that were six times more active than initial formulations.[38][39]
- 9 July – The World Health Organization (WHO) formally recognises that COVID-19 can be transmitted indoors by droplets in the air. People in crowded settings with poor ventilation run the risk of being infected, according to the updated scientific advice.[40][41]
- 10 July
- Astronomers announce the discovery of the South Pole Wall, a massive cosmic structure formed by a giant wall of galaxies (a galaxy filament) that extends across at least 700 million light-years of space.[43][44][45][46]
- Scientists report that phytoplankton primary production in the Arctic Ocean increased by 57% between 1998 and 2018 due to higher concentrations, suggesting the ocean may be able to support higher trophic level production and additional carbon fixation in the future.[47][48]
- Scientists report that the Moon formed about 85 million years earlier than thought (4.425 ±0.025 bya) and that it hosted an ocean of magma for longer than previously thought (~200 million years).[42][49][50]
- 13 July – Researchers report the development of a reusable aluminium surface for efficient solar-based water sanitation to below the WHO and EPA standards for drinkable water.[51][52]
- 14 July – Scientists report the first complete and gap-less assembly of a human X chromosome.[53][54]
- 15 July
- Researchers report the discovery of chemolithoautotrophic bacterial culture that feeds on the metal manganese after performing unrelated experiments and named its bacterial species Candidatus Manganitrophus noduliformans and Ramlibacter lithotrophicus.[56][57][58]
- In two studies researchers of the Global Carbon Project summarise and analyse new estimates of the global methane budget and provide data and insights on sources and sinks for the geographical regions and economic sectors where the rising anthropogenic methane emissions have changed the most over recent decades. According to the studies, global methane emissions for the 2008 to 2017 decade increased by almost 10 percent compared to the previous decade.[59][55][60][61]
- 16 July – Scientists report to have identified 10 genomic loci which appear to intrinsically influence healthspan, lifespan, and longevity – of which half have not been reported previously at genome-wide significance and most being associated with cardiovascular disease – as well as haem metabolism as a promising candidate for further research within the field. Their study using public biological data on 1.75 m people with known lifespans overall, suggests that haem metabolism may play a role in human ageing and that high levels of iron in the blood likely reduce, and genes involved in metabolising iron likely increase healthy years of life in humans.[62][63]
- 17 July – Scientists report that yeast cells of the same genetic material and within the same environment age in two distinct ways, describe a biomolecular mechanism that can determine which process dominates during aging and genetically engineer a novel aging route with substantially extended lifespan.[64][65]
- 19 July
- The Emirates Mars Mission by the UAE is successfully launched, carrying the Hope probe to Mars, with a scheduled arrival date of February 2021.[1]
- After a 20-year-long survey, astrophysicists of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey publish the largest, most detailed 3D map of the universe so far, fill a gap of 11 billion years in its expansion history, and provide data which supports the theory of a flat geometry of the universe and confirms that different regions seem to be expanding at different speeds.[66][67]
- 22 July
- Astronomers publish a photo, for the first-time, of multiple exoplanets orbiting a sunlike star, particularly the star TYC 8998-760-1.[68][70]
- Archaeologists report the earliest known evidence of humans in the Americas, dating back 33,000 years, twice the previously oldest known settlement of the continent.[71][72]
- Scientists confirm the first active leak of sea-bed methane in Antarctica and report that "the rate of microbial succession may have an unrealized impact on greenhouse gas emission from marine methane reservoirs".[69][73]
- Researchers report the development of a technique to produce a degradable version of the tough thermoset plastic pDCPD which may also be applicable to other plastics, that aren't part of the ca. 75% of plastics that are recycable.[74][75]
- Scientists report results of a survey of 371 reefs in 58 nations estimating the conservation status of reef sharks globally. No sharks have been observed on almost 20% of the surveyed reefs and shark depletion was strongly associated with both socio-economic conditions and conservation measures.[76][77] Sharks are considered to be a vital part of the ocean ecosystem.
- A paper on a "hummingbird-sized dinosaur" conserved in amber published on March 11th is retracted after reviewers agreed with assessments – of which one was uploaded to a preprint server on March 18 – claiming a misclassification of the fossil, believed to be a lizard instead of a dinosaur.[78][79]
- 23 July
- China successfully launches Tianwen-1, its first rover mission to Mars, with a planned surface landing date of 23 April 2021.[2]
- Astronomers report the observation of a "hard tidal disruption event candidate" associated with ASASSN-20hx, located near the nucleus of galaxy NGC 6297, and noted that the observation represented one of the "very few tidal disruption events with hard powerlaw X-ray spectra".[80][81]
- Lancaster University researcher Mike Ryder describes the nature and rise of the "robot prosumer", derived from modern-day technology and related participatory culture, that, in turn, was substantially predicted earlier by science fiction writers.[82][83][84]
- 24 July – Scientists report the development of an AI-based process using genome databases for evolutionary algorithm-based designing novel proteins. They used deep learning to identify design-rules.[85][86]
- 27 July – A new AI algorithm by the University of Pittsburgh achieves the highest accuracy to date in identifying prostate cancer, with 98% sensitivity and 97% specificity.[87][88]
- 28 July
- Marine biologists report that aerobic microorganisms (mainly), in "quasi-suspended animation", were found in organically-poor sediments, up to 101.5 million years old, 68.9 metres (226 feet) below the seafloor in the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) ("the deadest spot in the ocean"), and could be the longest-living life forms ever found.[89][90]
- Assembly of the ITER experimental fusion reactor officially begins in France, with a scheduled completion date of 2025.[91]
- 29 July
- Scientists of the NA62 experiment at CERN claim to have presented first evidence of a highly rare process – a decay of a charged kaon – predicted in the Standard Model which may help identifying possible deviations from the model.[93]
- Scientists report that they have transformed the abundant diamagnetic material known as "fool's gold" and pyrite into a ferromagnetic one by inducing voltage, which may lead to techniques with potential applications for devices such as magnetic data storage ones.[94][95]
- Scientists report that work honored by Nobel prizes clusters in only a few scientific fields with only 36/71 having received at least one Nobel prize of the 114/849 domains science could be divided into according to their DC2 and DC3 classification systems. Five of the 114 domains were shown to make up over half of the Nobel prizes awarded 1995–2017 (particle physics [14%], cell biology [12.1%], atomic physics [10.9%], neuroscience [10.1%], molecular chemistry [5.3%]).[92][96]
- Scientists report that geochemical data shows that the origin of 50 of the 52 sarsen megaliths used to construct Stonehenge is most likely West Woods, Wiltshire, 25 km north of Stonehenge.[97][98]
- 30 July – NASA successfully launches its Mars 2020 rover mission to search for signs of ancient life and collect samples for return to Earth. The mission includes technology demonstrations to prepare for future human missions.[3]
- 31 July
- Two ice caps in Nunavut, Canada have disappeared completely, confirming predictions of a study published in 2017 that they would melt completely within five years.[99]
- A study suggests a volcanic cause for the Younger Dryas geochemical anomalies including the extinction of many ice-age animals about 12,800 years ago and weakens the support for the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis.[100][101]
August
- 4 August
- Physicists working on the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider announce new results indicating that the Higgs boson decays into two muons as expected.[102]
- Astronomers report that self-annihilating dark matter (DM) is not the explanation for the Galactic Center GeV Excess (GCE) in the center of the Milky Way galaxy after all, stating: "there is no significant excess in the [GCE] that may be attributed to DM annihilation."[103][104]
- 5 August – The British Antarctic Survey reports that emperor penguin colonies in Antarctica are nearly 20% more numerous than previously thought, with new discoveries made using satellite mapping technology.[105][106]
- 6 August – The Canadian Ice Service reports that the Milne Ice Shelf, the last fully intact ice shelf in the Canadian Arctic, has collapsed after losing more than 40% of its area in just two days.[107]
- 8 August – NASA announces it will change unofficial and potentially contentious names used by the scientific community for distant cosmic objects and systems including references to NGC 2392 as "the Eskimo Nebula" and NGC 4567 and NGC 4568 as the "Siamese Twins Galaxy".[108]
- 10 August – The dwarf planet Ceres is confirmed to be a water-rich body, containing a deep reservoir of brine, based on analysis of data from the Dawn mission. The "bright spots" in Occator crater are the result of salty water rising to the surface from below.[109][110]
- 11 August
- COVID-19 pandemic: Russian President Vladimir Putin announces that Russia has approved the world's first COVID-19 vaccine.[111]
- Astronomers announce the discovery of S4714, a star orbiting a black hole at up to 8% the speed of light.[112][113]
- 12 August – The latest State of the Climate report finds that 2010 to 2019 was the hottest decade on record globally, with an increase of 0.39 °C (0.7 °F) above the long-term average, and 2019 either the second or third warmest year on record.[114][115]
- 13 August
- Scientists at the University of Southern California report the "likely" order of initial symptoms of the COVID-19 disease: "fever, cough, muscle pain, and then nausea, and/or vomiting, and diarrhea".[116][117]
- Unexpected dimming of Betelgeuse is explained by NASA as a "traumatic outburst", caused by an immense amount of hot material ejected into space, forming a dust cloud that blocked starlight.[118][119][120] On 30 August 2020, astronomers reported the detection of a second dust cloud emitted from Betelgeuse, and associated with a secondary minimum on 3 August in luminosity of the star.[121]
- Universal coherence protection is achieved in a solid-state spin qubit, a modification that allows quantum systems to stay operational (or "coherent") for 10,000 times longer than before.[122][123]
- July 2020 is tied as the second-warmest July on record, with a record low Arctic sea ice extent for the month, in a report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.[124]
- Melting of the Greenland ice sheet is shown to have passed the point of no return, based on 40 years of satellite data, by scientists at Ohio State University.[125][126]
- 16 August – Astronomers report the detection of asteroid 2020 QG, a small Earth-crossing Earth-crossing near-Earth asteroid of the Apollo group that passed the Earth about 1,839 miles away, the closest known asteroid to pass the Earth that did not impact the planet.[127]
- 17 August
- Astronomers report that the interstellar object ʻOumuamua (1I/2017 U1) is not likely to have been composed of frozen hydrogen which had been proposed earlier. The compositional nature of the object continues to be unknown.[128][129] Nonetheless, the possibility that the interstellar object may be alien technology has not been ruled out, although such an explanation is reported to be a "long shot" by "most scientists".[130]
- Physicists present studies involving interpretations of quantum mechanics that are related to the Schrödinger's cat and Wigner's friend paradoxes, resulting in conclusions that challenge seemingly established assumptions about reality.[131][132][133]
- 26 August – Scientists report that bacteria from Earth, particularly Deinococcus radiodurans, were found to survive for three years in outer space, based on studies on the International Space Station. These findings support the notion of panspermia.[134][135]
- 27 August – Researchers report that sufficient water to fill the oceans may have always been on the Earth since the beginning of the planet's formation.[136][137][138]
- 28 August – Elon Musk reveals a model of the prototype brain–computer interface chip, implanted in pigs, that his company Neuralink has been working on.[139][140]
Predicted and scheduled events
- December 21: Jupiter and Saturn come within a 6' arc (called Great Conjunction), giving a rare telescopic view of the two so close together.[141] As the two planets have an apparent size smaller than one arc minute occultations are extremely rare, the next one will happen in the year 7541.[142]
Date unknown
- Shenzhen East Waste-to-Energy Plant is planned to become operational, the largest waste to energy (WET) power plant in the world.[143]
- Waymo, the first self-driving cars in ride-hailing services are announced for 2020.[144]
- The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope is expected to achieve first light in 2020.[145]
Awards
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2020) |
Deaths
- July 1 – Ray Matheny, American anthropologist (b. 1925)
- July 2
- Ángela Jeria, Chilean archeologist (b. 1926)
- Xu Qifeng, Chinese engineer (b. 1936)
- Willem van Zwet, Dutch mathematician (b. 1934)
- July 3 – Erika Taube, German ethnologist (b. 1933)
- July 5 – Horace Barlow, British neuroscientist (b. 1921)
- July 6
- Ronald Graham, American mathematician (b. 1935)
- Deborah Zamble, Canadian chemist (b. 1971)
- July 7
- Millicent S. Ficken, American ornithologist (b. 1933)
- Juan Rosai, American pathologist (b. 1940)
- Henk Tennekes, American toxicologist (b. 1950)
- July 8
- Norman Allinger, American chemist (b. 1928)
- Flossie Wong-Staal, Chinese and American virologist and molecular biologist (b. 1946)
- July 9 – Tong Binggang, Chinese physicist (b. 1927)
- July 10
- Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, Indian and American microbiologist (b. 1938)
- Michael M. Richter, German mathematician and computer scientist (b. 1938)
- July 11 – Lim Boo Liat, Malaysian zoologist (b. 1926)
- July 14
- Tim Clark, British physician (b. 1935)
- Caesar Korolenko, Russian psychiatrist (b. 1933)
- Alex McCool, American manager of the Space Shuttle Projects Office at NASA (b. 1923)
- July 13
- Grant Imahara, American electrical engineer (b. 1970)
- Zeng Yi, Chinese virologist (b. 1929)
- July 15 – George Simon, Guyanese archeologist (b. 1947)
- July 17
- Angela von Nowakonski, Brazilian physician and medical researcher (b. 1953)
- C. S. Seshadri, Indian mathematician (b. 1932)
- Ron Tauranac, British and Australian engineer (b. 1925)
- July 21 – Li Jijun, Chinese geographer and geomorphologist
- July 23
- Masakazu Konishi, Japanese neurobiologist (b. 1933)
- Jacqueline Noonan, American pediatric cardiologist (b. 1928)
- Ward Plummer, American physicist (b. 1940)
- Paolo Sassone-Corsi, Italian microbiologist (b. 1956)
- July 24 – Zheng Shouren, Chinese engineer (b. 1940)
- July 26
- R. Stephen Berry, American physical chemist (b. 1931)
- Roger Williams, British hepatologist (b. 1931)
- Bill English, American computer engineer and co-developer of the computer mouse (b. 1929)
- August 1
- Frank Barnaby, British nuclear physicist (b. 1927)
- Rosemary Radley-Smith, British peadatric cardiologist (b. 1939)
- August 2 – Gregory Areshian, Armenian and American archeologist (b. 1949)
- August 4
- Frances Allen, American computer scientist, first woman to win the Turing Award (b. 1932)
- Irene D. Long, American physician (b. 1950)
- Jan Strelau, Polish psychologist (b. 1931)
- August 6 – Louis Meznarie, French engineer (b. 1930)
- August 7
- Lungile Pepeta, South African paedatric cardiologist (b. 1974)
- Edward Bruner, American anthropologist (b. 1924)
- August 8
- Dóra S. Bjarnason, Icelandic sociologist (b. 1947)
- Bert Laeyendecker, Dutch sociologist (b. 1930)
- Konrad Steffen, Swiss glaciologist (b. 1952)
- August 9 – Calaway H. Dodson, American botanist (b. 1928)
- August 11 – Russell Kirsch, American computer scientist and inventor of the first digital image scanner (b. 1929)
- August 12 – Robert Williams, American psychologist (b. 1930)
- August 13
- Peter Stuart Excell, British engineer (b. 1948)
- Bernd Fischer, German mathematician (b. 1936)
- August 14 – Kenneth Kunen, American mathematician (b. 1943)
- August 16
- Nina McClelland, American chemist (b. 1929)
- Jean-Michel Savéant, French chemist (b. 1933)
- August 17 – Richard M. White, American electrical engineer (b. 1930)
- August 18 – Han Woerdman, Dutch physicist (b. 1942)
- August 19 – Borys Paton, Ukrainian scientist (b. 1918)
- August 20 – Herbert Tabor, American biochemist (b. 1918)
- August 23 – Neil Douglas, British physician (b. 1949)
- August 25
- Erik Allardt, Finnish sociologist (b. 1925)
- Rebeca Guber, Argentine mathematician and computer scientist (b.1926)
- Arnold Spielberg, American electrical engineer (b. 1917)
- August 26 – Gerald Carr, American astronaut and aeronautical engineer (b. 1932)
- August 28 – Seymour I. Schwartz, American surgeon (b. 1928)
See also
- Category:Science events
- Category:Science timelines
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology
- List of emerging technologies
- List of years in science
References
- ^ a b "Hope probe: UAE launches historic first mission to Mars". BBC News. 19 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ^ a b "China's Tianwen-1 Mars rover rockets away from Earth". BBC News. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ^ a b "NASA, ULA Launch Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mission to Red Planet". NASA. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ^ "LHCb discovers a new type of tetraquark at CERN". CERN. 1 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "First-of-Its-Kind Four Quark Particle Discovered at CERN". Interesting Engineering. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "Observation of structure in the $J/\psi$-pair mass spectrum". arXiv:2006.16957 [hep-ex]. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "Quantum fluctuations can jiggle objects on the human scale". phys.org. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "LIGO reveals quantum correlations at work in mirrors weighing tens of kilograms". Physics World. 1 July 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Yu, Haocun; McCuller, L.; Tse, M.; Kijbunchoo, N.; Barsotti, L.; Mavalvala, N. (July 2020). "Quantum correlations between light and the kilogram-mass mirrors of LIGO". Nature. 583 (7814): 43–47. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2420-8. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ^ "New, more infectious strain of COVID-19 now dominates global cases of virus: study". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Korber, Bette; Fischer, Will M.; Gnanakaran, Sandrasegaram; Yoon, Hyejin; Theiler, James; Abfalterer, Werner; Hengartner, Nick; Giorgi, Elena E.; Bhattacharya, Tanmoy; Foley, Brian; Hastie, Kathryn M.; Parker, Matthew D.; Partridge, David G.; Evans, Cariad M.; Freeman, Timothy M.; Silva, Thushan I. de; Angyal, Adrienne; Brown, Rebecca L.; Carrilero, Laura; Green, Luke R.; Groves, Danielle C.; Johnson, Katie J.; Keeley, Alexander J.; Lindsey, Benjamin B.; Parsons, Paul J.; Raza, Mohammad; Rowland-Jones, Sarah; Smith, Nikki; Tucker, Rachel M.; Wang, Dennis; Wyles, Matthew D.; McDanal, Charlene; Perez, Lautaro G.; Tang, Haili; Moon-Walker, Alex; Whelan, Sean P.; LaBranche, Celia C.; Saphire, Erica O.; Montefiori, David C. (2 July 2020). "Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus". Cell. 0 (0). doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043. ISSN 0092-8674. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ a b "Certified 'sustainable' palm oil fields endanger mammal habitats and biodiverse tropical forests over 30 years". phys.org. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Zimmer, Carl (4 July 2020). "DNA Linked to Covid-19 Was Inherited From Neanderthals, Study Finds - The stretch of six genes seems to increase the risk of severe illness from the coronavirus". New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Zeberg, Hugo; Paabo, Svante (3 July 2020). "The major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neandertals" (PDF). bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.186296. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ "Crystal structure discovered almost 200 years ago could hold key to solar cell revolution". phys.org. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ Lin, Yen-Hung; Sakai, Nobuya; Da, Peimei; Wu, Jiaying; Sansom, Harry C.; Ramadan, Alexandra J.; Mahesh, Suhas; Liu, Junliang; Oliver, Robert D. J.; Lim, Jongchul; Aspitarte, Lee; Sharma, Kshama; Madhu, P. K.; Morales‐Vilches, Anna B.; Nayak, Pabitra K.; Bai, Sai; Gao, Feng; Grovenor, Chris R. M.; Johnston, Michael B.; Labram, John G.; Durrant, James R.; Ball, James M.; Wenger, Bernard; Stannowski, Bernd; Snaith, Henry J. (2 July 2020). "A piperidinium salt stabilizes efficient metal-halide perovskite solar cells". Science. 369 (6499): 96–102. doi:10.1126/science.aba1628.
- ^ Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto; Velichevskaya, Alena (10 November 2020). "Certified "sustainable" palm oil took the place of endangered Bornean and Sumatran large mammals habitat and tropical forests in the last 30 years". Science of the Total Environment. 742: 140712. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140712. ISSN 0048-9697. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ McNeil Jr., Donald G. (4 July 2020). "The Pandemic's Big Mystery: How Deadly Is the Coronavirus? - Even with more than 500,000 dead worldwide, scientists are struggling to learn how often the virus kills. Here's why". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ Mandavilli, Apoorva (4 July 2020). "239 Experts With One Big Claim: The Coronavirus Is Airborne - The W.H.O. has resisted mounting evidence that viral particles floating indoors are infectious, some scientists say. The agency maintains the research is still inconclusive". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Rabie, Passant (6 July 2020). "Astronomers Have Found The Source Of Life In The Universe". Inverse. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Marigo, Paola; Cummings, Jeffrey D.; Curtis, Jason Lee; Kalirai, Jason; Chen, Yang; Tremblay, Pier-Emmanuel; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico; Bergeron, Pierre; Bladh, Sara; Bressan, Alessandro; Girardi, Léo; Pastorelli, Giada; Trabucchi, Michele; Cheng, Sihao; Aringer, Bernhard; Tio, Piero Dal (6 July 2020). "Carbon star formation as seen through the non-monotonic initial–final mass relation". Nature Astronomy. doi:10.1038/s41550-020-1132-1.
- ^ "New video format 'halves data use of 4K and 8K TVs'". BBC News. 7 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ^ "Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI". newsletter.fraunhofer.de. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "Simulations show magnetic field can change ~10 times faster than previously thought". phys.org. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Davies, Christopher J.; Constable, Catherine G. (6 July 2020). "Rapid geomagnetic changes inferred from Earth observations and numerical simulations". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16888-0. ISSN 2041-1723. Retrieved 16 August 2020. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ "New cobalt-free lithium-ion battery reduces costs without sacrificing performance". EurekAlert!. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ^ Li, Wangda; Lee, Steven; Manthiram, Arumugam. "High-Nickel NMA: A Cobalt-Free Alternative to NMC and NCA Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries". Advanced Materials. n/a (n/a): 2002718. doi:10.1002/adma.202002718. ISSN 1521-4095. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ a b "Spider silk made by photosynthetic bacteria". phys.org. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ "Scientists warn of potential wave of COVID-linked brain damage". Reuters. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ^ "Warning of serious brain disorders in people with mild coronavirus symptoms". The Guardian. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ^ "The powerhouses inside cells have been gene-edited for the first time". New Scientist. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ Mok, Beverly Y.; de Moraes, Marcos H.; Zeng, Jun; Bosch, Dustin E.; Kotrys, Anna V.; Raguram, Aditya; Hsu, FoSheng; Radey, Matthew C.; Peterson, S. Brook; Mootha, Vamsi K.; Mougous, Joseph D.; Liu, David R. (July 2020). "A bacterial cytidine deaminase toxin enables CRISPR-free mitochondrial base editing". Nature. 583 (7817): 631–637. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2477-4. ISSN 1476-4687. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Woodyatt, Amy. "Global temperatures could exceed crucial 1.5 C target in the next five years". CNN. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "New climate predictions assess global temperatures in coming five years". World Meteorological Organization. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Foong, Choon Pin; Higuchi-Takeuchi, Mieko; Malay, Ali D.; Oktaviani, Nur Alia; Thagun, Chonprakun; Numata, Keiji (8 July 2020). "A marine photosynthetic microbial cell factory as a platform for spider silk production". Communications Biology. 3 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 357. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-1099-6. ISSN 2399-3642. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ "Applying rock dust to croplands could absorb up to 2 billion tonnes of CO2 from the atmosphere". phys.org. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Beerling, David J.; Kantzas, Euripides P.; Lomas, Mark R.; Wade, Peter; Eufrasio, Rafael M.; Renforth, Phil; Sarkar, Binoy; Andrews, M. Grace; James, Rachael H.; Pearce, Christopher R.; Mercure, Jean-Francois; Pollitt, Hector; Holden, Philip B.; Edwards, Neil R.; Khanna, Madhu; Koh, Lenny; Quegan, Shaun; Pidgeon, Nick F.; Janssens, Ivan A.; Hansen, James; Banwart, Steven A. (July 2020). "Potential for large-scale CO 2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands". Nature. 583 (7815): 242–248. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2448-9. ISSN 1476-4687. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ "Researchers build robot scientist that has already discovered a new catalyst". phys.org. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Burger, Benjamin; Maffettone, Phillip M.; Gusev, Vladimir V.; Aitchison, Catherine M.; Bai, Yang; Wang, Xiaoyan; Li, Xiaobo; Alston, Ben M.; Li, Buyi; Clowes, Rob; Rankin, Nicola; Harris, Brandon; Sprick, Reiner Sebastian; Cooper, Andrew I. (July 2020). "A mobile robotic chemist". Nature. 583 (7815): 237–241. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2442-2. ISSN 1476-4687. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ "WHO reverses, says COVID-19 can be airborne indoors". The Hill. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ "Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions". WHO. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ a b "Researchers find younger age for Earth's moon". phys.org. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Overbye, Dennis (10 July 2020). "Beyond the Milky Way, a Galactic Wall - Astronomers have discovered a vast assemblage of galaxies hidden behind our own, in the "zone of avoidance."". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ Pomerede, D.; et al. (January 2020). "The South Pole Wall". Harvard University. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ Mann, Adam (10 July 2020). "Astronomers discover South Pole Wall, a gigantic structure stretching 1.4 billion light-years across". Live Science. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ Pomarède, Daniel; et al. (10 July 2020). "Cosmicflows-3: The South Pole Wall". The Astrophysical Journal. 897 (2). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9952. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "A 'regime shift' is happening in the Arctic Ocean, scientists say". phys.org. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Lewis, K. M.; Dijken, G. L. van; Arrigo, K. R. (10 July 2020). "Changes in phytoplankton concentration now drive increased Arctic Ocean primary production". Science. 369 (6500): 198–202. doi:10.1126/science.aay8380. ISSN 0036-8075. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ "Earth's Moon Had Magma Ocean for 200 Million Years | Space". LabRoots. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Maurice, M.; Tosi, N.; Schwinger, S.; Breuer, D.; Kleine, T. (1 July 2020). "A long-lived magma ocean on a young Moon". Science Advances. 6 (28): eaba8949. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba8949. ISSN 2375-2548. Retrieved 16 August 2020. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ a b "New solar material could clean drinking water". phys.org. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Singh, Subhash C.; ElKabbash, Mohamed; Li, Zilong; Li, Xiaohan; Regmi, Bhabesh; Madsen, Matthew; Jalil, Sohail A.; Zhan, Zhibing; Zhang, Jihua; Guo, Chunlei (13 July 2020). "Solar-trackable super-wicking black metal panel for photothermal water sanitation". Nature Sustainability: 1–9. doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0566-x. ISSN 2398-9629. Retrieved 16 August 2020. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ "Scientists achieve first complete assembly of human X chromosome". phys.org. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Miga, Karen H.; Koren, Sergey; Rhie, Arang; Vollger, Mitchell R.; Gershman, Ariel; Bzikadze, Andrey; Brooks, Shelise; Howe, Edmund; Porubsky, David; Logsdon, Glennis A.; Schneider, Valerie A.; Potapova, Tamara; Wood, Jonathan; Chow, William; Armstrong, Joel; Fredrickson, Jeanne; Pak, Evgenia; Tigyi, Kristof; Kremitzki, Milinn; Markovic, Christopher; Maduro, Valerie; Dutra, Amalia; Bouffard, Gerard G.; Chang, Alexander M.; Hansen, Nancy F.; Wilfert, Amy B.; Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise; Schmitt, Anthony D.; Belton, Jon-Matthew; Selvaraj, Siddarth; Dennis, Megan Y.; Soto, Daniela C.; Sahasrabudhe, Ruta; Kaya, Gulhan; Quick, Josh; Loman, Nicholas J.; Holmes, Nadine; Loose, Matthew; Surti, Urvashi; Risques, Rosa ana; Lindsay, Tina A. Graves; Fulton, Robert; Hall, Ira; Paten, Benedict; Howe, Kerstin; Timp, Winston; Young, Alice; Mullikin, James C.; Pevzner, Pavel A.; Gerton, Jennifer L.; Sullivan, Beth A.; Eichler, Evan E.; Phillippy, Adam M. (14 July 2020). "Telomere-to-telomere assembly of a complete human X chromosome". Nature: 1–9. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2547-7. ISSN 1476-4687. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ a b "Methane Emissions Continue to Rise". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ^ "Bacteria with a metal diet discovered in dirty glassware". phys.org. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Woodyatt, Amy. "Bacteria that eats metal accidentally discovered by scientists". CNN. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Yu, Hang; Leadbetter, Jared R. (July 2020). "Bacterial chemolithoautotrophy via manganese oxidation". Nature. 583 (7816): 453–458. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2468-5. ISSN 1476-4687. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ "Global methane emissions soar to record high". phys.org. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Jackson, R B; Saunois, M; Bousquet, P; Canadell, J G; Poulter, B; Stavert, A R; Bergamaschi, P; Niwa, Y; Segers, A; Tsuruta, A (14 July 2020). "Increasing anthropogenic methane emissions arise equally from agricultural and fossil fuel sources". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (7): 071002. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ed2. ISSN 1748-9326. Retrieved 16 August 2020. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017". Earth System Science Data. 12 (3): 1561–1623. 15 July 2020. doi:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020. ISSN 1866-3508. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. - ^ a b "Blood iron levels could be key to slowing ageing, gene study shows". phys.org. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ Timmers, Paul R. H. J.; Wilson, James F.; Joshi, Peter K.; Deelen, Joris (16 July 2020). "Multivariate genomic scan implicates novel loci and haem metabolism in human ageing". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17312-3. ISSN 2041-1723. Retrieved 18 August 2020. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ "Researchers discover 2 paths of aging and new insights on promoting healthspan". phys.org. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "A programmable fate decision landscape underlies single-cell aging in yeast". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aax9552.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ "Largest-ever 3D map of the universe released by scientists". Sky News. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ "No need to Mind the Gap: Astrophysicists fill in 11 billion years of our universe's expansion history". SDSS. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ a b Wall, Mike (22 July 2020). "Multiplanet system around sunlike star photographed for 1st time ever - The two newly imaged planets are huge — 14 and 6 times more massive than Jupiter". Space.com. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- ^ a b Carrington, Damian (21 July 2020). "First active leak of sea-bed methane discovered in Antarctica". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ Bohn, Alexander; et al. (22 July 2020). "Two Directly Imaged, Wide-orbit Giant Planets around the Young, Solar Analog TYC 8998-760-1". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 898 (1). doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aba27e. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Earliest evidence for humans in the Americas". BBC News. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- ^ Ardelean, Ciprian F.; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Schwenninger, Jean-Luc; Oviatt, Charles G.; Macías-Quintero, Juan I.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Sikora, Martin; Ocampo-Díaz, Yam Zul E.; Rubio-Cisneros, Igor I.; Watling, Jennifer G.; de Medeiros, Vanda B.; De Oliveira, Paulo E.; Barba-Pingarón, Luis; Ortiz-Butrón, Agustín; Blancas-Vázquez, Jorge; Rivera-González, Irán; Solís-Rosales, Corina; Rodríguez-Ceja, María; Gandy, Devlin A.; Navarro-Gutierrez, Zamara; De La Rosa-Díaz, Jesús J.; Huerta-Arellano, Vladimir; Marroquín-Fernández, Marco B.; Martínez-Riojas, L. Martin; López-Jiménez, Alejandro; Higham, Thomas; Willerslev, Eske (August 2020). "Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum". Nature. 584 (7819): 87–92. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0. ISSN 1476-4687. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ Thurber, Andrew R.; Seabrook, Sarah; Welsh, Rory M. (29 July 2020). "Riddles in the cold: Antarctic endemism and microbial succession impact methane cycling in the Southern Ocean". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1931): 20201134. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1134. Retrieved 16 August 2020. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ "Chemists make tough plastics recyclable". phys.org. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Shieh, Peyton; Zhang, Wenxu; Husted, Keith E. L.; Kristufek, Samantha L.; Xiong, Boya; Lundberg, David J.; Lem, Jet; Veysset, David; Sun, Yuchen; Nelson, Keith A.; Plata, Desiree L.; Johnson, Jeremiah A. (July 2020). "Cleavable comonomers enable degradable, recyclable thermoset plastics". Nature. 583 (7817): 542–547. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2495-2. ISSN 1476-4687. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "Sharks almost gone from many reefs". phys.org. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "Global status and conservation potential of reef sharks". Nature. 583 (7818): 801–806. July 2020. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2519-y. ISSN 1476-4687. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "Paper describing hummingbird-sized dinosaur retracted". phys.org. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ Xing, Lida; O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Schmitz, Lars; Chiappe, Luis M.; McKellar, Ryan C.; Yi, Qiru; Li, Gang (22 July 2020). "Retraction Note: Hummingbird-sized dinosaur from the Cretaceous period of Myanmar". Nature: 1–1. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2553-9. ISSN 1476-4687. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ Lin, Dacheng (25 July 2020). "ATel #13895: ASASSN-20hx is a Hard Tidal Disruption Event Candidate". The Astronomer's Telegram. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
- ^ Hinkle, J.T.; et al. (24 July 2020). "Atel #13893: Classification of ASASSN-20hx as a Tidal Disruption Event Candidate". The Astronomer's Telegram. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ Lancaster University (24 July 2020). "Sci-fi foretold social media, Uber and Augmented Reality, offers insights into the future - Science fiction authors can help predict future consumer patterns". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
- ^ Ryder, Mike (26 July 2020). "Citizen robots:biopolitics, the computer, and the Vietnam period". Lancaster University. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
- ^ Ryder, M.J. (23 July 2020). "Lessons from science fiction: Frederik Pohl and the robot prosumer". Journal of Consumer Culture. doi:10.1177/1469540520944228. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
- ^ "Machine learning reveals recipe for building artificial proteins". phys.org. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "An evolution-based model for designing chorismatemutase enzymes". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aba3304.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ "Artificial intelligence identifies prostate cancer with near-perfect accuracy". EurekAlert!. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ "An artificial intelligence algorithm for prostate cancer diagnosis in whole slide images of core needle biopsies: a blinded clinical validation and deployment study". The Lancet Digital Health. 2 (8): e407–e416. 1 August 2020. doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30159-X. ISSN 2589-7500. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ a b Wu, Katherine J. (28 July 2020). "These Microbes May Have Survived 100 Million Years Beneath the Seafloor - Rescued from their cold, cramped and nutrient-poor homes, the bacteria awoke in the lab and grew". Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ Morono, Yuki; et al. (28 July 2020). "Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as old as 101.5 million years". Nature Communications. 11 (3626). Retrieved 31 July 2020. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ "World's largest nuclear fusion project begins assembly in France". The Guardian. 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ^ a b "Nobel prize-winning work is concentrated in minority of scientific fields". phys.org. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "NA62 experiment at CERN reports first evidence for ultra-rare process that could lead to new physics". phys.org. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "'Fool's gold' may be valuable after all". phys.org. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Walter, Jeff; Voigt, Bryan; Day-Roberts, Ezra; Heltemes, Kei; Fernandes, Rafael M.; Birol, Turan; Leighton, Chris (1 July 2020). "Voltage-induced ferromagnetism in a diamagnet". Science Advances. 6 (31): eabb7721. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb7721. ISSN 2375-2548. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Ioannidis, John P. A.; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Boyack, Kevin W. (29 July 2020). "Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0234612. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234612. ISSN 1932-6203. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. - ^ "Mystery solved: Scientists trace source of Stonehenge boulders". phys.org. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Nash, David J.; Ciborowski, T. Jake R.; Ullyott, J. Stewart; Pearson, Mike Parker; Darvill, Timothy; Greaney, Susan; Maniatis, Georgios; Whitaker, Katy A. (1 July 2020). "Origins of the sarsen megaliths at Stonehenge". Science Advances. 6 (31): eabc0133. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc0133. ISSN 2375-2548. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "Canadian ice caps disappear, confirming 2017 scientific prediction". phys.org. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "Texas cave sediment upends meteorite explanation for global cooling". phys.org. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ Sun, N.; Brandon, A. D.; Forman, S. L.; Waters, M. R.; Befus, K. S. (1 July 2020). "Volcanic origin for Younger Dryas geochemical anomalies ca. 12,900 cal B.P." Science Advances. 6 (31): eaax8587. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax8587. ISSN 2375-2548. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ "CERN experiments announce first indications of a rare Higgs boson process". Phys.org. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ Starr, Michelle (28 August 2020). "There's a Strange Glow in The Centre of Our Galaxy, And It's Not What We Thought It Was". ScienceAlert.com. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ^ Abazajian, Kevork N.; et al. (4 August 2020). "Strong constraints on thermal relic dark matter from Fermi-LAT observations of the Galactic Center". Physical Review D. 102 (043012). doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.102.043012. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ^ "Throng of new penguin colonies in Antarctica spotted from space". The Guardian. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "Scientists discover new penguin colonies from space". British Antarctic Survey. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "Canada's last fully intact Arctic ice shelf collapses". Arctic Today. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ Helmore, Edward. "Nasa to change 'harmful' and insensitive' planet and galaxy nicknames". news.yahoo.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ McCartney, Gretchen; JHautaluoma, Grey; Johnson, Alana (10 August 2020). "Mystery Solved: Bright Areas on Ceres Come From Salty Water Below". NASA. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ McCartney, Gretchen (11 August 2020). "Mystery solved: Bright areas on Ceres come from salty water below". Phys.org. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Putin says vaccine has been approved for use". BBC News. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ "Fastest-ever star discovered orbiting Milky Way's supermassive black hole". 11 August 2020.
- ^ "S62 and S4711: Indications of a Population of Faint Fast-moving Stars inside the S2 Orbit—S4711 on a 7.6 yr Orbit around Sgr A*". 11 August 2020.
- ^ "Last decade was Earth's hottest on record as climate crisis accelerates". The Guardian. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ "State of the Climate". American Meteorological Society. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ University of Southern California (13 August 2020). "USC scientists identify the order of COVID-19's symptoms - The scientists at USC Michelson Center note that knowing the order of symptoms for the coronavirus will help doctors with diagnosis and treatment, and may even help patients decide to seek care or quarantine". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Larsen, Joseph R.; et al. (13 August 2020). "Modeling the Onset of Symptoms of COVID-19". Frontiers in Public Health. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00473. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Overbye, Dennis (14 August 2020). "This Star Looked Like It Would Explode. Maybe It Just Sneezed - The mysterious dimming of the red supergiant Betelgeuse is the result of a stellar exhalation, astronomers say". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Hubble Finds That Betelgeuse's Mysterious Dimming Is Due to a Traumatic Outburst". NASA. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ Dupree, Adrea K. (13 August 2020). "Spatially Resolved Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of the Great Dimming of Betelgeuse". The Astrophysical Journal. 899 (1). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba516. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=
ignored (|display-authors=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Sigismondi, Costantino; et al. (30 August 2020). "ATel #13982: Second dust cloud on Betelgeuse". The Astronomer's Telegram. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ "UChicago scientists discover way to make quantum states last 10,000 times longer". Argonne National Laboratory. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ Miao, Kevin C.; Blanton, Joseph P.; Anderson, Christopher P.; Bourassa, Alexandre; Crook, Alexander L.; Wolfowicz, Gary; Abe, Hiroshi; Ohshima, Takeshi; Awschalom, David D. (12 May 2020). "Universal coherence protection in a solid-state spin qubit". arXiv.org. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Assessing the Global Climate in July 2020". NOAA. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ "Warming Greenland ice sheet passes point of no return". EurekAlert!. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Warming Greenland ice sheet passes point of no return". Ohio State University. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Clavin, Whitney (18 August 2020). "ZTF Finds Closest Known Asteroid to Fly By Earth". Caltech. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ^ Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (17 August 2020). "Scientists determine 'Oumuamua isn't made from molecular hydrogen ice after all". Phys.org. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Hoang, Thiem; Loeb, Abraham (17 August 2020). "Destruction of Molecular Hydrogen Ice and Implications for 1I/2017 U1 ('Oumuamua)". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 899 (2). doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abab0c. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Letzer, Ran (19 August 2020). "Interstellar visitor 'Oumuamua could still be alien technology, new study hints - Aliens? Or a chunk of solid hydrogen? Which idea makes less sense?". Live Science. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
- ^ Merali, Zeeya (17 August 2020). "This Twist on Schrödinger's Cat Paradox Has Major Implications for Quantum Theory - A laboratory demonstration of the classic "Wigner's friend" thought experiment could overturn cherished assumptions about reality". Scientific American. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Musser, George (17 August 2020). "Quantum paradox points to shaky foundations of reality". Science Magazine. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Bong, Kok-Wei; et al. (17 August 2020). "A strong no-go theorem on the Wigner's friend paradox". Nature Physics. 27. doi:10.1038/s41567-020-0990-x. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Strickland, Ashley (26 August 2020). "Bacteria from Earth can survive in space and could endure the trip to Mars, according to new study". CNN News. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
- ^ Kawaguchi, Yuko; et al. (26 August 2020). "DNA Damage and Survival Time Course of Deinococcal Cell Pellets During 3 Years of Exposure to Outer Space". Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.02050. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Piani, Laurette (28 August 2020). "Earth's water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites". Science. 369 (6507): 1110–1113. doi:10.1126/science.aba1948. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ^ Washington University in Saint Louis (27 August 2020). "Meteorite study suggests Earth may have been wet since it formed - Enstatite chondrite meteorites, once considered 'dry,' contain enough water to fill the oceans -- and then some". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ^ American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (27 August 2020). "Unexpected abundance of hydrogen in meteorites reveals the origin of Earth's water". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ^ "Neuralink: Elon Musk unveils pig with chip in its brain". BBC. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
- ^ "Elon Musk trots out pigs in demo of Neuralink brain implants". The Verge. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
- ^ Larry Bogan. "Mutual Planetary Occultations Past and Future". www.bogan.ca. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ "Occultation of Saturn by Jupiter". Archived from the original on 4 June 2004.
- ^ "New plant will see that Shenzhen's refuse doesn't go to waste". newatlas.com. 9 February 2016.
- ^ Gannes, Liz (13 May 2014). "Here's What It's Like to Go for a Ride in Google's Robot Car". Vox.
- ^ "LSST Project Schedule". Retrieved 30 November 2018.
External links
- Media related to 2020 in science at Wikimedia Commons
- Science Summary 2020, monthly images for entries of this list